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研究生:陳玉菁
研究生(外文):Yu-Ching Chen
論文名稱:以蛙卵模擬生物軟組織遭磷酸礦化之機制
論文名稱(外文):Simulating phosphatic fossilization of the soft tissue with Xenopus laevis oocytes
指導教授:李家維李家維引用關係
指導教授(外文):Chia-Wei Li
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立清華大學
系所名稱:分子與細胞生物研究所
學門:生命科學學門
學類:生物科技學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2005
畢業學年度:93
語文別:中文
論文頁數:42
中文關鍵詞:軟組織磷酸礦化模擬化石
外文關鍵詞:soft tissuephosphatic fossilizationsimulatefossil
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化石,是記錄過去地球上遠古生命的重要證據,藉由結合古生物學家、地理學家與生物學家等各領域的專業知識,使我們能從化石中瞭解遠古到今日都一直存在的生物演化與各種地質活動。
中國貴州省瓮安縣出土的生物化石群是屬於前寒武紀時的生物,在特殊的情況下突然被大量磷酸鈣入侵礦化而得以保存下來,此發現在演化史上具有相當重要的意義。目擊著這種精美的生命保存結果時,不禁觸動我們對其石化過程的好奇,於是也開啟在實驗室中利用Xenopus laevis的oocyte模擬生物軟組織遭磷酸礦化的研究。
礦物的沈積與埋藏是形成化石不可或缺的重要步驟。本實驗裡藉由嘗試許多條件,包括不同的沈積溫度、pH值以及時間之後,發現細胞膜的通透性也許扮演一個重要角色。細胞膜通透性的增加即可使較大量的磷酸鈣礦物沈積於組織中,而得以達到初步礦化並保護組織的效果。
除此之外,由於磷酸鈣化石常能展現驚人的軟組織立體細微結構,本實驗也試著探討重複沈積是否為另一項增加細胞內礦晶含量的因素。實驗結果發現在短時間內經連續沈積後,的確能明顯增加細胞內的磷酸鈣礦晶含量,如此將有助於日後達到良好的保存效果。因此可以推論,瓮安化石也許是生物遭受災難性掩埋之初,細胞通透性因故改變而導致大量礦化的結果,也可能是磷礦層在重複沈積作用下的精彩傑作。
Paleontologist, geologists and biologists use fossil records to learn about the past history of the earth. Through fossils, we gain the knowledge of the biodiversity and geological processes which still continue today.
Fossils from the Precambrian phosphorite rocks of the Doushantuo Formation in Southwest China have an age of ~580 million years ago. Analysis of the preservation of the fossils suggests that creatures were buried alive by catastrophic sediment incursions. Since the preservation of the morphological details of the soft tissues is so well, it triggers our interests in deciphering the mechanism of fossilization. We selected the Xenopus laevis oocytes as the subject in the study of mineralization simulation experiments.
Based on the theory in Taphonomy, we tried to create a sedimentary system in laboratory of different conditions, including temperatures, pH and time scales, in order to approach the situation which came extensive mineralization inside the oocytes. The results indicated the importance of cell membrane permeability in introducing sufficient minerals into the oocytes to protect the soft tissues.
Calcium phosphate usually involves in preservation of spectacular three-dimensional details of soft tissues. We also tried to demonstrate whether repeated sedimentation processes could increase the amount of crystals and lead to a higher preservation potential. The results showed that the content of crystals increased dramatically through the process. We suggest that the formation of Wengan fossils may be either the consequences of bio-permeability alternation, or evidences remaining in highly condensed and reworked deposits on ancient phosphorite rocks.
一、 簡介------------------------------------------1
1-1、 埋藏學----------------------------------------------------1
1-2、 化石的種類------------------------------------------------2
1-3、 化石形成的模式--------------------------------------------2
1-4、 礦化組織的分類--------------------------------------------3
1-5、 無機礦物如何提高生物巨分子的保存潛力----------------------3
1-6、 瓮安磷酸鈣化石--------------------------------------------4
1-7、 瓮安磷礦層的介紹------------------------------------------7
1-8、 Briggs提出可能的磷酸礦化機制-----------------------------8
1-9、 有利於磷酸鈣化石形成的條件--------------------------------9
二、實驗材料與方法--------------------------------11
2-1、 實驗材料-------------------------------------------------11
2-2、 實驗方法-------------------------------------------------11
2-3、 實驗觀察-------------------------------------------------13
三、結果------------------------------------------16
3-1、 元素分析與分佈結果---------------------------------------16
3-2、 石蠟切片染色結果-----------------------------------------16
3-3、 穿透式電子顯微鏡觀察結果---------------------------------17
3-4、 感應耦合電漿質譜分析分析結果-----------------------------17
四、討論------------------------------------------19
五、結論------------------------------------------24
六、參考文獻--------------------------------------40
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