臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本篇論文藉由琳達･荷根小說《太陽風暴》重書美洲原住民文化之土地與記憶的關係，瞭解回鄉(家)之旅對美洲原住民文化展沿的意義，透過原民回鄉追溯既已遺失之記憶，再現原住民面對故土失落的掙扎，企圖呈現記憶為美洲原住民抵抗歐美霸權文化的手段與原民文化認同建構的符碼。
以美洲原住民對土地的情感，透過土地與記憶相互依存的關係為基石來解讀荷根之小說《太陽風暴》，闡述原民如何自喪失土地的經驗中，重構其部族記憶，延續美洲原住民文化。本論文分為五章。首章為導論。第二章先以作者荷根的部落Chickasaw族為例，講述美洲原住民五百年根植於土地的殖民抗爭史；進而以人類記憶具有在地性為面向，討論土地對於美洲原住民的重要性，藉以突顯根植於土地的記憶對部落文化延續的意義。亞里夫･德力克(Arif Dirlik)所稱之「在地想像」(“place-based imagination)指出部落土地的不可替代性；米契･索圖(Michel de Certeau)則直指美洲原住民的「文化特異性」(“cultural specificity”)源自其土地特異性。第三章初步對本小說的背景史實大概進行考據，並據此與小說所呈現的原住民土地觀相互呼應，藉由水庫之興建為引，書中強烈展現原住民對部落土地的依附，並批判歐美殖民者對土地的破壞，進而撕裂原住民的自我文化認同。第四章闡述部落記憶根植於土地，說明記憶與土地的關係、部落記憶對原住民文化認同危機的意義，深究祖先土地的喪失與原住民創傷記憶的因果，最後宣示回溯之記憶，透過說故事與寫作，是部落醫療的一環，並視為部落文化生存所作之抵抗。第五章為結論。

Abstract
This thesis examines the relationship between the land and the memory in Native American culture in Linda Hogan’s Solar Storms, by analyzing the significance of the journey home, presenting the struggle against land loss and identifying the restored memory as tribal resistance. Linda Hogan’s Solar Storms tells the story of a young woman’s journey home to the ancestral land of her tribal people with whom she undertakes a resistance to the Hydro-Quebec electric company and American government for tribal survival and ecological justice. The thesis confirms “a kind of geographical inquiry into historical experience” (Said 7), asking firstly the importance of the land in Native American culture and unfolding the significance of the place-based memory to the tribal continuum. Arif Dirlik’s idea of “the place-based imagination” is employed to elaborate on the irreplaceability of the tribal land while Michel de Certeau’s theory is borrowed to explain that Native American’s land-specificity results from their “cultural specificity” (228). Making a specific tribe different from other tribes, the “cultural specificity” further explicates an intimately interactive and entangling relationship between the land and memory in tribal culture. In Solar Storms, the ancestral place where Angel, the protagonist, visits is significant for her search of her past, because each landscape abounds with tribal memories. Through the stories told by her grandmothers, Angel retrieves her ancestral memories associated with the land. Stories become the embodiment of the memories shared by a specific group of people inhabiting a locale; tribal stories enable her to establish her tribal identity and integrate herself into the tribal lineage. Though the ancestral lands are flooded in the end, tribal memory, stored and restored in the act of story-telling, stands as a resistance in the face of tribal genocide and cultural erasure. With Angel as the narrator of the novel, Hogan informs readers that Native Americans, by employing the enemy’s language, are remaking an American history from the American Indian perspective.
This thesis is composed of five chapters. Chapter One, entitled “Introduction,” provides a general introduction to the motives of my analysis of Solar Storms in terms of the relationship between the land and the memory.
Chapter Two, entitled “Reclaim the Land, the Memory, and the Stories,” deals with a Chickasaw history of relocation/displacement, Hogan’s personal life in relation to the experiences of displacement, and formulates the theoretical framework to elaborate on the relationship between the land and the memory in tribal culture.
Chapter Three, entitled “Journey Home: the Struggle for Tribal Land,” gives a brief introduction to the history of Hydro-Quebec electric project (James Bay I project in the 1970's), analyzes the significance of the land to the tribal people, reveals the destruction of the land because of the dam construction and finally emphasizes the power of memory in the face of the crisis of land loss.
Chapter Four, entitled “Remember Home: the Recovery of Tribal Memory,” illustrates how a tribal memory is rooted in soil, why memory is important to the tribal people, how the traumatic memory as a result of the loss of tribal land causes damages to the tribal people through the study of Hogan’s Solar Storms, and comes to the conclusion that the restored memory, transmitted in ways of storytelling and writing, is regarded as a way of tribal healing and resistance to strive for the survival of the tribal culture.
Finally, Chapter Five, the conclusion, recapitulates the theme of the thesis and its import.

Table of Contents

Chapter One: Introduction P. 1
Chapter Two: Reclaim the Land, the Memory, and the Stories P. 16
Chapter Three: Journey Home: the Struggle for Tribal Land P. 44
Chapter Four: Remember Home: the Recovery of Tribal Memory P. 72
Chapter Five: Conclusion P. 102
Appendix A: The “Philosophy of the Agreement” (JBNQA). P. 112
Appendix B: The Genealogy of Linda Hogan P. 122
Appendix C: Personal Emails with Linda Hogan P. 123
Works Cited P. 134

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