傳統報童模式之研究大多假設在有效期限內單一階層且單一售價之情形下，探討最適訂購量之決策模式，以達總期望利潤最大化之目標。換言之，其有效期限內之售價為固定且已知，因此決策變數只有最適訂購量而已。但在實務上，已有許多報童模式之應用是依據其商品新鮮程度，將其在有效期限內區隔為一階層以上之市場，因此本研究擴展報童模式有效期限內僅有單一階層且單一售價之限制，建構有效期限內為兩階層市場結構之模式。除此之外，本研究亦放寬過去研究之限制，加入經濟學價量供需原理之考量，將售價視為決策變數之一，以期能更符合實務之零售商依據市場情形而訂立售價之狀況，即同時決定最適訂購量與各階層市場之最適訂價，以達到總期望利潤最大化之目標。另外，為求符合實務上供應商鼓勵大量訂購之情形，本研究亦加入全數進貨數量折扣之考量，並根據所建構之模式發展一數值分析方法，以增進求解效率。本文亦進一步針對各相關參數進行敏感度分析，以了解各參數變動對總期望利潤之影響。最後，透過數值範例方式，說明此模式之實務應用，並提出十一點結論，以供後續研究與實務參考。

Studies concerned with the traditional newsboy models are traditionally focused on one-stage condition to develop optimal ordering quantity formulation to maximize the total expected profit. The price is given and the ordering quantity looks as a decision variable in the previously proposed models. However, in some situations, one-stage before expiry date are unreality. This study targets at problems for perishable commodity accordance with its fresh degrees separate the market into three-stage of price. Unlike previous work, prices are set as decision variables in fitting the analysis of price-quantity relationship economically. To enhance the model more applicable, the purchasing quantity discounts are also considered. The purpose of this study is to develop an optimal ordering quantity model concerning with optimal pricing policies for three-stage market of perishable commodity while considering the purchasing quantity discounts under the nonlinear demand pattern. Sensitivity analysis for the key parameters are conducted on total expected profits. A numerical example designed for different scenarios is finally given to validate the feasibility of the proposed model.

目錄

中文摘要 I
英文摘要 II
誌謝 III
目錄 IV
圖目錄 VII
表目錄 IX
1.　緒論 1
1.1 研就動機 1
1.2 研究目的 3
1.3 研究範圍與限制 4
1.4 研究流程與架構 5
2. 文獻探討 7
2.1 易腐性商品訂購量與訂價之文獻 7
2.2 易腐性商品退化情形之文獻 12
2.3 具數量折扣的易腐性商品存貨策略之文獻 12
2.4 關於易腐性商品生產製造方面之文獻 13
3. 模式建構 15
3.1 模式基本假設 15
3.2 符號定義 16
3.3 模式推導 17
3.3.1 非線性之需求型態 18
3.3.2 數量折扣 19
3.3.3 三階層報童模式 21
3.4　電腦數值分析演算法之邏輯說明 26
3.5　敏感度分析 29
3.5.1 第一、二階層售價 、 變動對 之影響 29
3.5.1.1 最佳化理論 29
3.5.1.1.1 變動對 及 之影響 31
3.5.1.2 需求之價格彈性 33
3.5.2 第一階層市場標準差 變動對 之影響 39
3.5.3 第二階層市場標準差 對 之影響 40
3.5.4 單位進貨成本 變動對 之影響 41
3.5.5 需求曲率係數 、 變動對 之影響 41
3.5.6 、 變動對 之影響 45
3.5.7 需求漸近線 、 變動對 之影響 48
4. 數值範例 51
4.1 、 變動對各相關變數之影響 54
4.2 變動對各相關變數之影響 55
4.3 、 變動對各相關變數之影響 57
4.4 、 變動對各相關變數之影響 61
4.5 、 變動對各相關變數之影響 64
5. 結論 67
參考文獻 69
中文部份 69
英文部分 70
附錄A 74
附錄B 83
附錄C 84
附錄D 85
作者簡介 86


圖目錄

圖1-1 研究架構流程圖 6
圖3-1　有效期限內，價格與需求量之關係圖 18
圖3-2　數量折扣示意圖 20
圖3-3　三階層易腐性商品示意圖 22
圖3-4　數值分析流程圖 28
圖3-5　需求變動示意圖 32
圖3-6　 變動對需求曲線之影響圖 43
圖3-7　 變動對需求曲線之影響圖 46
圖3-8　 變動對需求曲線之影響圖 49
圖4-1 、 、 之關係圖 52
圖4-2 、 、 之關係圖 53
圖4-3 、 與 之關係圖 55
圖4-4 進貨成本與總期望利潤關係圖 56
圖4-5 變動對需求曲線之影響 58
圖4-6 變動對需求曲線之影響 58
圖4-7 與 關係圖 60
圖4-8 與 關係圖 60
圖4-9 變動對需求曲線之影響 61
圖4-10 變動對需求曲線之影響 61
圖4-11 與 關係圖 63
圖4-12 與 關係圖 63
圖4-13 變動對需求曲線之影響 64
圖4-14 變動對需求曲線之影響 64
圖4-15 與 關係圖 66
圖4-16 與 關係圖 66


表目錄

表3-1 變動對 、 及 之影響 38
表3-2 需求函數曲率變動對各相關變數之影響 44
表3-3 變動對各相關變數之影響 47
表3-4 需求漸近線值變動對各相關變數之影響 50
表4-1 、 值變動對（ , , , ）之影響 54
表4-2 值變動對各相關變數之影響 56
表4-3 值變動對各相關變數之影響 59
表4-4 值變動對各相關變數之影響 59
表4-5 值變動對各相關變數之影響 62
表4-6 值變動對各相關變數之影響 62
表4-7 值變動對各相關變數之影響 65
表4-8 值變動對各相關變數之影響 65

中文部份
江長穎，「可替代的退化商品之價格和存貨政策」，碩士論文，雲林科技大學工業工程與管理研究所碩士班（2002）。
李國榮，「兩階段易腐性存貨訂購策略」，碩士論文，雲林科技大學工業工程與管理研究所（2004）。
呂柏賢，「灰色需求預測模式之研究—以易腐性商品為例」，碩士論文，東海大學工業工程研究所（2000）。
曾震昌，「部分欠撥單期退化性商品之存貨模式」，碩士論文，國立台灣科技大學工業管理研究所（2003）。
黃允成，「報童模式在機率性需求與數量折扣下最適訂購量與訂價策略之研究」，工業工程學刊，第18卷，第6期，第43-52頁（2001）。
鄭美娟，「需求變動且部分欠撥的退化性產品存貨模式」，碩士論文，私立淡江大學統計學系應用統計研究所（2000）。


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