臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要目的：瞭解桃園縣國中學生身體活動現況，並探討其與個人背景因素之相關。方法：以 Youth Risk Behavior Survey 中，有關身體活動的題目為工具，對桃園縣國中學生實施身體活動調查，採隨機分層叢聚方式抽出 2310 人，回收率 91.2%。結果：達重度身體活動的學生佔 52.1%；中度身體活動佔 4.9%；輕度身體活動佔 42.9%；中度以上身體活動：桃園縣的學生 (57%) 低於美國的學生 (87.3%)。身體活動與同儕的陪伴 (Gamma=0.739)、參與運動團隊數 (Gamma=0.537)、同儕的鼓勵 (Gamma=0.486) 及父母的鼓勵 (Gamma=0.462) 等，達顯著相關 (P<0.05)；與 BMI、每天觀看電視時間無顯著相關 (P>0.05)。結論：桃園地區青少年存有身體活動不足的問題。輕度身體活動高於平均 (43%) 的族群包括沒有同儕運動社會支持、沒有參與運動團隊等，此青少年族群值得相關單位作有效的介入，以提昇國中學生的身體活動量，維護其健康。

AbstractPurpose: This study investigated the current physical activity status, and the relatived factors of junior high school students in Taoyuan. Methods: 2310 students whose physical activities were measured by the questions of physical inactivity of Youth Risk Behavior Survey, were randomly cluster selected in Taoyuan, valid surveys samples were 91.2%. Results: Students of vigorous physical activity are 52.1%, moderate physical activity are 4.9%, light physical activity are 42.9%, above moderate physical activity: students in Taoyuan (57.0%) are lower than students in America (87.3%). There are significant correlations between physical activity and accompanying of same generation (Gamma=0.739), participation in sports teams (Gamma=0.537), couragement of same generation (Gamma=0.486), couragement of parents (Gamma=0.462), respectively (P<0.05). There are no significant correlations between physical activity and BMI, time of watching television (P>0.05). Conclusion: Adolescents in Taoyuan have problems of physical inactivity. Adolescents, whose physical inactivity is higher than mean (43%) are related to those are no exercise social support of same generation, participating in no sports teams, et al. These adolescents need government to intervene in efficacious strategies for increasing their physical activity and maintaining their health.

目錄

中文摘要 ••••••••••••••••••••••• i
英文摘要 ••••••••••••••••••••••• iii
目錄 ••••••••••••••••••••••••• v
表目錄 •••••••••••••••••••••••• ix
圖目錄 •••••••••••••••••••••••• xi
中、英文名詞對照表•••••••••••••••••• xiii
縮寫表•••••••••••••••••••••••• xv
誌謝 ••••••••••••••••••••••••• xvii
第壹章 緒論 ••••••••••••••••••••• 1
一、 研究背景 ••••••••••••••••••• 1
(一) 美國重視青少年身體活動不足•••••••••• 1
(二) 臺灣青少年身體活動監控•••••••••••• 2
(三) 青少年身體活動的相關因素•••••••••• 3
二、 研究理由與問題•••••••••••••••• 5
三、 研究目的 ••••••••••••••••••• 6
四、 研究範圍 ••••••••••••••••••• 6
五、 研究限制 ••••••••••••••••••• 6
六、 研究假設 ••••••••••••••••••• 7
七、 研究結果的意義與貢獻 ••••••••••••• 7
第貳章 文獻探討•••••••••••••••••••• 9
一、 青少年的肥胖狀況•••••••••••••••• 9
(一) 各國青少年肥胖盛行率•••••••••••• 9
(二) 肥胖對健康的影響•••••••••••••• 9
二、 青少年的身體活動下降狀況•••••••••••• 12
三、 青少年從事身體活動的益處••••••••••• 13
(一) 青少年自覺身體活動的益處••••••••• 13
(二) 身體活動對青少年健康與體適能的益處•••• 13
四、 評估青少年身體活動量的方法••••••••••• 15
五、 美國 Youth Risk Behavior Survey 身體活動問卷••• 16
六、 個人背景因素和身體活動關係••••••••••• 20
(一) 性別•••••••••••••••••••• 20
(二) 年級•••••••••••••••••••• 20
(三) 身體質量指數•••••••••••••••• 22
(四) 通學方式•••••••••••••••••• 22
(五) 居住地 (城鄉) ••••••••••••••• 23
(六) 觀看電視時間•••••••••••••••• 23
(七) 參與運動團隊•••••••••••••••• 24
(八) 運動社會支持•••••••••••••••• 24
七、 線上問卷調查•••••••••••••••••• 25
第參章 方法 ••••••••••••••••••••• 27
一、 受試者••••••••••••••••••••• 27
二、 研究過程•••••••••••••••••••• 27
(一) 抽樣方法•••••••••••••••••• 27
(二) 有效問卷的回收••••••••••••••• 31
(三) 實施 YRBS 線上身體活動問卷中文版••••• 31
三、 研究工具與方法••••••••••••••••• 32
(一) 比較 YRBS 身體活動問卷中文版線上問卷與紙筆問卷
的一致性••••••••••••••••• 32
(二) YRBS 線上身體活動問卷中文版實施方法••• 33
四、 資料處理與統計•••••••••••••••• 35
第肆章 結果••••••••••••••••••••••• 37
一、 身體活動與個人背景的分布情形••••••••• 37
(一) 身體活動的分布情形•••••••••••• 37
(二) 受試者個人背景的分布情形•••••••••• 37
二、 身體活動與個人背景之相關••••••••••• 65
(一) 性別•••••••••••••••••••• 65
(二) 年級•••••••••••••••••••• 65
(三) 身體質量指數•••••••••••••••• 65
(四) 通學方式•••••••••••••••••• 70
(五) 居住地 (城鄉) ••••••••••••••• 70
(六) 每天觀看電視 (含上網、電視/電腦遊戲) 時間•• 76
(七) 參與運動團隊•••••••••••••••• 76
(八) 運動社會支持•••••••••••••••• 83
(九) 小結•••••••••••••••••••• 83
第伍章 討論 •••••••••••••••••••••• 93
一、 身體活動的分布情形•••••••••••••• 93
二、 個人背景與身體活動之相關••••••••••• 96
(一) 性別•••••••••••••••••••• 96
(二) 年級•••••••••••••••••••• 96
(三) 身體質量指數•••••••••••••••• 99
(四) 通學方式•••••••••••••••••• 102
(五) 居住地 (城鄉) •••••••••••••••• 106
(六) 每天觀看電視 (含上網、電視/電腦遊戲) 時間•• 106
(七) 參與運動團隊•••••••••••••••• 106
(八) 運動社會支持•••••••••••••••• 107
(九) 輕度身體活動之相關背景族群•••••••• 112
第陸章 結論 •••••••••••••••••••••• 119
第柒章 建議 •••••••••••••••••••••• 121
參考文獻 ••••••••••••••••••••••• 123
附錄•••••••••••••••••••••••••• 131
附錄 A-1 Physical Inactivity of Youth Risk Behavior Survey• 131
附錄 A-2 YRBS 身體活動問卷中文版•••••••••• 132
附錄 A-3 YRBS 線上身體活動問卷中文版•••••••• 135

參考文獻一、中文部份1. 行政院衛生署：醫療保健計劃，1990。2. 行政院衛生署：國民保健六年計劃，1994。3. 行政院衛生署：中華民國八十六年衛生統計，1997。http://www.doh.gov.tw/statistic/data/死因摘要/92年/92.htm [17 March. 2004]。4. 李仁德：體育法令彙編。臺北市：一品文化，1995。5. 李明憲：國小、國中學生體能活動、健康體能相關影響因素之調查研究~以花蓮縣宜昌國民小學、宜昌國民中學二所學校為例。臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系博士學位論文，1998。6. 李彩華：臺北市國中學生身體活動量及其影響因素研究。臺灣師範大學體育學系碩士學位論文，1998。7. 李燕鳴：花蓮市高中生肥胖盛行率之分析：重高指數及體指數之比較。中華家醫誌 5: 128-135, 1995。8. 李寧遠、程一雄：不同活動程度者、肥胖者之熱量消耗量比較。中華營誌 20 (4): 317-328, 1995。9. 李寧遠：運動與營養 (第二版)。臺北縣：銀禾文化事業有限公司，1992。10. 李蘭、潘文涵、陳重弘等：臺北市八十學年度國中新生的肥胖盛行率調查-不同篩選指標的比較。中華衛誌 13: 11-19, 1994。11. 林月美、朱志良、洪清霖等：臺灣地區青少年之營養狀態評估。第一報：身高與體重。中營會誌 10: 91-105, 1985。12. 洪建德：青少年營養及肥胖之探討。臺灣醫界 35: 800-801, 1992。13. 高丁美、曾明淑、葉文婷等：臺灣地區居民體位及肥胖狀況。臺北市：國民營養狀況1993-1996：國民營養健康狀況變遷調查結果；行政院衛生署，1998。14. 桃園縣教育局：九十一學年度桃園縣國民中小學名冊，2002。15. 游素玲：兒童之肥胖問題與對策。臺北市：論壇健康促進與疾病預防委員會；國家衛生研究院論壇；國家衛生研究院，2000。16. 馮木蘭：女性青少年身體活動狀況及其影響因素之探討-應用健康促進模式。臺灣師範大學體育學系碩士學位論文，2002。17. 陳偉德、江界山、黃伯超：改定的生長曲線圖：臺灣地區, 1997。中臺灣醫學科學雜誌 4: 256-263, 1999。18. 張樹立：臺北縣城鄉國小學童身體活動量與健康體適能之比較研究。國立臺北師範學院教育政策與管理研究所碩士論文，2004。19. 教育部：臺閩地區中小學學生體能檢測資料處理-常模研究，1998。20. 教育部：國民中小學九年一貫課程暫行綱要，2001。21. 教育部體適能網站：http://140.135.82.106/ [17 March. 2003]。22. 黃文俊：國小五年級男童通學方式與身體活動在健康體適能之分析研究。國立臺灣師範大學體育學系碩士學位論文，1999。23. 蔡淑菁：臺北市國小學童體能活動及其影響因素之研究。國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文，1996。24. 劉坤宏：彰化縣國中生運動行為及其影響因素之研究。臺灣師範大學體育學系碩士學位論文，2003。25. 謝伸裕：ACSM體適能手冊。臺北市：九州圖書文物有限公司，2002。26. 蘇蘅、吳淑俊：電腦網路問卷調查可行性及回覆者特質的研究。新聞學研究。54: 75-100, 1997。二、英文部份1. Anderssen, N., Wold, B. Parental and peer influences on leisure-time physical activity in young adolescents. Res Q Exerc Sport 63: C341-C348, 1988.2. Andrea, M. K., and Carl, J. C. Introduction to a collection of physical activity questionnaires. Med Sci Sports Exerc 29: C5-C9, 1997.3. Bar-Or O, Foreyt J, Bouchard C. Physical activity, genetic, and nutritional considerations in childhood weight management. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30: C2-C10, 1998.4. Becque, M. D., V. L. Katch., A. P. Rocchini, et al. Coronary risk incidence of obese adolescent: reduction by exercise plus diet intervention. Pediatrics 81: C605-C612, 1988.5. Borg, G. V. Psyophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 14(5): C377-C381, 1982.6. Bouchard, C., Tremblay, A., Leblanc, C., Lortie, G., Savard, R., Theriault, G. A method to assess energy expenditure in children and adults. Am J Clin Nutr 37: C461-C467, 1983.7. Brener, N. D., J. L. Collins, L. Kann, C. W. Warren, and B. I. Warren. Reliability of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey Questionnaire. Am. J. Epidemiol 141: C575-C580, 1995.8. Caspersen, C. J., K. E. Powell, and G. M. Christenson. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definition and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep 100: C126-C131, 1985.9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov [1 March. 2003]. 10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics, Healthy People 2000 Review, 1998-1999.11. Chen, W. Childhood obesity in Taiwan. Acta Paed Sin 38(6): C438-C442, 1997.12. Ching. P.L., Y.H., Willet. W. C.,Rimm, et al. Activity level and risk of overweight in male health professionals. Am J Public Health 86: C25-C30, 1996.13. Counil FP, Varray A, Matecki S, et al. Training of aerobic and anaerobic fitness in children with asthma. J Pediatr 142(2): C179-C184, 2003.14. Deslypere JP. Obesity and cancer. Metabolism 44: C24-C27, 1995.15. Dietz WH, Gortmaker SL. Do we fatten our children at the TV set？ Obesity and television viewing in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 75: C807-C812, 1985.16. Durant RH, Baranowski HT, Johnson M, et al. The relationship among television watching, physical activity, and body composition of young children. Pediatric 94: C449-C455, 1994. 17. Epstein, L. H., Kilanowski CK, Consalvi AR, et al. Reinforcing value of physical activity as a determinant of child activities level. Health Psychol 18: C599-C603, 1999.18. Epstein , L. H.,R. R. Wing, R. Koeske, D. J. Ossip, and S. Beck. Acomparison of lifestyle change and programmed aerobic exercise on weight and fitness changes in obese children. Behav. Ther 13: C651-C665, 1982.19. Eric P. Johnson. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Philadelphia: Bill Cady, 2000.20. Fitzgerald SJ, Kriska AM, Pereira MA, et al. Associations among physical activity , television watching, and obesity in adult Pima Indians. Med Sci Sports Exerc 29: C910-C915, 1997.21. Goran MI, Raynolds KD, Lindquist CH. Role of physical activity in the prevention of obesity in children. Int J Obes 23: C18-C33, 1999.22. Gortmarker SL, Dietz WH, Sobol AM, et al. Increasing pediatric obesity in the United States. Am. J. Dis. Child 141: C535-C540, 1987. 23. Gottlieb NH, Chen M. Sociocultural correlates of childhood sporting activities: Their implications for heart health. Soc Sci Med 21: C533-C539, 1985.24. Gutin B, Barbeau P, Owens S, et al. Effects of exercise intensity on cardiovascular fitness, total body composition, and visceral adiposity of obese adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 75(5): C818-C826, 2002.25.Http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/yrbss/QuestYearTable.asp?path=byHT&ByVar=CI&cat=6&quest=Q85&year=2003&loc=XX [27 March. 2003].26. Http://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/yrbs/pdfs/trends-pa.pdf [20 March. 2003].27. Http//www.health.gov/healthy people/document/HTML/volume2/22physical.htm-toc490380803 [17 March. 2003].28. Kaplan TA, Montana E. Exercise-induced bronchospasm in nonasthmatic obese children. Clin. Pediatr 32: C220-C225, 1993.29. Koo,M.M.,and T.E.Rohan. Comparison of four habitual physical activity questionnaires in girls aged 7-15 yr. Med Sci Sports Exer 31(3): C421-C427, 1999.30. Landis JR, and Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Bio 33: C159-C74, 1977.31. Liese AD, Mayer-Davis EJ, Haffner SM. Development of the multiple metabolic syndrome: an epidemiologic perspective. Epidemiol Rev 20: C157-C172, 1998.32. Lim, M. K., B. L. Liam. D. Ng, and R. Teow. Twenty-five years of national service: changes in height, weight and body mass index. Ann Acad Med Singapore 23: C770-C774, 1994. 33. Luepker RV. How physical activity are American children and what can we do about it. Inter J Obes 23: C12-C17, 1999.34. McArdle, W. D., Katch F. I., and Katch V. L. Exercise physiology: energy, nutrition, and human performance.New York: Lippincott Williams ＆ Wilkins, 2001.35. McGinnis JM. The public health burden of a sedentary lifestyle. Med Sci Sports Exerc 24: C196-C200, 1992.36. Mossberg, H. O. 40 year follow-up of overweight children. Lancet 2: C491-C494, 1989.37. Norman, A., Bente,W. Parental and peer influences on leisure-time physical activity in young adolescents. Res Q Exerc Sport 63 (4): C341-C348, 1992.38. Pate RR, Baranowski T, Dowda M, Trost SG. Tracking of physical activity in young children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 28: C92-C96, 1996.39. Pate, R. R., M. Pratt, S. N. Blair, et al. Physical activity and public health: a recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicinr. JAMA 273: C403-C407, 1995.40. Pate RR, Shephard RJ. Characteristics of physical fitness in youth. In: Gisolfi CV, Lamb DR, eds. Perspective in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, (2). “ Youth , Exercise, and Sport “ . Indianapolis: Benchmark Press, 1989, p. 1-45.41. Pomerleau J, McKeigue PM, Chaturvedi N. Factors associated with obesity in South Asian, Afro-Caribbean and Eueopean women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 23: C25-C33, 1999.42. Pratt M., C A.Macera., and C. Blanton. Levels of physical activity and inactivity in children and adults in the United States: current evidence and research issues. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31: C526-C533, 1999.43. Rabkin SW, Chen Y, Leiter L, et al. Risk factor correlates of body mass index. Canadian Heart Health Surveys Research Group. CMAJ 157(1): C26-C31, 1997.44. Reybrouck T, Vinckx J, Van Den Berghe G, et al. Exercise threaphy and hypocaloric diet in the treatment of obese children and adolescents. Acta Paediatr Scand 79: C84-C89, 1990.45. Richardson SA, Hastorf AH, Goodman N, et al. Cultural uniformity in reaction to physical disabilities. Am Sociol Rev 26: C241-C247, 1961.46. Rocchini AP, Katch V, Anderson J, et al. Blood pressure in obese adolescent: effect of weight loss. Pediatrics 82: C16-C23, 1988.47. Ross JG, Gilbert GG. The national children and youth fitness study: A summary of findings. J Phys Edu Recrea Dance 56: C45-C50, 1985.48. Rowland TW. Exercise and Children’s Health. Champaig Human Kinetics C31-C45, 1990.49. Sallis JF, Simons-Morton BG, Stone EJ, et al.. Determinants of physical activity and interventions in youth. Med Sci Sports Exerc 24(6): C248-C257, 1992.50. Saxena R, Borzekowski DL, Ricket VI. Physical activity levels among urban adolescent femalea. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 15(5): C279-C284, 2002.51. Schonfeld-Warden, N. and Warden, C. H. Pediatric obesity. An overview of etiology and treatment. Pediatr Clin North Am 44(2): C339-C361, 1997.52. Scott K. P., and Edward T. Exercise physiology：Theory and application to fitness and performance. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2001.53. Shaffer EA, Small DM. Biliary lipid secretion in cholesterol gallstone disease: the effect of cholecytecomy and obesity. J Clin Invest 59: C828-C840, 1977.54. Simons-Morton, B. G., O’hara, N.M., Simons-Morton & Parcel, G. S. Children and fitness: Apublic Health Perspective. Res Q Exerc Sport 58: C295-C303, 1987.55. Stout JI. Physical fitness during children and adolescence. In: Campbell SK, eds. Physical Therapy for Children. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1994, p.127-156.56. Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Ccontrol and Prevention, 1996.57. Strazzullo P, Cappuccio M, Trevisan A , et al.. Leisure time physical activity and blood pressure in schoolchildren. Am J Epidemiol 127: C726-C733, 1998.58. Stucky-Ropp, R.C., Dilorenzo, T.M. Determinants of exercise in children. Prev Med 22: C880-C889, 1993.59. Taras HF, Sallis JF, Patterson TL, et al.. Television’s influence on children’s diet and physical activity. Dev. Behav. Pediatr 10: C176-C180, 1989.60 . Tergerson JL, King KA. Related Articles, Links. Do perceived cues, benefits, and barriers to physical activity differ between male and female adolescents? J Sch Health 72(9): C374-C380, 2002. 61. Thirlaway, K. J., Benton, D. physical activity in primary and secondary-school children in West Germany. Hea Edu J 52: 37-41, 1993.62. Tremblay, M. S., W. Inman. and J. D Willms. Prelimininary evaluation of a video questionnaire to assess activity levels of children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33(12): C2139-C2144, 2001.63. Troiano, R. P., K. M. Flegal, Kuczmarski RJ, et al.. Overweight prevalence and trends for children and adolescents: The national health and nutrition examination surveys, 1963 to 1991. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 149: C1085-C1091, 1995. 64. Troiano, R. P., K. M. Flegal. Overweight children and adolescents: epidemiology, and demographics. Pediatrics 101: C497-C504, 1998.65. Tseng, S. F. The relationship between weekly physical activity and body composition of New Orleans of studends. J. Mei-Ho College 17: C119-C134, 1999.66. Tsu, Y. W., Nola, P., Ke, P. Y. Promoting physical activity among Taiwanese and American adolescents. J Nur Res 10(1):C57-64, 2002.67. Tudor-Locke C, Ainsworth BE, Adair LS, and Popkin BM. Physical activity in Filipion youth” the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. Int J Obe 27: C181-C190, 2003.68. Twisk JWR, Kemper HCG, Mechelen W. The relationship between physical activity during adolescence and cardiovascular disease risk factor at adult age. The Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study. Int. J. Sports. Med. 23: C8-C14, 2002.69. Unger R, Kreeger L, Christoffel K K. Childhood obesity: medical and familial correlates and age of onset. Clin Pediatr 29: C368-C373, 1990.70. U.S.Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, eds. Atlanta: GA, 1996.71. Vershuur, R.,and Kemper, HCG. The patten of daily physical activity. Med Sport Sci 20: C169-C186, 1985.72. Weinsier RL, Hunter GR, Heini AF, et al.. The etiology of obesity: Relative contribution of metabolic factors, diet, and physical activity. Am J Med 105(2): C145-C150, 1998.73. Weisburger JH. Dietary fat and risk of chronic disease: mechanistic insights from experimental studies. J Am Diet Assoc 97: C16-C32, 1997.74. Westerterp KR. Assessment of physical activity level in relation to obesity: current evidence and research issues. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31: C522-C525, 1999. 75. Williamson, D. F., J. Madans, R. F. Anda, J. C. Kleinman, H. S. Kahn, and T.Byers. Recreational physical activity and ten-yearweight change in a U.S. national cohort. Int J Obes 17: C279-C286, 1993.76. World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation on obesity. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1998.77. Youfa Wang, Carlos Monteiro, and M Popkin. Trends of obesity and underweight in children and adolescents in the United States, Brazil, China, and Russia. Am J Clin Nutr 75: C971-C977, 2002.