臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究主旨在描述員工人格對於心理契約實踐的情況，並且心理契約實踐影響到工作態度與工作行為。企業在管理員工時，不僅要滿足職務該有的報酬，員工內心的期待更是企業需要值得關注的。心理契約是屬於雇用關係的一種，建構在社會交換理論下所產生，當雇主與員工產生互惠的關係，雙方都會彼此信任都會自動達成對方的需求，經過文獻整理後，主要探討兩個假設方向分別為：首先從五大人格特質的角度探討對心理契約實踐的影響，再來針對心理契約實踐對員工具有正面的組織承諾、情緒展現行為與組織公民行為之間具有正面的影響。研究樣本針對量販店與速食餐飲業的第一線員工進行探討，取得有效樣本481份。經過研究分析後，和善性、神經質與外向性人格的員工對報酬、福利實踐具有影響，員工心理認為工作自主性與良好的僱用關係的實踐則會正面影響到組織承諾、情緒展現行為與組織公民行為。最後，研究結果要讓組織進一步瞭解到員工目前心理實踐的狀態，並且補足沒有達成實踐的期待。

The study examines relationships between employee personality and psychological contract fulfillment, and between psychological contract fulfillment and work attributions and behaviors. When organization manages employees, industry not only accomplishes compensations on employees, position, but also concern employees, expect. Psychological contract is the employment relation and bases on social exchange theory. Employees and employer arise reciprocal and trust relations, and both achieve mutual needs. After reference, the study have two directions of hypothesis：First, Big Five personality relates psychological contract fulfillment. Second, psychological contract fulfillment have positive relationships on organization commitment, emotion display behavior and organization citizenship behavior. The sample choices the first employees of mart and fast restaurant, and have 481useful cases. After analysis, employees of agreeableness personality, extraversion personality and neuroticism personality have relationships on pay and benefit fulfillment. Work autonomy and good employment fulfillment have positive relationships on organization commitment, emotion behavior and organization citizenship behavior. Finally, the result of this study suggests that organization understand conditions of employees, psychological fulfillment.

目錄
中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
誌謝 iii
目錄 iv
圖表索引 vi
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究目的 4
第二章 文獻探討 5
第一節 心理契約之定義與相關概念 5
第二節 組織承諾與五大人格特質的定義及相關概念 12
第三節 組織公民行為與情緒展現行為之定義相關概念 20
第四節 LMX、公正敏感度與團體凝聚力之定義與相關概念 26
第五節 命題推導 33
第三章 研究方法 38
第一節 研究架構 38
第二節 研究假設 39
第三節 研究變數操作性定義與測量 40
第四節 抽樣方法與樣本分析方法 46
第五節 分析方法 49
第四章 研究結果與分析 50
第一節 研究變數之描述性統計與相關 50
第二節 差異分析 53
第三節 迴歸分析 74
第五章 結論與建議 96
第一節 研究成果呈現與推導 96
第二節 管理上意涵 101
第三節 學術上意涵 103
第四節 研究限制與建議 105
參考文獻 106
中文部分 106
英文部分 106
附錄：研究問卷 113
作者簡介 117

參考文獻
一、中文部分
1.李誠（2000），人力資源十二堂課，天下遠見出版。
2.林淑姬（1992），薪酬公平、程序公正與組織承諾、組織公民行為關係之研究，國立政治大學企業管理研究所博士學位論文。
3.林鉦棽（1996），組織公正、信任、組織公民行為之研究：社會交換理論之觀點，管理科學學報，第13卷第3期，頁391-415。
4.林鉦棽（2003），以組織承諾及工作滿族為實徵切入分析組織公民行為與員工工作考績之結構模式比較，人力資源管理學報，第3卷第2期，頁93-113。
5.吳慧卿（2000），選手知覺教練領導行為、團體衝突、團體凝聚力及滿意度關係之實證研究，國立台灣師範大學體育研究所碩士論文。
6.蔡綺芬（2003），台灣心理契約量表之建立，國立中央大學企業管理研究所碩士學位論文。
7.譚愷悌（2002），轉換型領導對團隊凝聚力、群組效能與組織公民行為之影響，台北：私立世新大學觀光研究所未出版之碩士論文。
二、英文部分
1.Allport, G. W., & Odbert, H. S. (1936). Trait-names：A psycho-lexical study. Psychological Monographs, 47, No.1(Whole No. 211).
2.Argyris, C. (1960). Understanding organizational behavior. Homewood, IL：Dorsey Press.
3.Arvey, R.D., Renz, G.L., & Watson, T.W. (1998). Emotionality and in performance: Implications for personnel selection. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 16, 103-147.
4.Ashforth, B.E. & Humphrey, R. H. (1993). Emotional labor in service roles: The influence of identity. Academy of Management Review, 249-280.
5.Bateman, T.S. & Organ, D.W. (1983). Job satisfaction and the good soldier: the relationship between affect and employee citizenship. Academy of Management Journal, 26(4), 587-595.
6.Blau, P. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York：Wiley.
7.Blau, G. J., & Boal, K. B. (1987). Conceptualizing how Job involvement and organizational commitment affect turnover and absenteeism. Academy of Management Review, 12, 288-300.
8.Briggs (1992). Assessing the Five Factor Model of personality description, 264.
9.Carron, A.V. (1982). Cohesiveness in sport Groups: Interpretations and Consideration. Journal of sport Psychology, 4, 123-128
10.Carron, A. V., Widmeyer, W. N., & Brawley, L. R. (1985). The development of an instrument to assess cohension in sport team: The group enviorment questionnaire. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7, 224-266.
11.Cattell RB. (1948). The primary personality factors in women compared with those in men. British Journal of Psychology, 1, 114-130.
12.Coleman. V. I., & Borman, W. C. (2000). Investigating the underlying structure
of the citizenship performance domain. Human Resource Management Review, 10,
25-44.
13.Coyle-Shapiro, J.A.M., & Kessler, I. (2002). Exploring reciprocity through the lens of the psychological contract: employee and employer perspectives. European Journal of Organizational Psychology, 11, 69-86.
14.Dansereau, F., Grean, G.B., & Haga, W.J. (1975). A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership within formal organizations: A longitudinal investigation of the role making process. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 13, 46-78.
15.Deluga, R.J., & Perry, J.T. (1994). The role of subordinate performance and ingratiation in leader-member exchanges. Group and Organization Management, 19, 67-86.
16.Dienesch, R. M. & Liden, R. C. (1986). Leader-member exchange model of leadership: A critique and further development. Academy of Management View, 11, 618-634.
17.Ekman, P. (1973). Darwin and facial expression: A century of research in review. New York: Academic Press.
18.Fisher, C.D., & Ashkanasy, N.M. (2000). The emerging role of emotions in work life: An introduction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 123-129.
19.Forsyth, D. R. (1999). Group dynamics (3rd ed.). Boston: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
20.Goldberg, L. R. (1981). Language and individual differences: The search for universals in personality lexicons. In L. Wheeler(Ed.), Review of personality
and social psychology( 141-165). Beverly Hills, CA：Sage.
21.Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative Description of Personality: The Big Five factor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1216-1229.
22.Goldberg, L. R. (1992). The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure. Psychological Assessment, 4, 26-42.
23.Graham, J.W. (1991). An Essay on Organizational Citizenship Behavior.
Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 4, 249-270.
24.Grean, G.B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange（LMX）theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 6, 219-247.
25.Guzzo, R.A., Noonan, K.A., & Elron, E. (1994). Expatriate managers and the psychological contract. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 561-568.
26.Herzberg, F. (1957). Job Attitudes: Review of Research and Opinion. Pittsburgh:
Psychological Service of Pittsburgh.
27.Hochschild, A.R. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. Berkely: University of California Press.
28.Hogg, M. A. (1992). The social psychology of group cohesiveness: From attraction to social identity. New York: New York University Press.
29.Hui, C., Lee, C. & Rousseau, D.M. (2004). Psychological Contract and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in China: Investigating Generalizability and Instrumentality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 311-321.
30.Huseman, R.C., Hateield, J.D. & Miles, E.W. (1985). Test for individual perceptions of job equity: some preliminary findings. Perceptual and Motor Skill, 61, 1055-1064.
31.Huseman, R., Hatfield, J., & Miles, E. (1987). A new perspective on equity theory: The equity sensitivity construct. Academy of Management Review, 12, 222-234.
32.Diefendorff, J.M. & Richard, E.M. (2003). Antecedents and Consequences of Emotional Display Rule Perceptions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 284-294.
33.Levinson, H. (1962). Men, management, and mental health. Cambridge, MA：Harvard University Press.
34.Jessup, H. R. (1990). New roles in team leadership. Training and Development
Journal, 44, 79-83.
35.Kahn, R.L. & Katz, D. (1978). The Social Psychology of Organizations. 2.
36.Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 692-724.
37.Kantor, R. M. (1968). Commitment and Social Organization. American Sociological Review, 33, 499-517.
38.Katz, D. (1964). The motivational basis of organizational behavior. Behavior Science, 9, 131-133.
39.Keyton, J., & Springston, J. (1990). Redefining Cohesiveness in Group. Small Group Research, 3, 234-254.
40.King, W., Miles, E., & Day, D. (1993). A test and refinement of the equity sensitivity construct. Journal of Organization Behavior, 14, 301-317.
41.Lester, S. W., & Kickul, J. (2001). Psychological contracts in the 21st century: What employees value most and how well organiza-tions are responding to these expectations. Human Resource Planning, 24(1), 10-22.
42.Leventhal, G.S. (1976). The Distribution of Rewards and Resurces in Roups and Organizations. In L. Berkowitz ＆ W. Walster (Eds.). Advance in experimental social psychology. New York: Academic Press, Vo1. 9, 91-131.
43.Liden, R.C., & Maslyn, J.M. (1998). Multidimensionality of leader-member exchange: An empirical assessment through scale development. Journal of Management, 24, 43-72.
44.Liden, R.C., Sparrowe, R.T., & Wayne, S.J. (1997). Leader-member exchange theory: The past and potential for the future. In J. Ferris (Ed). Research in personnel and human resource management, 15, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press（p.47-119）.
45.Liden, R.C., Wayne, S.J., & Stilwell, D. (1993). A longitudinal study on the early development of leader-member exchanges. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 662-674.
46.Mac Neil, Ian R. (1985). Relational contract: What we do and do not know. Wisconsin Law Review, 483-525.
47.May, D.R., Gilson, R.L., Harter, L.M. (2004). The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety and availability and the engagement of the human spirit at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77, 11-37.
48.McCrae RR, Costa PT Jr. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 52, 81-90.
49.McNeely, B.L., & Meglino, B.M. (1994). The role of dispositional and situational a ntecedents in prosaically organizational behavior: An examination of intended beneficiaries of prosaically behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 836-844.
50.Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1, 61-89.
51.Miles, E., Hatfield, J., & Huseman, R. (1989). The equity sensitivity construct: Potential implications for worker performance. Journal of Management, 15, 581-588.
52.Miles, E., Hatfield, J., & Huseman, R. (1994). Equity sensitivity and outcome importance. Journal of Organization Behavior, 15, 585-596.
53.Millward, L.J., & Brewerton, P. M. (1999). Contractors and theirs psychological contracts. British Journal of Management, 10, 253-274.
54.Mohrman, S. A., Cohen, S. G., & Mohrman, A. M., Jr. (1995). Designing team-based organization: New forms for knowledge work. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
55.Moorman, R.H., Niehoff, B. P., & Organ, D.W. (1993). Treating employee fairly and organizational citizenship behavior: Sorting the effects of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and procedural justice. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 6(3), 209-225.
56.Morris, J.A. & Feldman, D.C. (1996). The dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of emotion labor. Academy of Management Review, 21, 986-1010.
57.Morrison, D.E. (1994). Psychological contracts and change. Human Resource Management, 33(3), 353-372.
58.Morrow, P. C. (1983). Concept redundancy in organizational research: The case of work commitment. Academy of Management Review, 8, 486-500.
59.Mowday, R.T. (1983). Equity Theory Predictions of Behaviors in Organizations. In Steers, R.M. & Porter, L.W. (Eds.). Motivation and work behavior (3rd ed., 91-113). New York: McGraw-Hill.
60.Mowday, R.T. (1991). Equity Theory Predictions of Behaviors in Organizations. In Steers, R.M. & Porter, L.W. (Eds.). Motivation and work behavior (5th ed., 111-131). New York: McGraw-Hill.
61.Norman, W. T. (1963). Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: Replicated factor structure in peer normination personality ratings. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 574-583.
62.Near, J.P., Organ, D. W., & Smith, C. A. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(4), 653-663.
63.Organ, D.W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington. MA: Lexington Books.
64.Organ, D. W. (1990). The motivational bases of organizational citizenship behavior. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Ed.) Research in organizational behavior (12, 42-73). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
65.Porter, L.M., Steers, R.M., Mowday, R.T., & Bouloin(1974). Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction and Turnover Among Psychiatric Technicians.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5), 609-629.
66.Reicher, A.E. (1987). A Review and Reconceptualization Organization Commitment. Academy of Management, 10(3), 466.
67.Rioux, S. M., & Penner, L. A. (2001). The causes of organizational citizenship behavior: A motivational analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 1306-1314.
68.Robinson, S.L., Kraatz, M.S., & Rousseau, D.M. (1994). Changing obligation and the psychological contract: A longitudinal study. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 137-152.
69.Robinson, S. L., & Morrison, E. W. (1995). Psychological contracts and OCB：the effect of unfulfilled obligations on civic virtue behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 16, 289-298.
70.Robinson, S. L., & Morrison, E. W. (1997). When employees feel betrayed： a model of how psychological contract violation develops. Academy of Management Review, 22, 226-256.
71.Robinson, S. L., & Morrison, E. W. (2000). The development of psychological contract breach and violation：a longitudinal study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 525-546.
72.Robinson, S. L. (1996). Trust and breach of the psychological contract. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 574-599.
73.Robinson, S. L., & Rousseau, D. M. (1994). Violating the psychological contract： Not the exception but the norm. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15, 245-259.
74.Roehling, M.V. (1996). The origins and early development of the psychological contract construct. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Cincinnati.
75.Rousseau, D.M., & Parks, J.M. (1993). The contracts of individuals and organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 15, 1-43.
76.Rousseau, D. M. (1989). Psychological and implied contracts in organization. Employee Rights and Responsibilities Journal, 2, 121-139.
77.Rousseau, D. M. (1995). Psychological contracts in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
78.Rousseau, D. M. (2004). Psychological Contracts in the Workplace: Understanding the Ties That Motivate. Academy of Management Executive, 18, 120-127.
79.Salancik G. (1977). Commitment and the Control of Organizational Behavior and Belief. New Directions in Organizational Behavior, Chicago: St. Clair.
80.Staw, B. M. (1977). Two sides of commitment. Paper presented at Annual Meeting of Academy of Management, Orlando, Florida, August.
81.Schein, E. (1965). Organizational psychology, Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice Hall.
82.Sheldon, M. E. (1971). Investments and Involvements as Mechanisms Producing Commitment to The Organization. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16, p143.
83.Shore, L.M., & Tetrick, L. E. (1994). The psychological contract as an explanatory framework in the employment relationship, In C. Cooper, & D. Rousseau（Eds.）, Trends in organizational behavior（Vol.1, pp. 91-109）. New York: Wiley.
84.Staw, B.M. (1987). The Escalation of commitment to a Course of Action. American Management Review, 6, 577-587.
85.Tupes, E. C., & Christal, R. E. (1961). Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings(ASD-TR-61-97).Lackland Air Force Base.TX：Aeronautical Systems Division, Personnel Laboratory.
86.Turnley, W..H., & Feldman, D.C. (1998). Psychological contract violations during organizational restructuring. Human Resource Management, 37, 71-83.
87.Turnley, W..H., & Feldman, D.C. (1999). A discrepancy model of psychological contract violations. Human Resource Management Review, 9, 367-386.
88.Turnley, Bolino, Lester & Bloodgood (2002). Not seeing eye to eye: differences in supervisor and subordinate perceptions of and attributions for psychological contracts breach. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 39-56.
89.Turnley, Bolino, Lester & Bloodgood (2003). The Impact of Psychological Contract Fulfillment on the Performance of In-Role and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. Journal of Management, 29, 187-206.
90.Vroom, V. (1964). Work and motivation. New York: Wiley.
91.Whyte, W. H. (1956). The Organizational Man, Simon and Schuster. New York.
92.Wiener, Y. (1982). Commitment in organizations: A normative view. Academy of Management Review, 7, 418-428.
93.Williams, L.J., & Anderson, S.E. (1991). Job satisfaction and Organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors. Journal of Management, 17, 601-617.