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研究生:陳貞儀
研究生(外文):Zhen-yi Chen
論文名稱:以介質模仿動作的相對位置及年齡差異探討
論文名稱(外文):Effects of Relative Positions and Age Differences on Motor Imitation by Mediator
指導教授:卓俊伶卓俊伶引用關係
指導教授(外文):Hank Junling Jwo
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立臺灣師範大學
系所名稱:體育學系在職進修碩士班
學門:教育學門
學類:專業科目教育學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2005
畢業學年度:93
語文別:中文
論文頁數:71
中文關鍵詞:介質模仿相對位置年齡差異示範
外文關鍵詞:mediatorimitationrelative positionsage differencesdemonstration
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以介質模仿動作的相對位置及年齡差異探討

研究生:陳貞儀
指導者:卓俊伶博士
日 期:2005年6月

摘 要
本研究以觀察學習和模仿的觀點為基礎,進一步檢核Chen and Jwo(2003, 2004)有關示範者背向實驗參加者進行示範的研究結果,本研究採操弄介質之間接模仿方式,探討示範者與實驗參加者間相對位置和動作模仿之關係。研究對象以南部某國小四年級女生(M = 10.0歲,SD = 0.3歲)及某幼稚園大班學齡前女童(M = 5.9歲,SD = 0.3歲)各12名共計24名。實驗期間示範者分別採正向及背向實驗參加者,示範不同的兩款動作型式,實驗參加者操弄實驗介質(木頭人形模型)進行模仿,模仿過程全程錄影。評分者間信度一致性為91.0%,評分者內信度一致性為87.6%。經2(年齡)×2(相對位置)混合設計二因子變異數分析 (two-way ANOVA),其中相對位置為重複量數,及卡方考驗,結果顯示:(一)在正向動作下動作品質表現年齡較長者優於年幼者、(二)操弄介質所需時間並無差異、(三)介質面向與示範者方向一致、(四)介質上下肢段順序多由上肢至下肢操弄及(五)介質各肢段操作方向多由中心至末端。

關鍵詞:介質(mediator)、模仿(imitation)、相對位置(relative positions)、
年齡差異(age differences)、示範(demonstration)
Effects of Relative Positions and Age Differences on Motor Imitation
by Mediator

Master’s Thesis, 2005 Zhen-yi Chen
Advisor: Hank Junling Jwo, Ph.D.

ABSTRACT
This study was designed to further determine findings of Chen and Jwo’s studies (2003, 2004) on relative positions between demonstrator and learner in observational learning and modeling. Indirect approach by manipulating the mediator (wooden manikin) was used. Twelve female fourth graders (M = 10.0 years, SD = 0.3 years) and twelve female senior kindergarteners (M = 5.9 years, SD = 0.3 years) were served as participants, whom were offered two trials to perform the bimanual movement pattern under face-face and back-face relative positions with manipulating the mediator. The videotaped data were analyzed and the inter-rater and intra-rater reliabilities were 91.0% and 87.6% respectively. 2 (age) ×2 (relative positions) two-way ANOVA mixed design with relative positions as repeated measures, and chi-square test revealed that (1) the elder children were better than the younger ones in performance of motor under face-face, (2) there were no differences between groups under relative positions in manipulating time, (3) the face-direct were same both of the mediator and the demonstrator, (4) the processes of manipulating mediator were from upper limbs to lower limbs and from midline to periphery.

Key words: mediator, imitation, relative positions, age differences, demonstration.
目 次
頁次
授權書………………………………………………………………………………………i
口試委員與系主任簽字證書……………………………………………………...iii
中文摘要…………………………………………………………………………………..iv
英文摘要…………………………………………………………………………………...v
謝誌………………………………………………………………………………………....vi
目次………………………………………………………………………………………...vii
圖次………………………………………………………………………………………….x
表次…………………………………………………………………………………………xi
第壹章 緒論…………….…………….……………….……………….……………...1
第一節 問題背景………………………………………………………………...…..1
第二節 研究問題與假說………………………………………………………….....4
第三節 研究假定與限制…………………………………….....................................5
第四節 名詞解釋………………………………………………………………….....6
第五節 研究的重要性…………………………………………………………….....7
第貳章 理論基礎與文獻探討……………………….……………………….....9
第一節 社會學習理論……………………………………………………………......9
第二節 二因子理論……………………………………………...............................11
第三節 認知發展理論……………………………………………………………...12
第四節 相關文獻探討………………………………………………………….…..13
第五節 文獻探討小結……………………………………………………………...17
第參章 方法……………………………….………………………………………....19
第一節 實驗參加者…………………………………………………………….…...19
第二節 實驗變項…………………………………………………………………...20
第三節 實驗動作………………………………………………………………..….21
第四節 實驗器材與場地佈置………………………………………………….…..22
第五節 實驗方法與程序…………………………………………………...….…...23
第六節 資料處理與分析……………………………………………………….......29
第肆章 結果與討論……………………………………………………….…...….32
第一節 介質之動作品質表現分析……………………….….....……………….….32
第二節 操弄介質所需時間分析……………………...…..…………………….….34
第三節 操弄介質時之介質面向分析…………………………….………...….…..35
第四節 操弄介質上下肢段順序分析………………………..…...………..….…...37
第五節 操弄介質各肢段操作方向分析………………………........................…...39
第六節 討論………………………………………………………………….….….41
第伍章 結論與建議……………………………………………………….…..…..48
第一節 結論……………………………………………………………………...….48
第二節 建議………………………………………………………………………...49
引用文獻………………………………………………………………………….….......50
中文部份…………………………………………………………………………..…..50
英文部分……………………………………………………………………………...51
附錄……………………………………………………………………………………......57
附錄一 實驗參加者須知及家長(監護人)同意書……………………………....58
附錄二 正向實驗動作分解圖……………………………………………………...59
附錄三 背向實驗動作分解圖……………………………………………………...60
附錄四 實驗參加者基本資料……………………………………………………...61
附錄五 評分表專家效度審查同意書……………………………………………...62
附錄六 評分表專家效度審查結果評估表(正向)……………………………...63
附錄七 評分表專家效度審查結果評估表(背向)……………………………...64
附錄八 正向動作品質評分表……………………………………………………...65
附錄九 背向動作品質評分表……………………………………………………....66
附錄十 統計摘要表…………………………………………………………………67
圖 次
頁次
圖1 實驗場地佈置圖……………………………………………………………………23
圖2 本研究之介質:木頭人形模型……………………………………………………24
圖3 實驗流程圖…………………………………………………………………………28
圖4 不同年齡與相對位置在動作品質表現得分比較圖………………………………34
圖5 不同年齡與相對位置在操弄介質所需完成時間比較圖…………………………35
圖6 正向動作下操弄介質時之介質面向百分比分配圖………………………………36
圖7 背向動作下操弄介質時之介質面向百分比分配圖………………………………37
圖8 正向動作下操弄介質上下肢段順序百分比分配圖………………………….…...38
圖9 背向動作下操弄介質上下肢段順序百分比分配圖………………………………39
圖10 正向動作下操弄介質各肢段操作方向百分比分配圖……………………………40
圖11 背向動作下操弄介質各肢段操作方向百分比分配圖……………………………41
表 次
頁次
表1 動作品質表現得分平均數與標準差…………………………………….………...67
表2 不同年齡與相對位置在動作品質表現混合設計單因子變異數分析摘要表…....67
表3 不同年齡與相對位置在動作品質表現單純主要效果變異數分析摘要表……....67
表4 操弄介質所需時間平均數與標準差……………………………………….……...68
表5 不同年齡與相對位置在操弄介質所需時間混合設計單因子變異數分析摘
要表…………………………………………………………………………….…...68
表6 正向動作下操弄介質時之介質面向百分比交叉表………………….…………....69
表7 背向動作下操弄介質時之介質面向百分比交叉表…………………………….....69
表8 正向動作下操弄介質上下肢段順序百分比交叉表………….................................70
表9 背向動作下操弄介質上下肢段順序百分比交叉表……….…................................70
表10 正向動作下操弄介質各肢段操作方向百分比交叉表……….................................71
表11 背向動作下操弄介質各肢段操作方向百分比交叉表………………………….....71
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