臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

中文摘要

香澤蘭於1989年被引進台灣做為藥草植物，成為入侵種害草，現今已蔓延至屏東、高雄、台南、嘉義、雲林、彰化、台中及台東。於2004年從關島引進香澤蘭燈蛾Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata至屏東科技大學檢疫室隔離，進行寄主專一性測試及其他相關研究。以香澤蘭餵食測試香澤蘭燈蛾P. pseudoinsulata於24、28及32下的生活史，雌成蟲由卵發育至成蟲各為69.5、40.7及39.4日;而雄成蟲各為66.0、38.9及41.0日。雌成蟲壽命各為13.1、7.6及3.8日，雄成蟲壽命各為11.1、5.8及3.8日；產卵前期各為54.4、37.4及38.1日，雌成蟲一生平均產卵數各為389.3、261.8及159.0粒卵。兩性生命表分析香澤蘭燈蛾P. pseudoinsulata在同測試溫度下族群介量之淨生殖率(R0)各為279.9、176.1及14.5；平均世代(T)各為57.9、38.0及34.2日；內在增殖率(rm)各為0.099、0.138及0.078；終極增殖率(λ)各為1.103、1.146及1.082；Doubling time (t)各為7.1、5.1及8.8日。香澤蘭燈蛾P. pseudoinsulata在不同溫度下之穩定日齡分佈(stable age distribution)有顯著差異，在24℃時以幼蟲期分佈佔多數，在28℃時以幼蟲期及成蟲期較多，在32℃時以幼蟲期及蛹期分佈佔多數。在幼蟲期取食量方面，於24、28及32℃均以末齡幼蟲的取食量最大，各為0.57、0.69及0.24g。在檢疫室中利用香澤蘭燈蛾P. pseudoinsulata之幼蟲進行強迫飢餓處理測定香澤蘭燈蛾P. pseudoinsulata之幼蟲對55科135種植物之寄主範圍與專一性，結果顯示該幼蟲僅對香澤蘭、藿香薊、紫花藿香薊及台灣澤蘭4種植物有取食現象，其中於香澤蘭、藿香薊及紫花藿香薊上可完成世代，對其他132種受測植物均不取食或僅嘗試嚼食。

Chromolaena odorata (L.) introduced around 1989 to southern part of Taiwan as a medicinal plant, has become an invasive weed, spreading to such counties as Pingtung, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Chiayi, Yunlin, Changhau, Taichung, and Taitung. An arctiid moth, Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata Rego Barros, was introduced from Guam in June 2004 and was immediately isolated for study host specificity and other research in a quarantine laboratory at National Pingtung University of Science and Technology. The life history of P. pseudoinsulata feeding on C. odorata was studied at three different temperatures. Developmental time from egg to adult was 69.5, 40.7 and 39.4 days for female; and 66.8, 38.9 and 41.0 days for male, at 24, 28 and 32℃, respectively. Under the temperatures of 24, 28 and 32℃, the longeyity of P. pseudoinsulata was 13.1, 7.6 and 3.8 days for female, and 11.1, 5.8 and 3.8 days for male, respectively. Pre-oviposition periods and fecundity for P. pseudoinsulata averaged 54.4, 37.4 and 38.1 days, and 389.3, 261.8 and 159.0 eggs per female, respectively. Population parameters were caculated from the life table data for 24, 28 and 32℃. Under the respective temperatures, the net reproduction rates (R0) of P. pseudoinsulata were 279.9, 176.1 and 14.5; the mean generation time (T) were 57.9, 38.0 and 34.2 days; the intrinsic rates of increase (rm) were 0.099, 0.138 and 0.078; the finite rates of increase (λ) were 1.103, 1.146 and 1.082；Doubling times (t) were 7.1, 5.1 and 8.8 days. The age-stable distribution of P. pseudoinsulata under the three different temperatures was significantly different. The larval stage was dominant at 24℃. The larval and adult stages were dominant at 28℃. The larval and pupal stages were dominant at 32℃. In the feeding study, the amount of leaf consumed was the greatest at the late larval stage; each larva consumed 0.57, 0.69 and 0.24g at 24, 28 and 32℃, respectively. A total of 135 plant species in 55 families have been screened by forced feeding for delineating the host specificity of P. pseudoinsulata. Of the plant species screened, larvae of P. pseudoinsulata were found feeding on C. odorata (L.), Ageratum conyzoides L., A. houstonianum Mill, and Eupatorium formosanum Hayata. However, they did not feed or not attempt to feed on 132 other plant species screened.

中文摘要 I
Abstract III
誌謝 V
目錄 VI
表目錄 IX
圖目錄 X
壹、前言 1
貳、前人研究 3
一、香澤蘭之生態特性 3
二、香澤蘭之分佈 4
（一）香澤蘭於全球之分佈情形 4
（二）香澤蘭於台灣之分佈概況 5
三、香澤蘭之生物防治 6
四、香澤蘭燈蛾之生理生態學研究 8
（一）香澤蘭燈蛾之生態習性 8
（二）溫度對香澤蘭燈蛾之影響 9
（三）香澤蘭燈蛾幼蟲取食行為之研究 9
（四）香澤蘭燈蛾幼蟲之寄主專一性測試 10
參、材料與方法 12
一、香澤蘭於台灣之分佈調查 12
二、栽植香澤蘭燈蛾之寄主植物香澤蘭及生態習性觀察 12
三、香澤蘭燈蛾室內飼養及生活史觀測 13
（一）香澤蘭燈蛾之引進來源、飼養方法及行為觀察 13
（二）香澤蘭燈蛾之生命表製作及其觀察 15
四、香澤蘭燈蛾幼蟲取食量之研究 17
五、香澤蘭燈蛾之寄主專一性測試 17
肆、結果 19
一、香澤蘭於台灣之分佈調查 19
二、香澤蘭之生態習性觀測 23
三、香澤蘭燈蛾之單隻飼養生活史觀測 23
（一）溫度對香澤蘭燈蛾各齡期形態之影響 23
（二）在不同測試溫度下對香澤蘭燈蛾發育、成蟲壽命、產卵前期、產卵量、繁殖力、卵孵化率及孵化情形之影響 34
（三）兩性生命表 40
四、香澤蘭燈蛾幼蟲取食量之研究 57
五、香澤蘭燈蛾之寄主專一性測試 60
伍、討論 69
一、香澤蘭於台灣之分佈調查 69
二、香澤蘭燈蛾之單隻飼養生活史觀測 69
三、香澤蘭燈蛾幼蟲取食量之研究 70
四、香澤蘭燈蛾之寄主專一性測試 71
六、結論 72
參考文獻 73
附錄 86
作者簡介 109

吳懷慧、徐爾烈 (1996) 歐洲室塵蟎之生活史與兩性生命表。中華昆蟲16: 77-93。
唐丁水、齊心 （1991） 擬尺蠖(Trichoplusia ni Hubner)之生命表與取食量。中華昆蟲11: 282-290。
陳素瓊、歐陽盛芝 （2002） 溫度對琉球青斑蝶(Radena similes similes Linnaeus)（鱗翅目：斑蝶科）發育之影響。台灣昆蟲22: 237-248。
陳滄海、陳仁昭、汪慈慧、王均琍、趙永椿 (2003) 小花蔓澤蘭之生物防治。小花蔓澤蘭危害與管理研討會專刊。第109期79-96頁。余宣穎 編。行政院農業委員會花蓮區農業改良場印。花蓮。
蔣慕琰、徐玲明、袁秋英、陳富永、蔣永正 (2003) 台灣外來種之危害與生態。小花蔓澤蘭危害與管理研討會專刊。第109期97-109頁。余宣穎 編。行政院農業委員會花蓮區農業改良場印。花蓮。
歐陽盛芝 （1994） 斜紋夜蛾(Spodoptera litura (F.))的生命表。中華昆蟲14: 183-205。
齊心 （1989） 家蠶(Bombyx mori L.) 之兩性生命表。中華昆蟲9: 141-151。
Ahmad, M., and M. L. Thakur (1991) Biology and host specificity of Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata Rego Barros (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Indian Forester 177: 193-199.
Ambika, S. R., and Jayachandra (1980) Influence of light on seed germination in Eupatorium odoratum L. Indian Forester 106: 634-640.
Ambika, S. R., and Jayachandra (1990) The problem of Chromolaena weed. Chromolaena odorata Newsletter 3: 1-6.
Aterrado, E. D., and S. J. N. Bachiller (2002) Biological control of Chromolaena odorata: Preliminary studies on the use of the gall-forming fly Cecidochares connexa in the Philippines. No. 206, p. 137-139. In: Zachariades, C., R. Muniappan and L.W. Strathie (eds), Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. October 23-25, 2000. On Durban, South Africa. Published by ARC-PPRI.
Aterrado, E. D., and R. L. Talatala-Sanico (1988) Status of Chromolaena odorata research in the Philippines. p. 53-55. In: R. Muniappen (ed.), Proceedings of 1st International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. February – March, 1988. On Bangkok, Thailand. Published by Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Guam, USA.
Azmi, M. (2002) Status and biological control of Chromolaena odorata in Malaysia. No. 206, p. 27. In: Zachariades, C., R. Muniappan and L.W. Strathie (eds), Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. October 23-25, 2000. On Durban, South Africa. Published by ARC-PPRI.
Biswas, K. (1934) Some foreign weeds and their distribution in India and Burma. Indian Forester 60: 861-865. (Cited by Muniappan et al. 2005)
Braimah, H., and J. A. Timibilla (2002) A decade of successful biological control of siam weed, Chromolaena odorata, in Ghana: lessons and future plans. No. 206, p. 58-65. In: Zachariades, C., R. Muniappan and L.W. Strathie (eds), Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. October 23-25, 2000. On Durban, South Africa. Published by ARC-PPRI.
Chacko, M. J., and A. U. Narasimham (1988) Biocontrol attempts against Chromolaena odorata in India – A review. p: 65-79. In: R. Muniappen (ed.), Proceedings of 1st International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. February – March, 1988. On Bangkok, Thailand. Published by Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Guam, USA.
Chenon, R. D. D., A. Sipayung, and P. Subharto (2002a) Impact of Cecidochares connexa on Chromolaena odorata in different habitats in Indonesia. No. 206, p. 152. In: Zachariades, C., R. Muniappan and L.W. Strathie (eds), Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. October 23-25, 2000. On Durban, South Africa. Published by ARC-PPRI.
Chenon, R. D. D., A. Sipayung, and P. Sudharto, (2002b) A decade of biological control against Chromolaena odorata at the Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute in Marihat. No. 206, p. 46-52. In: Zachariades, C., R. Muniappan and L. W. Strathie (eds), Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. October 23-25, 2000. On Durban, South Africa. Published by ARC-PPRI.
Chenon, R. D. D., A. Sipayung, and P. Sudharto, (2002c) A new biological agent, Actinote anteas, introduced into Indonesia from South America for the control of Chromolaena odorata. No. 206, p. 170-176. In: Zachariades, C., R. Muniappan and L. W. Strathie (eds), Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. October 23-25, 2000. On Durban, South Africa. Published by ARC-PPRI.
Chi, H. (1988) Life-table analysis incorporating both sexes and variable development rates among individuals. Environ. Entomol. 17: 26-34.
Chiu, N. Y., and K. H. Chang (1995) The Illustrated Medicinal Plants of Taiwan, Vol. 4. SMC Publ. Inc., Taipei.
Englberger, K. (2004) Biological control of Chromolaena in the Federated States of Micronesia. Chromolaena odorata Newsletter 16: 6.
Esguerra, M. N. (2002) Introduction and establishment of the tephritid gall fly Cecidochares connexa on Siam weed, Chromolaena odorata, in the Republic of Palau. No. 206, p. 148-151. In: Zachariades, C., R. Muniappan and L.W. Strathie (eds), Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. October 23-25, 2000. On Durban, South Africa. Published by ARC-PPRI.
Fu,Y., Guo, H., Chen, A., Cui, J., and Padoch, C. (2003) Relocating plants from swidden fallows to gardens in southwestern China. Economic Botany. pp. 389-402.
Gautier, L. (1992) Taxonomy and distribution of a tropical weed: Cromolaena odorata (L.) R. King and H. Robinson. Candollea 47: 645-662.
Gautier, L. (1996) Establishment of Chromolaena odorata in a savanna protected from fire: an example from Lamto, Central Côte d'Ivoire. No. 202, p. 54-57. In: Prasad, U. K., R. Muniappan, P. Foresta, J. P. Aeschliman and H. de Foresta (eds), Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on the Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. November, 1993. On Abidlan, Côte d’Ivoire. Published by Agricultral Experiment Station, University of Guam, USA.
Giriraj, C. N., and V. K. Bhatt (1970) Supply of natural enemies of the “Siam weed” Eupatorium odorata (for Nigeria and Malaysia). Annual Report, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control. p. 112. (Cited by Singh , 1998)
Hoevers, R., and S. S. M'Boob (1996) The status of Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King and H. Robinson in West and Central Africa. No. 202, p. 1-5. In: Prasad, U. K., R. Muniappan, P. Foresta, J. P. Aeschliman and H. de Foresta (eds), Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on the Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. November, 1993. On Abidlan, Côte d’Ivoire. Published by Agricultral Experiment Station, University of Guam, USA.
Holm, L. G., D. L. Plucknett, J. V. Pancho, and P. D. Herberger (1977) The World’s Worest Weeds. Distribution and Biology. University Press of Honolulu, Hawaii. 609 pp. (Cited by Aterrado and Talatala-Sanico, 1988; McFadyen-Cruttwell, 1988b)
King, R. M., and H. Robinson (1970) Studies in the Eupatorieae (Compositae). XXIX. The genus Chromolaena. Phytologia 20: 196-209. (Cited by Muniappan et al. 2005)
Leslie, A. J., and J. R. Spotila (2001) Alien plant threatens Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) breeding in lake St. Lucia, South Africa. Biological Conservation 98: 347-355. (Cited by Muniappan et al. 2005)
Lyla, K. R., C. C. Abraham, P. J. Joy, and A. M. Ranjith (2002) Feeding behaviour of Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata. No. 206, p. 154-159. In: Zachariades, C., R. Muniappan and L. W. Strathie (eds), Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. October 23-25, 2000. On Durban, South Africa. Published by ARC-PPRI.
Marutani, M., and R. Muniappan (1991) Succession of vegetation after suppression of Chromolaena odorata by Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata in Guam. No. 44, p. 143-152. In: Muniappen, R. and P. Ferrar (eds), Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on the Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. February, 1991. On Bogor, Indonesia. Published by BIOTROP.
Marutani, M. and R. Muniappan (1988) Interaction between Chromolaena odorata and Pareuchaetes psuedoinsulata: a preliminary study. p. 45-52. In: R. Muniappen (ed.), Proceedings of 1st International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. February – March, 1988. On Bangkok, Thailand. Published by Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Guam, USA.
M’boob-Sulayman, S. (1991) Preliminary results of a Survey and assessment of C. odorata (Siam Weed) in Africa. No. 44, p. 50-56. In: Muniappen, R. and P. Ferrar (eds), Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on the Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. February, 1991. On Bogor, Indonesia. Published by BIOTROP.
McConnell, J., M. Marutani, and R. Muniappan, (1991) Insect induced changes in Chromolaena odorata. No. 44, p. 159-161. In: Muniappen, R. and P. Ferrar (eds), Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on the Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. February, 1991. On Bogor, Indonesia. Published by BIOTROP.
McFadyen-Cruttwell, R. E. (1996) Country Report from Australia and the Pacific. No. 202, p. 39-44. In: Prasad, U. K., R. Muniappan, P. Foresta, J. P. Aeschliman and H. de Foresta (eds), Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on the Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. November, 1993. On Abidlan, Côte d’Ivoire. Published by Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Guam, USA.
McFadyen-Cruttwell, R. E. (1988a) Ecology of Chromolaena odorata in the Neotropics. p. 13-20. In: R. Muniappen (ed.), Proceedings of 1st International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. February – March, 1988. On Bangkok, Thailand. Published by Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Guam, USA.
McFadyen-Cruttwell, R. E. (1988b) History and Distribution of Chromolaena odorata. p. 7-12. In: R. Muniappen (ed.), Proceedings 1st International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. February – March, 1988. On Bangkok, Thailand. Published by Agricultral Experiment Station, University of Guam, USA.
McFadyen-Cruttwell, R. E. (1988c) Phytophagous insects recorded from C. odorata. Chromolaena odorata Newsletter 2: 5-23.
McFadyen-Cruttwell, R. E., and B. Skarratt, (1996) Potential distribution of Chromolaena odorata in Australia, Africa and Oceania. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 59: 89-96.
Muniappan, R., and Bamba, J. (2000) Biological control of Chromolaena odorata: successes and failures. Proceedings of the Χ International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds 4-14 July 1999, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA Neal R. Spencer [ed.]. p. 81-85.
Muniappan, R., and J. Bamba, (2002) Host-specificity testing of Cecidochares connexa, a biological control agent for Chromolaena odorata. No. 206, p. 134-136. In: Zachariades, C., R. Muniappan and L. W. Strathie (eds), Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. October 23-25, 2000. On Durban, South Africa. Published by ARC-PPRI.
Muniappan, R., and Marutani, M. (1988) Ecology and distrbution of Chromolaena odorata in Asia and Pacific. p. 21-24. In: R. Muniappen (ed.), Proceedings of 1st International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. February – March, 1988. On Bangkok, Thailand. Published by Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Guam, USA.
Muniappan, R., G. V. P. Reddy, and P. Y. Lai (2005) Distribution and biological control of Chromolaea odorata. Invasive Plants: Ecological and Agricultural Aspects. p. 223-233.
Napompeth, B., N. T. Hai, and A. Winotai (1988) Attempts on biological Control of Siam Weed, Chromolaena odorata in Thailand. p: 57-62. In: R. Muniappen (ed.), Proceedings of 1st International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. February – March, 1988. On Bangkok, Thailand. Published by Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Guam, USA.
Napompeth, B., and A. Winotai, (1991) Progress on biological control of Siam Weed in Thailand. No. 44, p. 90-112. In: Muniappen, R. and P. Ferrar (eds), Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on the Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. February, 1991. On Bogor, Indonesia. Published by BIOTROP.
Ooi, P. A. C., C. H. Sim, and E. B. Tay (1988) Irregular recovery of Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata in Sabah, Malaysia. No. 206, p. 56. In: Zachariades, C., R. Muniappan and L.W. Strathie (eds), Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. October 23-25, 2000. On Durban, South Africa. Published by ARC-PPRI.
Orapa , W., and I. Bofeng (2004) Mass production, establishment and impact of Cecidochares connexa on chromolaena in Papua New Guinea. No. 55, p. 30-35. In: Day, M. D. and R. E. McFadyen (ed.), Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. May 6-9, 2003. On Cairns, Australia. Published by ACIAR Technical Reports.
Orapa, W., I. Bofeng, and G. Donnelly (2002) Management of Chromolaena odorata in Papua New Guinea: status of a biological control programme. No. 206, p. 40-45. In: Zachariades, C., R. Muniappan and L. W. Strathie (eds), Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. October 23-25, 2000. On Durban, South Africa. Published by ARC-PPRI.
Pancho, J., and D. Plucknett (1971) Chromolaena odorata (L) R. M. King and H. Robinson – a new record of a noxious weed in the Philippines. Phil. Animal Science 8: 143-149.
Peng, C. I., and K. C. Yang (1998) Unwelcome naturalization of Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae). Taiwania 43: 289-294.
Ramachandrs-Rao, Y. (1920) Lantana insects in India. Mem. Dep. Agric. India, Entomology Series, Calcutta 5: 239-314. (Cited by Muniappan et al. 2005)
Reddy, P. V. R., and T. K. Jacob (1998) Studies on feeding behaviour of Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata Rego Barros (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) on Chromolaena odorata. No. 216. In: Ferrar, P., R. Muniappan and K. P. Jayanth (eds), Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. October, 1996. On Bangalore, India. Published by Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Guam, USA. Retrieved September 6, 2004. from the World Wide Web: http://www.ehs.cdu.edu.au/chromolaena/fourth/ reddy.htm
Sajise, P. E., R. K. Palis, and J. S. Lales (1972) Chromolaena odorata imperils grassland. Pasture Newsletter 1(4): 1-2. (Cited by Aterrado and Talatala-Sanico, 1988)
Sajise, P. E., R. K. Palis, N. V. Norcio, and J. S. Lales (1974) The biology of Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King and H. Robinson. 1. Flowering behavior, pattern of growth and nitrate metabolism. Phil. Weed Sci. Bull. 1: 17-24. (Cited by Aterrado and Talatala-Sanico, 1988)
Sankaran, T., and G. Sugathan, (1974) Host specificity tests and field trials with Ammalo insulate (Wlk.) (Lep.: Arctiidae) in India. Report, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control. p. 11. (Cited by Singh , 1998)
Seibert, T.F., 1988. Biological control of the weed, Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae), by Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) on Guamand the Northern Mariana Islands. Entomophaga 34: 531-539.
Singh, S. P. (1998) A Review of Biological Suppression of Chromolaena odorata (Linnaeus) King and Robinson in India. No. 216, p. 86-92. In: Ferrar, P., R. Muniappan and K. P. Jayanth (eds), Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. October, 1996. On Bangalore, India. Published by Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Guam, USA.
Strathie, L. W., and C. Zachariades (2002) Biological control of Chromolaena odorata in South Africa: developments in research and implementation. No. 206, p. 40-45. In: Zachariades, C., R. Muniappan and L. W. Strathie (eds), Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. October 23-25, 2000. On Durban, South Africa. Published by ARC-PPRI.
Timbilla, J. A., and H. Braimah, (1991) Highlights of work done on Chromolaena odorata in Ghana. No. 44, p. 105-112. In: Muniappen, R. and P. Ferrar (eds), Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on the Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. February, 1991. On Bogor, Indonesia. Published by BIOTROP.
Timbilla, J. A., and H. Braimah (1996) The survey of the introduction, distribution and spread of Chromolaena odorata in Ghana. No. 202, p. 6-18. In: Prasad, U. K., R. Muniappan, P. Foresta, J. P. Aeschliman and H. de Foresta (eds), Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on the Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. November, 1993. On Abidlan, Côte d’Ivoire. Published by Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Guam, USA.
Timbilla, J. A., and H. Braimah, (2002) Successful biological control of Chromolaena odorata in Ghana: the potential for a regional programme in Africa. No. 206, p. 66-70. In: Zachariades, C., R. Muniappan and L. W. Strathie (eds), Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. October 23-25, 2000. On Durban, South Africa. Published by ARC-PPRI.
Tjitrosemito, S. (1991) The status of Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King and H. Robinson in Indonesia. No. 44, p. 57-66. In: Muniappen, R. and P. Ferrar (eds), Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on the Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. February, 1991. On Bogor, Indonesia. Published by BIOTROP.
Tjitrosemito, S. (2002) Introduction and establishment of the gall fly Cecidochares connexa for control of Siam weed, Chromolaena odorata in Java, Indonesia. No. 206, p. 140-147. In: Zachariades, C., R. Muniappan and L. W. Strathie (eds), Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. October 23-25, 2000. On Durban, South Africa. Published by ARC-PPRI.
Visalakshy, P. N. G. (1998) Temperature dependent development of Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), an exotic biocontrol agent of Chromolaena odorata. No. 216. In: Ferrar, P., R. Muniappan and K. P. Jayanth (eds), Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. October, 1996. On Bangalore, India. Published by Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Guam, USA. Retrieved January 31, 2004. from the World Wide Web: http://www.ehs.cdu.edu.au/ chromolaena/fourth/visal1.htm
Voight, J. O. (1845) Hortus Suburbanus Calcuttensis. Calcutta. (Cited by Muniappan et al. 2005)
Waterhouse, B. (1994a) Discovery of Chromolaena odorata in northern Queensland, Australia. Chromolaena odorata Newsletter 9: 1-2.
Waterhouse, D. F. (1994b) Biological Control of Weeds: Southeast Asian Prospects. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. p. 302.
Wilson, C. G., and E. B. Widayanto (2002) The biological control programme against Chromolaena odorata in eastern Indonesia. No. 206, p. 53-57. In: Zachariades, C., R. Muniappan and L.W. Strathie (eds), Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. October 23-25, 2000. On Durban, South Africa. Published by ARC-PPRI.
Wu, S. H., C. F. Hsieh, and M. Rejmánek (2004) Catalogue of the Naturalized Flora of Taiwan. Taiwania 49: 16-31.
Wu, R. R., and X. Xu (1991) Cultural control of Feijicao [C. odorata (L.) R. M. King and H. Robinson] by planting signalgrass (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf) in Southern Yunnan, People's Republic of China. No. 44, p. 83-89. In: Muniappen, R. and P. Ferrar (eds), Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on the Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. February, 1991. On Bogor, Indonesia. Published by BIOTROP.
Zachariades, C., and J. M. Goodall (2002) Distribution, impact and management of Chromolaena odorata in southern Afica. No. 44, p. 34-39. In: Muniappen, R. and P. Ferrar (eds), Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on the Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. February, 1991. On Bogor, Indonesia. Published by BIOTROP.
Zachariades, C., R. L. Kluge, S. Neser, and L. W. Strathie (1998) Promising new candidates for the biocontrol of Chromolaena odorata. No. 216, p. 73-79. In: Ferrar, P., R. Muniappan and K.P. Jayanth (eds), Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. October, 1996. On Bangalore, India. Published by Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Guam, USA.
Zachariades, C., I. V. Senger, and N. P. Barker (2004) Evidence for a northern Caribbean origin for the southern African biotype of Chromolaena odorata. No. 55, p. 25-27. In: Day, M. D. and R. E. McFadyen (ed.), Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. May 6-9, 2003. On Cairns, Australia. Published by ACIAR Technical Reports.
Zachariades, C., L. W. Strathie-Korrûbel, and R. L. Kluge (1999) The South African programme in the biological control of Chromolaena odorata（L.） King and Robinson (Asteraceae), using insects. African Entomology Memoir. 1: 89-102.
Zebeyou, M. G. （1991） Distribution and Importance of Chromolaena odorata in Côte d'Ivoire. Retrieved. In: Muniappen, R. and P. Ferrar (eds), Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on the Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata. February, 1991. On Bogor, Indonesia. Published by BIOTROP. Retrieved January 31, 2004. from the World Wide Wed: http://www.ehs.cdu.edu.au/chromolaena/2/ 2zebe.html.