臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
本論文係研究國際遏止非法、不報告和未受規範（IUU）漁業發展趨勢，以期我國管理國人經營外國籍延繩釣漁船制度能與國際漁業管理制度接軌。經本研究歸納分析，國際社會為鮪魚漁業資源永續為人類所利用，建立各洋區鮪類區域性漁業管理組織，透過其委員會決策機制，訂定漁業資源養護和管理措施。2001年聯合國糧農組織通過「預防、制止和消除非法、未報告和未受規範漁業的國際行動計畫」（IPOA-IUU），各區域性漁業管理組織繼之訂定遏止IUU漁業措施。然部分我國人為規避國內法令規範，如漁船汰建限制、船員人數及資格、作業規範及賦稅徵收等規定藉以降低經營成本，將其所有漁船登記在管理鬆散、無管理能力及無意願管理的國家，我國人仍繼續經營該漁船，成為權宜國籍漁船。又船旗國與該等船並無「真正聯繫」關係，該等漁船違反區域性漁業管理組織之漁業資源養護和管理措施，成為IUU漁船，其船旗國因而遭區域性漁業管理組織施予貿易制裁，漁船主遂將漁船更改船名、船公司，或將漁船改登記在未遭貿易制裁的非區域性漁業管理組織會員或合作非會員的國家，以規避區域性漁業管理組織之漁業養護和管理措施及/或貿易制裁，導致國際社會大肆撻伐我國。
為因應國際漁業管理趨勢，遏止IUU漁業，我國與日本達成消除IUU大型鮪延繩釣漁船聯合計畫協議，我國建置管道讓在我國建造國人經營非本國籍漁船得以輸入改登記為我國籍納入管理；另實施管制在我建造外國籍漁船的輸出，採取市場國措施及港口國措施，勸導金融機關審慎核處對新建權宜國籍大型鮪延繩釣船之融資，防制國籍漁船協助IUU漁船從事洗魚。
然而迄今發現IUU漁船仍有殘存，經檢討我國現存遏止IUU漁業之制度尚有缺失，國人尚有以經營外國籍延繩釣漁船從事IUU漁業的空間，諸如：我國人仍有繼續新建並經營權宜國籍漁船，導致增加區域內漁撈能力；區域性漁業管理組織尚未建制漁獲海上轉運管理機制，致我國人經營權宜國籍漁船有與冷凍漁獲運搬船共謀洗魚之空間；外國籍漁船在我國建造，並未先汰換現存執照船，其輸出將增加區域漁撈能力；國人建造經營船長24公尺以下外國籍延繩釣漁船，規避區域性漁業管理組織之資源養護和管理措施，我國對此類外國籍漁船在國內建造、輸出並無規範；對於申請進入我漁港之外國籍漁船，尚無查核檢附文件是否有效之機制；國人經營外國籍延繩釣漁船或我國人在外國籍延繩釣漁船任職，從事IUU漁業，因其非我國籍漁船，我政府無法予以懲處，且船旗國亦未予以懲罰，顯有漏洞存在。
就國際法而言，對於公海中的船舶管轄歸屬，以船旗國專屬管轄為原則，然成立「中西太平洋漁業委員會」所依據的公約明訂會員應儘最大可能採取措施確保在公約區域內進行捕魚的國民及其國民所擁有或控制的漁船遵守公約規定；又國際實踐已有美國、日本、紐西蘭、西班牙等國控制其國民對外投資漁業或受僱任職外國籍漁船從事漁業等行為之實例存在。因此，從國際漁業法的演進觀之，縱使該國並非其國民所擁有或控制漁船的船旗國，確已朝鼓勵國家負有管制所轄國民漁業活動責任之趨勢。
就我國而言，須善盡船旗國責任，負起市場國、港口國、沿岸國及區域性漁業管理組織會員或合作非會員國應盡之責任，並與相關國家及區域性漁業管理組織合作遏止IUU漁業；又因我國人經營外國籍延繩釣漁船，為因應國際漁業管理趨勢，本研究建議需建構國人經營外國籍延繩釣漁船管理機制，建議事項如下：促使區域性漁業管理組織實施區域內限建汰建制度；促使區域性漁業管理組織建制漁獲海上轉運管理機制；研修法規在國內建造輸出外國之漁船不分船長大小，一併納入管理：建造前需經中央漁業主管機關許可，建造延繩釣漁船需事先汰換區域內白名單之同噸級漁船，漁船完成建造後，輸出前需經中央漁業主管機關許可。國籍漁船及在國內建造輸出之漁船不得輸出至被制裁國家及輸出至非區域性漁業管理組織會員國或合作非會員國；研修法規漁船進我國漁港需查核所持文件，並只准許表列區域性漁業管理組織白名單之漁船進出；研修漁業法規定國人以外國籍漁船從事漁業或國人任職外國籍漁船從事漁業，涉有從事IUU漁業，應予懲罰。

Abstract
The purpose of this thesis focuses on setting up management mechanism for foreign-flagged longliners run by Taiwan’s nationals in response to international trend for deterring illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing activities. One of the major goals is to connect the system regulating Taiwan’s nationals’ running longliners flagged to foreign countries and the measures taken by international fisheries society for proceeding in parallel ways. Through this study, it is realized that various regional tuna management organizations (RFMOs) have been established for sustainable utilization of tuna resources and these RFMOs adopt conservation and management measures through process of decision making. In 2001, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations adopted an “International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter, and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (IPOA-IUU)”, and thereafter the RFMOs adopted measures to prevent, deter, and eliminate IUU fishing. However, to escape from the domestic laws and regulations, such as tonnage replacement requirement for building a new vessel, threshold for minimum number of specific crews onboard, constraints on operation, and taxation, some Taiwan’s nationals registered their fishing vessels to foreign countries which control their vessels loosely, or are lack of capacity together with no willingness to control their vessels. At the same time, those vessels are still run by Taiwan’s nationals and became vessels with flag of convenience, or FOC vessels. In fact, there is no “genuine link” between the flag states and FOC vessels flying their flags. Once those FOC vessels were identified to be IUU vessels because of violating conservation and management measures taken by RFMOs, the flag states therefore then were sanctioned for exporting specific fish products under competence of those RFMOs. To escape from the conservation and management measures or trade sanctions taken by RFMOs, vessel owners then changed name of vessels, name of companies, or even re-flagged their vessels to other countries without membership or cooperating status of RFMOs. As a result, the international society stringently condemns Taiwan in this regard.

To prevent and deter IUU fishing in line with the trend of international society, Taiwan and Japan had a joint plan on cooperation in management of large-scaled tuna fishing vessels. In which, Taiwan established a legal channel for re-registering non-Taiwan flagged vessels built in its shipyards but run by Taiwan’s nationals so as to manage those vessels. In addition, Taiwan itself controls exportation of fishing vessels newly built in its shipyards, takes measures as a market state and port state, alarms the banks for cautiously considering and financing FOC vessels building projects, and takes measures to prevent legitimated vessels from assisting fish laundry for IUU vessels.

For deterring IUU fishing, it is found that several loopholes still exist in the current system for deterring IUU fishing conducted by non-Taiwan flagged vessels run by Taiwan’s nationals. The loopholes include the followings: (1) The continuing building of new FOC vessels so as to increase the regional fishing capacity; (2) The mechanism for controlling transshipment at sea has not been established, and therefore a loophole exists for fish laundering among FOC vessels and transport vessels for frozen fish; (3) exportation of vessels built in Taiwanese shipyards without replacement of current fishing vessels in a specific region, and thus the fishing capacity of that region increases; (4) Taiwan’s nationals have been building and operating vessels less than 24 meter in length flying foreign flags to escape from measures taken by RFMOs, and Taiwan so far has no legal control on building or exporting vessels of this kind; (5) Lack of mechanisms to justify documents provided by owners of foreign vessels applying to enter Taiwan’s fishing ports; (6)Taiwan has no legal provisions to punish its nationals who run or work for vessels flying foreign flags, and engaged in IUU fishing because of the foreign registry of those vessels. The flag state has no intentions to punish those vessels neither.

In line with international laws, it is the sovereignty of flag state in principle for controlling vessels operating on the high seas. However, the Convention for establishing Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission （WCPFC） stipulated that each member should take measures, to the greatest extent possible, to ensure that its nationals and fishing vessels owned or controlled by its nationals fishing in the Convention area comply with the provisions of the Convention. In addition, several major states, such as the U.S., Japan, New Zealand, Spain, have practiced to control their nationals for foreign investment on fisheries or working for foreign fishing vessels, which are exceptional practices outside of principle of flag-state’s sovereignty. Therefore, from the evolution of the international fisheries laws, it is indeed a trend that a state is urged to be responsible for controlling fishing activities of its nationals, even though the vessels owned or controlled by its nationals do not fly its flag.

Taiwan has to fulfill its responsibility as a flag state, and the responsibility as a market state, port state, coastal state, and member or cooperating non-member of RFMOs. Other than this, it is necessary for Taiwan to cooperate with related states and RFMOs to deter IUU fishing activities. Since its nationals run longliners flying flags of other countries, it is therefore necessary to set up a mechanism for the management of foreign-flagged longliners run by its nationals. To keep in pace with the trend of international fisheries management and improve current system, the suggestions for establishing mechanisms of managing nationals running foreign longliners are as the followings: (1) Urging the RFMOs to set up regime for limiting vessel building and replacing vessels/tonnages before building new vessels; (2) Urging the RFMOs to establish mechanisms for managing transshipment of tuna at sea; (3) The building and exportation for fishing vessels built in Taiwan should be managed no matter what the vessel size is, including the building of vessels should be permitted by the central fisheries authority and the requirement to eliminate a vessel of same tonnage in the region before building a tuna longliner. The exportation of completed fishing vessels should acquire permit from the central fisheries authority; (4) For Taiwan’s flagged vessels and vessels built in its shipyards should not be issued permit for exporting vessels under the following conditions: exporting fishing vessels to countries sanctioned by RFMOs, or countries which are not contracting parties/cooperating non-contracting parties to RFMOs. (5) Amending regulation on port state control to stipulate that the foreign-flagged fishing vessels only listed on the white lists of RFMOs should be allowed to enter into its fishing ports with required documents justified by the authorities of the flag state; (6) Amending Fisheries law to regulate nationals running foreign vessels and working for foreign fishing vessels, and to punish them if IUU fishing conducted by them were found.

目 錄

謝詞 i
論文提要 ii
表次 x
圖次 xi
本文使用英文縮寫表 xii
第一章　緒論 1
第一節　研究背景與動機 1
第二節　研究目的 5
第三節　研究方法及範圍 6
第四節　研究流程與章節架構 7
第二章　文獻回顧 10
第一節　非法、不報告及未受規範漁業之定義 10
第二節　IUU鮪漁船形成及其影響 11
第三節　全球性漁業管理組織之行動 16
第四節　經濟合作發展組織之行動 25
第三章　區域性漁業管理組織採取之措施 29
第一節　南方黑鮪保育委員會 29
第二節　印度洋鮪類委員會 34
第三節　美洲熱帶鮪類委員會 43
第四節　大西洋鮪類保育委員會 50
第五節　中西太平洋漁業委員會 71
第六節　小結 73
第四章　國際社會對我國之指控及我國因應措施 75
第一節　國際社會對我國之指控 75
第二節　我國對國際社會指控所採因應措施 79
第五章　遏止IUU漁業措施現存問題之探討 93
第一節　IUU漁船仍有殘存 93
第二節　現行制度尚有新建權宜國籍漁船的空間 93
第三節　外國籍漁船在我國建造管制 94
第四節　港口管制措施 97
第五節　對漁獲運搬船的管控 98
第六節　對國民的管控 98
第六章　權宜國籍漁船之船旗國管轄責任與船主所屬國家控管國民之責任探討 100
第一節　漁船船旗國管轄責任 100
第二節　船主所屬國家控管國民之責任探討 103
第三節　國際實踐 104
第七章　結論與建議 110
第一節　結論 110
第二節　建議 114
參考文獻 118
附件一 預防、制止及消除非法、不報告和未受規範漁業的國際行動計畫（英文版） 132
附件二 2001年9月28日修正「漁船建造許可及漁業證照核發準則」部分條文 153
附件三 2002年6月28日修正「漁船建造許可及漁業證照核發準則」第十二條條文 155
附件四 2003年6月30日修正修正「漁船建造許可及漁業證照核發準則」部分條文 156
附件五 2002年12月13日訂頒「申請漁船出口同意書作業要點」155
附件六 2003年3月31日修訂「申請漁船出口同意書作業要點」部分規定 159
附件七 2003年6月13日修訂「申請漁船出口同意書作業要點」第二點規定 160
附件八 申請船長二十四公尺以上漁船出口同意書作業要點 161
附件九 申請南方黑鮪進出口及再出口注意事項 162
附件十 申請黑鮪進出口及再出口注意事項 165
附件十一 申請劍旗魚進出口及再出口注意事項 168
附件十二 申請大目鮪進出口及再出口注意事項 170
附件十三 外國籍漁船進出漁港許可審查作業要點 172
附件十四 調整遠洋延繩釣漁業總船數限制作業規定 175
附件十五 一百噸以上漁船赴太平洋印度洋大西洋從事捕撈鮪旗魚類作業應行遵守及注意事項 177

參考文獻
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行政院農業委員會漁業署（2004），「我鮪漁業在大西洋鮪魚保育委員會年會遭受衝擊，漁業署積極研擬因應對策」，漁業署新聞，見http://www.fa.gov.tw。
行政院農業委員會漁業署（2004），『中華民國九十二年中華民國台閩地區漁業統計年報』。

二、日文資料
日刊水產經濟新聞（2004），「聯合國農糧組織之鮪類及類鮪類之漁撈能力諮詢委員會提出關於『凍結大規模漁撈能力』之宣言」，4月8日。
日刊水產經濟新聞（2005），「確立海洋生物資源永續利用與責任制漁捕」，4月8日及4月15日。

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ICCAT, “Resolution by ICCAT on action plan to ensure the effectiveness of the conservation program for Atlantic Bluefintuna”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/1994-03-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Resolution by ICCAT on vessel sighting”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/1994-09-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Recommendation by ICCAT on transshipments and vessel sightings”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/1997-11-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Resolution by ICCAT concerning efforts to improve the completeness of Task I statistic”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/1996-13-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Recommendation by ICCAT for a revised ICCAT port inspection scheme”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/1997-10-e.pdf >.
ICCAT, “Recommendation by ICCAT on the ban on landings and transshipment of vessels from non-contracting parties identified as having committed a serious infringement”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/1998-11-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Recommendation by ICCAT to establish a list of vessels presumed to have carried out illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing activities in the ICCAT Convention area”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/2002-23-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Recommendation by ICCAT to adopt additional measures against illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/2003-16-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Resolution by ICCAT on Coordination with Non-ContractingParties”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/1994-06-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Resolution by ICCAT on becoming a Cooperating Party, Entity or Fishing entity”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/1997- 17-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Resolution by ICCAT concerning preparation of a management standard for the large-scale tuna fishery”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/2001-17-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Recommendation by ICCAT concerning registration and exchange of information of fishing vessels fishing for tuna and tuna-like species in the Convention area”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/2000-17-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Recommendation by ICCAT concerning the establishment of an ICCAT record of vessels over 24 meters authorized to operate in the Convention area”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/2002-22-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Resolution by ICCAT concerning the implementation of the recommendation concerning the ICCAT record of vessels”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/2002-24-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Resolution by ICCAT concerning cooperative actions to eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing activities by large-scale tuna longline vessels”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/2002-26-e.pdf >.
ICCAT, “Recommendation by ICCAT concerning the recording of catch by fishing vessels in the ICCAT Convention area”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/2003-13-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Resolution by ICCAT on vessel monitoring”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/1995-06-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Recommendation by ICCAT concerning a vessel monitoringsystem pilot program”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/1997-12-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Recommendation by ICCAT concerning Minimum standardsfor the Establishment of a vessel Monitoring System in the ICCAT Convention area”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/2003-14-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Recommendation by ICCAT concerning implementation of the VMS Recommendation 03-1”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/2004-11-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Resolution by ICCAT concerning the unreported and unregulated catches of tunas by large-scale longline vessels in the Convention area ICCAT”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/1998-18-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Recommendation by ICCAT on a multi-year Conservation and Management Program for Bigeye tuna”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/2004-01-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Recommendation by ICCAT on criteria for attaining the status of Cooperating Non-Contracting Party, Entity or fishing Entity in ICCAT”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/2003-20-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Resolution by ICCAT regarding process and criteria for ICCAT IUU trade restrictive measures”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/2002-27-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Resolution by ICCAT concerning trade measures”, availableat: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/2003-15-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Resolution by ICCAT further defining the scope of IUU fishing”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/2001-18-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Recommendation by ICCAT concerning the duties of contracting parties and cooperating non-contracting parties,entities, or fishing entities in relation to their vessels fishing in the ICCAT Convention area”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/2003-12-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Resolution by ICCAT concerning the need for new approaches to deter activities that diminish the effectiveness ofICCAT conservation and management measures”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/1999-12-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Resolution by ICCAT calling for further actions against illegal, unregulated, and unreported fishing activities by large-scale longline vessels in the Convention area and other areas”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/1999-11-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Supplemental Resolution by ICCAT to enhance the effectiveness of the ICCAT measures to eliminate illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing activities by large-scale tunalongline vessels in the Convention area and other areas”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/2000-19-e.pdf>
ICCAT, “Resolution by ICCAT for integrated monitoring measures”,available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/2000-20-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Resolution by ICCAT to establish a compliance working group”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/2000-21-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Resolution by ICCAT concerning more effective measures toprevent, deter and eliminate IUU fishing by tuna longline vessels”,available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/2001-19-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Resolution by ICCAT concerning a management standard for the large-scale tuna longline fishery”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/2001-20-e.pdf>.
ICCAT, “Resolution by ICCAT concerning the measures to prevent the laundering of catches by illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) large-scale tuna longline fishing vessels”, available at: <http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopd f-e/2002-25-e.pdf>.
ICCAT (1998), Report for biennial period, 1996-97, Part II (1997),Vol. 1.
ICCAT (1999), Report for biennial period, 1998-99, Part I (1998),Vol. 1.
ICCAT (2000), Report for biennial period, 1998-99, Part II (1999),Vol. 1.
ICCAT (2001), Report for biennial period, 2000-01, Part I (2000),Vol. 1.
ICCAT (2001), Report for biennial period, 2000-01, Part II (2001),Vol. 1.
ICCAT (2002), Report for biennial period, 2000-01, Part II (2001),Vol. 1”.
ICCAT (2003), Report for biennial period, 2002-03, Part I (2002), Vol. 1.
ICCAT (2004), Report for biennial period, 2002-03, Part II (2003), Vol. 1.
ICCAT (2005), Report for biennial period, 2004-05, Part I (2004), Vol. 1.
IOTC, “Resolution 01/06 recommendation by IOTC concerning the IOTC bigeye tuna statistical document programme”, available at: <http://www.iotc.org/English/resolutions/reso_detail.php?reso=17>.
IOTC, “Recommendation 02/07 concerning measures to prevent the laundering of catches by IUU large scale tuna longline fishing vessels”, available at: <http://www.iotc.org/English/resolutions/reso_detail.php?reso=25>.
IOTC, “Resolution 01/03 establishing a scheme to promote complianceby Non-Contracting party vessels with resolutions established by IOTC”, available at: <http://www.iotc.org/English/resolutions/reso_detail.php?reso=14>.
IOTC, “Resolution 02/01 relating to the establishment of an IOTC Programme of inspection in port”, available at: <http://www.iotc.org/English/resolutions/reso_detail.php?reso=19>.
IOTC, “Resolution 01/07 concerning the support of the IPOA-IUU plan”, available at: <http://www.iotc.org/English/resolutions/reso_detail.php?reso=18>.
IOTC, “Resolution 02/04 on establishing a list of vessels presumedto have carried out illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing in the IOTC area”, available at: <http://www.iotc.org/English/resolutions/reso_detail.php?reso=22>.
IOTC, “Resolution 99/02 calling of actions against fishing activitiesby large scale flag of convenience longline vessels”, available at: <http://www.iotc.org/English/resolutions/reso_detail.php?reso=7>.
IOTC, “Resolution 03/02 on criteria for attaining the status ofCo-operating Non-Contracting party”, available at: <http://www.iotc.org/English/resolutions/reso_detail.php?reso=29>.
IOTC, “Resolution 02/05 concerning the establishment of an IOTC record of vessels over 24 meters authorized to operate in the IOTC area”, available at: <http://www.iotc.org/English/resolutions/reso_detail.php?reso=23>.
IOTC, “Recommendation 02/06 on the implementation of the resolution concerning the IOTC record of vessels”, available at: <http://www.iotc.org/English/resolutions/reso_detail.php?reso=24>.
IOTC, “Recommendation 03/04 concerning enhancement of effectiveness of IOTC measures to eliminate IUU activities in the IOTC area”, available at: <http://www.iotc.org/English/resolutions/reso_detail.php?reso=31>.
IOTC, “Resolution 98/04 concerning registration and exchange of information on vessels, including flag of convenience vessels, fishing for tropical tunas in the IOTC area of competence”, available at: <http://www.iotc.org/English/resolutions/reso_detail.php?reso=4>.
IOTC, “Resolution 99/01 on the management of fishing capacity and on the reduction of the catch of juvenile bigeye tuna by vessels, including flag of convenience vessels, fishing for tropical tunas in the IOTC area of competence”, available at: <http://www.iotc.org/English/resolutions/reso_detail.php?reso=6>.
IOTC, “Resolution 02/02 relating to the establishment of a vessel monitoring system pilot programme”, available at: <http://www.iotc.org/English/resolutions/reso_detail.php?reso=20>.
IOTC, “Recommendation 03/05 concerning trade measures”, available at: <http://www.iotc.org/English/resolutions/reso_detail.php?reso=32>.
IOTC, “Resolution 01/02 relating to control of fishing activities”, available at: <http://www.iotc.org/English/resolutions/reso_detail.php?reso=13>.
IOTC, “Resolution 02/03 terms of reference for the IOTC compliancecommittee”, available at: <http://www.iotc.org/English/resolutions/reso_detail.php?reso=21>.
Japan（2002）, “Submission by Japan”, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization Meeting, Santiago de Compostella, Spain.
Ocean Law Information and Consultancy Services, “The RomeDeclaration on Implementation of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries”, available at: <http://www.oceanlaw.net/texts/summaries/rome2.htm>.
Secretariat of OECD（2004）, “National Measures Against IUU Fishing Activities. OECD for Documents, Workshop on Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing Activities”, 19-20 April.
Victor R. Restrepo, “Estimation of Unreported Catches by ICCAT”, ICCAT, Corazōn de Maria 8, 28002 Madeid, Spain.
WCPFC, “Specifications for the Marking and Identification of FishingVessels”, WCPFC/Precon/47,7,Dec., available at: <http://www.wcpfc.org>.
WCPFC, “Record of Fishing Vessels and Authorization to Fish”, WCPFC/Precon/47,7,Dec., available at: <http://www.wcpfc.org>.
WCPFC, “Cooperating Non-Members”, WCPFC/Precon/47,7,Dec., available at: <http://www.wcpfc.org>.
WCPFC, “Report of the Workshop on Compliance with the MHLCand WCPFC PreCon Resolutions”, available at: <http://www.wcpfc.org>.