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研究生:謝惠君
論文名稱:幼兒心智理論與衝突情境下協商行為之相關研究
指導教授:余思靜余思靜引用關係
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立新竹教育大學
系所名稱:幼兒教育研究所
學門:教育學門
學類:學前教育學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2005
畢業學年度:93
語文別:中文
論文頁數:130
中文關鍵詞:心智理論衝突協商行為幼兒
外文關鍵詞:theory of mindconflictnegotiating behavioryoung children
相關次數:
  • 被引用被引用:19
  • 點閱點閱:1135
  • 評分評分:
  • 下載下載:269
  • 收藏至我的研究室書目清單書目收藏:25
近年來,在社會認知方面的研究,對於有關心智理論的探究(Theory of mind)成為許多學者鑽研的核心議題。並且,幼兒於幼兒園中與他人的互動中,發生衝突的機會據以日增,而幼兒理解他人信念,或者意圖的能力是否為與他人互動的條件之一?本研究的目的是試圖探究幼兒在心智理解發展上的差異性,並且探究幼兒心智理論與衝突情境下幼兒協商行為之相關情形。研究中試圖運用數項心智理論測驗(包含錯誤信念、欺騙測驗以及意圖測驗),來瞭解性別、年齡和衝突情境下協商行為的關係。
研究獲致發現如下:
一、幼兒心智理論測驗的表現
在錯誤信念測驗中,五歲幼兒的表現並無明顯較四歲幼兒佳;研究結果顯現出差異的是,在欺騙能力測驗中,五歲幼兒在欺騙能力的表現較四歲幼兒佳。以及,在意圖測驗中,五歲幼兒得分的表現較四歲幼兒佳。從性別不同來看,在各項心智理論測驗中,男女生組的表現,皆無明顯差異。
二、幼兒衝突情境中協商行為情形
本研究結果發現,五歲幼兒於衝突情境中,運用無效的解決衝突策略,明顯少於四歲幼兒。另外,五歲幼兒與四歲幼兒在解決衝突時,運用有效解決衝突策略,不協商策略的比例一樣多。
四歲幼兒,女生運用有效解決衝突策略,明顯較男生多。另外,男生運用無效解決衝突策略,明顯較女生多。以及,男生運用無效解決衝突策略,明顯較女生高。而五歲幼兒,女生運用有效解決衝突策略,明顯較男生多。另外,在五歲幼兒中,男生運用無效解決衝突策略,明顯較女生多。以及,五歲女生幼兒,較五歲男生幼兒明顯不以放棄轉移的方式以解決衝突。
三、幼兒心智理論與衝突協商行為之相關情形
幼兒心智理論能力與衝突情境中協商行為的關係,幼兒的意圖測驗,與有效解決衝突策略,達到明顯的正相關。以及,幼兒心智理論總分與不協商策略的比例達明顯的負相關。
五歲幼兒的心智理論測驗,與衝突情境中協商行為相關情形,發現五歲幼兒在錯誤信念、意圖測驗以及心智理論測驗總分,與幼兒不協商策略,達到明顯的負相關。四歲幼兒的心智理論測驗,與衝突情境中協商行為相關情形,四歲幼兒在錯誤信念測驗、欺騙測驗 、意圖測驗,以及心智理論總分皆與幼兒處理衝突的策略並無相關。

一、對未來研究建議
(一)對個體認知歷程探究—以不同認知面向,探究幼兒認知的部分。
(二)語言層面—針對幼兒的語言發展,尤其在幼兒會運用哪些辭語來表達心理的狀態,今後可以加以探究。
(三)文化脈絡層面—以更多文化脈絡的情境,希望未來以質性研究方法蒐集幼兒的心智理論,以了解幼兒是否理解他人的狀態,或者幼兒如何表徵自己的心智狀態情況。
二、對父母、教師建議—研究結果在幼兒社會認知發展上一個重要發現,讓教師以及父母作為一個參考。並且,在孩子的不能理解他人的想法時,教師對於孩子的行為輔導,需要讓孩子學習正面的方式來解決衝突。
三、對研究工具的建議—在欺騙能力測驗中,建議往後的研究者,可以運用對幼兒「不同的利益強度」的設計,且明確的告知幼兒實驗者的意圖,探究幼兒在欺騙能力的表現。
The purpose of this study is to explore preschoolers’ understanding of mind and to explore the relationship of preschoolers’ negotiating strategies and mind. The research subjects contain 64 preschoolers.
Findings are as follows:
1. Theory of mind
There are differences between 5-years-old children and 4years-old children in result of cheat task and intention task. The results show obviously that 5-years-old children perform better than 4-years-old in both cheat task and intention task. However, there is no clearly difference between genders in the result of theory of mind .
2. Negotiating strategies
In conflict situation, the result demonstrates that 5-years-old children use non-effective negotiating strategies less than 4-years-old.In addition, the result indicates that 4-and 5-years-old girls use effective negotiating strategies and use non negotiating strategies more than 4-and 5-years-old boys. And the result also shows that 4-and 5-years-old boys use non-effective negotiating strategies more than 4-and 5-years-old girls.
3. The relationship of theory of mind and negotiating strategies
The results show a positive relation in intention task and effective negotiating strategies. Moreover, there is a negative relation between theory of mind and non-negotiating strategies.5-years-old children also has a negative relation in negotiating strategies with false belief task, intention task, and total scores of theory of mind. However, there is no relation between negotiating strategies and theory of mind for 4-years-old preschoolers.
Recommendation:
1. For future study: research should develop another aspects of how to understand preschoolers’ mind.
2. For teacher and parents: Help children to build up a behavior of in a positive way how to solve problems.
3. For study tool: In cheat task ,the research should design different task to understand children’s mind.
第一章 緒論
第一節 研究動機與目的----------------------------------1
第二節 研究問題----------------------------------------7
第三節 名詞釋義----------------------------------------7
第二章 文獻探討
第一節 心智理論---------------------------------------11
第二節 兒童衝突之概述---------------------------------28
第三節 心智理論與衝突情境中協商行為之關係-------------50
第三章 研究方法
第一節 研究架構---------------------------------------55
第二節 研究假設---------------------------------------56
第三節 研究對象---------------------------------------56
第四節 研究工具---------------------------------------58
第五節 實施步驟---------------------------------------66
第六節 資料處理---------------------------------------67
第四章 研究結果與討論
第一節 幼兒社會認知能力表現---------------------------69
第二節 幼兒衝突情境中協商行為-------------------------86
第三節 幼兒社會認知能力與衝突情境中協商行為之相關-----93
第五章 結論、限制與建議
第一節 結論-------------------------------------------97
第二節 限制------------------------------------------100
第三節 建議------------------------------------------101

參考書目----------------------------------------------103
附錄--------------------------------------------------116

圖次

圖2-1 H. M. Wellman(1990)兒童心智理論圖----------------13
圖2-2 Mitchell的衝突結構-------------------------------31
圖2-3雙向度模式----------------------------------------41
圖4-1不同年齡,錯誤信念測驗表現情形--------------------71
圖4-2不同年齡,欺騙能力測驗表現情形--------------------72
圖4-3不同年齡,意圖能力測驗表現情形--------------------72
圖4-4不同年齡,心智理論測驗表現情形--------------------72
圖4-5不同性別,錯誤信念測驗表現情形--------------------73
圖4-6不同性別,欺騙測驗測驗表現情形--------------------73
圖4-7不同性別,意圖測驗表現情形------------------------73
圖4-8不同性別,意圖測驗表現情形------------------------73
圖4-9幼兒年齡不同,衝突情境中協商行為次數百分比之差異情形-87
圖4-10幼兒性別不同,衝突情境中協商行為次數百分比之差異情形88

表次

表2-1兒童人際問題解決策略------------------------------43
表3-1幼兒協商行為之信度係數數值表----------------------65
表3-2評分者信度(心智理論)------------------------------65
表3-3評分者信度(協商行為)------------------------------65
表4-1幼兒心智理論之平均數及標準差----------------------71
表4-2幼兒在錯誤信念,各不同類型表現之相關情形----------74
表4-3幼兒在欺騙能力各不同類型表現之相關情形------------75
表4-4幼兒在意圖測驗各不同類型表現之相關情形------------75
表4-5心智理論各項測驗相關情形--------------------------76
表4-6各年齡層幼兒錯誤信念測驗得分之人數及比例----------77
表4-7各年齡層幼兒錯誤信念通過之人數及比例--------------77
表4-8幼兒各年齡層「未預期內容」錯誤信念中「預測他人/檢測自己」表現之一致性---78
表4-9幼兒各年齡層欺騙能力得分之人數及比例--------------79
表4-10幼兒各年齡層欺騙能力通過之人數及比例-------------79
表4-11幼兒各年齡層欺騙能力通過之人數及比例-------------79
表4-12幼兒各年齡層,意圖得分的人數和比例---------------80
表4-13幼兒各年齡層意圖測驗通過之人數及比例-------------81
表4-14幼兒各年齡層意圖測驗「知道—意圖/相似—意圖」表現之一致性---81
表4-15年齡不同,幼兒心智理論平均數之差異---------------82
表4-16性別不同,幼兒心智理論平均數之差異---------------83
表4-17幼兒衝突情境中,協商行為次數百分比之平均數與標準差-87
表4-18幼兒年齡不同,協商行為次數百分比之差異表---------89
表4-19幼兒性別不同,協商行為次數百分比之差異表---------90
表4-20四歲幼兒性別不同,協商行為次數百分比之差異表-----90
表4-21五歲幼兒性別不同,協商行為次數百分比之差異表-----91
表4-22 幼兒心智理論與協商行為次數百分比之相關情形------94
表4-23五歲幼兒心智理論與協商行為次數百分比之相關情形---94
表4-24四歲幼兒心智理論與協商行為次數百分比之相關情形---95
參考書目
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