臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

腔體振盪吸收光譜法(Cavity Ring-down Spectroscopy)技術是近年來發展迅速的一種測量吸收光譜的新方法，其振盪腔體(Ring-down Cavity)是由兩片在特定波段反射率很高的(通常反射率高達99.9%以上)的反射鏡所組成，雷射光進入腔體後會在腔體內來回的反射直到雷射光強度衰退至近乎零，雷射光強度對時間呈現一指數衰減(exponential decay) ，當雷射光頻率與待測分子之能階躍遷(transition)達共振(resonance)時，會使雷射光的衰變加速，以雷射頻率對雷射波長作圖，即能得到待測分子的吸收光譜。
我們著重於研究二氟二溴甲烷(CF2Br2)被248nm光分解後，光分解產物溴分子的量子產率及初生態的振動分布。二氟二溴甲烷(CF2Br2)有兩個主要的分解通道
CF2Br2 → CF2Br + Br ΔH=274 kJ/mol

CF2Br2 →CF2 + Br2 ΔH=231 kJ/mol
在過去的研究中，大部分的研究團隊都認為最主要的光分解通道為解離一個溴原子；但我們利用腔體振盪吸收光譜法，成功地偵測到了另一個光分解的通道; 溴分子的解離通道。我們得到溴分子的量子產率為0.038±0.009。另一方面我們發現在二氟二溴甲烷光分解後所得到的溴分子的初生態振動分布相較於三溴甲烷屬於冷振動的分布。我們認為這種光分解所得的溴分子，是來自於二氟二溴甲烷吸收248 nm後，從激發的電子能態(excited electronic states)經由內轉換(internal conversion)和高振動態的電子基態(highly vibrational levels of ground state)，進而分解成產物。我們利用已知理論計算從能量的觀點去証實產生溴分子的這個解離通道確實可以發生。

Cavity ring-down Spectroscopy (CRDS) is a relatively new direct absorption technique and its applications are developed very quickly in recently years. The method is based on measurement of the decay rate of a pulse light trapped in an optical cavity which is formed by a pair of highly reflective(R>99.9%) mirrors. A plot of decay rate as a function of laser frequency gives the absorption spectrum.
As for photodissociation studies of CF2Br2, the major dissociation channels are found to be
CF2Br2 → CF2Br + Br ΔH=274 kJ/mol

CF2Br2 → CF2 + Br2 ΔH=231 kJ/mol
We used a cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) to study of nascent Br2 following photodissociation of CF2Br2. The quantum yield of Br2 is found to be 0.038±0.009 following photodissociation of CF2Br2 at 248nm. According to the absorption spectrum, the nascent vibrational distribution was obtained. A comparison with the CHBr3 case reveals that nascent vibrational distribution leads to vibrationally cool. The excited parent molecules (CF2Br2) may transfer into highly vibrational levels of their electronic ground state via internal conversion. The results agree with a given theoretical calculation.

Acknowledgments..........................................IVChinese Abstract…………………………………………………… VI
Abstract……………………………………………………………VIII
Figure Captions………………………………………………………IX
Table Captions………………………………………………………XII

Chapter 1 Introduction of Cavity Ring-down Spectroscopy (CRDS)…1
1-1 Sensitive Absorption Technique-CRDS………………………1 1-2 CRDS History and Development……………………………4
1-3 CRDS Applications……………………………………………8
1-3-1 Multiplex cavity ring-down spectroscopy………………8 A. HPLC- CRDS…………………………………………………8
B. Pulse-stacked CRDS…………………………………………10
C. RSP (Ring-down spectral photography)……………………10 1-3-2 Polarized light in CRDS…………………………………11 A. CRDP (Cavity Ring-Down Polarimetry)……………………12 B. PD-CRDS(Polarization-dependent Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy)…………………………………………………13
1-3-3 Cavity ring-down spectroscopy on Condensed Media…14
A. Surfaces………………………………………………… 14
B. Thin films…………………………………………………16
C. Liquid phase………………………………………………17
References…………………………………………………………19
Chapter 2 Principles of Cavity Ring-down Spectroscopy (CRDS)…21
2-1 Cavity Ring-down Apparatus………………………………21
2-1-1 Laser systems………………………………………………23 A. Nd:YAG laser………………………………………………23
B. Dye laser……………………………………………………24
C. Photolysis laser(KrF excimer laser)………………………24 2-1-2 Digital Oscilloscope………………………………………24 2-1-3 Control systems…………………………………………25
A. Delay generator (DG355)………………………………25
B. Pressure……………………………………………………26
2-1-4 Detection system (PMT)………………………………26
2-1-5 Dye (C503)………………………………………………27
2-2 Data Analysis for CRDS………………………………………28 2-3 Sensitivity of CRDS…………………………………………33 2-3-1 Theoretical Discussion…………………………………33
2-3-2 Factor which influence the sensitivity of CRDS……36 2-4 Cavity Stability……………………………………………42 References…………………………………………………………47 Chapter 3 Vibrational distribution of Br2 following photodissociation ofCF2Br2………………………………………49 3-1 Introduction……………………………………………………49 3-1-1 The transition of halogens in visible and near infrared region …………………………………………………53
3-2 Experimental Setup…………………………………………58
3-3 Results and Discussions…………………………………63
3-3-1 Nascent vibrational distribution of Br2 fragment…63
3-3-2 Quantum yield for Br2 elimination……………………71 3-3-3 Reaction mechanism of Br2 following the photodissociation of CF2Br2……………………………………76
3-4 Conclusions……………………………………………………82 3-5 Future works…………………………………………………83 References…………………………………………………………84

1.J.J. Scherer, J. B. Paul, A. O’Keefe,and R. J. Saykally, Chem. Rev. 97, 25 (1997).
2.G. Berden, R. Peeter, and G. Meijer, Int. Rev. Phys. Chem. 19, 565 (2000).
3.J. M. Herbelin, J. A. McKay, M. A. Kwok, R. H. Ueunten, D. S. Urevig, D. J. Spencer, and D. J. Benard, Appl. Opt. 19, 144 (1980).
4.J. M. Herbelin, and J. A. Mckay, Appl. Opt. 20, 3341 (1980).
5.M. A. Kwok, J. M. Herbelin, and R. H. Ueunten, Opt. Eng.21, 979 (1982).
6.D. Z. Anderson, J.C. Frisch, and C.S. Masser, Appl. Opt. 23, 1238 (1984).
7.A. Kastler, Nouv. Rev. Optique. 5, 133 (1974).
8.A. O’Keefe, and D.A. G. Deacon, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 59,2544 (1988).
9.T. Yu, M. C. Lin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 4371 (1993).
10.K. L. Snyder, and R. N. Zare, Anal. Chem. 75, 3086 (2003).
11.K. L. Bechtel, R. N. Zare, A. A. Kachanov, S. S. Sanders, and B. A. Paldus, Anal. Chem. 77, 1177 (2005).
12.E. R. Crosson, P. Haar, G. A. Marcus, H. A. Schwettman, B. A. Paldus, T. G. Spence, and R. N. Zare Rev. Sci. Instrum. 70, 4 (1999).
13.J. J. Scherer, Chem. Phys. Lett. 192, 143 (1998).
14.J. J. Scherer, B. Joshua, J. B. Paul, H. Jiao, and O’Keefe, Appl. Opt. 40, 6725 (2001).
15.T. Muller, K. B. Wiberg, and P. H. Vaccaro, J. Phys. Chem. A 104, 5959 (2000).
16.T. Muller, K. B. Wiberg, and P. H. Vaccaro, J. Opt. S. A. B-Opt. Phys. 19, 125 (2002).
17.T Muller, K. B. Wiberg, and P. H. Vaccaro, Rev. Sci. Instrum 73, 1340 (2002).
18.R. Engeln, G. Berden, E. vandenBerg, and G. Meijer, J. Chem. Phys. 107, 4459 (1997).
19.A. C. R. Pipino, J. W. Hudgens, and R. E. Huie, Chem. Phys. Lett. 280, 104 (1997).
20.A. C. R. Pipino, J. W. Hudgens, and R. E. Huie, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68, 2978 (1997).
21.A. C. R. Pipino, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 3093 (1999).
22.A. C. R. Pipino, Appl. Opt. 39, 1449 (2000).
23.R. Engeln, G. von Helden, J. A. Andre, and G. Meijer, J. Chem. Phys. 110, 2732 (1999).
24.A. C. R. Pipino, and V. Silin, Chem. Phys Lett. 404, 361 (2005).
1. G. Berden, R. Peeter, and G. Meijer, Int. Rev. Phys. Chem. 19, 565 (2000).
2. D. Romanini, and K. K. Lehmann, J. Chem. Phys. 99, 6287 (1993).
3. A. O’Keefe, and O. Lee, Am. Lab. 21, 19 (1989).
4. J. J. Scherer, D. Voelkel, D. J. Rakestraw, J. B. Paul, C. P. Collier,
R. J. Saykally, and A. O’Keefe, Chem. Phys. Lett. 245, 273 (1995).
5. D. Romanini, A. A. Kachanov, N. Sadeghi, and F. Stoeckel, Chem.
Phys. Lett. 264, 316 (1997).
6. M. D. Wheeler, S. M. Newman, A. J. Orr-Ewing, and M. N. R. Ashfold, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 94(3), 337 (1998).
7. J. J. Scherer, J. B. Paul, A. O’keefe, and R. J. Saykally, Chem. Rev.
97, 25 (1997).
8. R. T. Jongma, M. G. H. Boogaarts, I. Holleman, and G. Meijer, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66, 2821 (1995).
9. W. M. Peter, and H.E. Joseph, Laser 1998.
10. J. T. Hodges, J. P. Looney, and R. D. v a n Zee, J. chem. Phys. 105, 10278 (1996).
11. P. Zalicki, Y. Ma, R. N. Zare, E. H. Wahl, J. R. Dadamio, T. G. Owano, and C. H. Kruger, Chem. Phys. Lett. 234, 269 (1995).
12. M. Zhao, E. H. Wahl, T. G. Owano, C. C. Largent, R. N. Zare, and C. H. Kruger, Chem. Phys. Lett. 318, 555 (2000).
13. W. Demtröder, Laser Spectroscopy (Springer Verlag: New York, 1981, p 163.)
14. R. T. Jongma, M. G. H. Boogaarts, I. Holleman, and G. Meijer, Rev.
Sci. Instrum. 66, 2821 (1995).
15. G. Meijer, M. G. H. Boogaarts, R. T. Jongma, D. H. Parker, and
M. A. Wodtke, Chem. Phys. Lett. 217, 112 (1994).
16. P. Zalicki, and R. N. Zare, J. Chem. Phys. 102, 2708 (1995).
17. J. T. Hodges, P. Looney, and R. D. van Zee, Appl. Opt. 35, 4112 (1995).
18. D. Romanini,and K. K. Lehmann, J. Chem. Phys. 102, 633 (1995).
19. A. Siegman, Lasers (University Science Books: Mill Valley, CA,
1986)
20. J. J. Scherer, J. B. Paul, A. O’Keefe, and R. J. Saykally, In Advances
in Metal and Semiconductor Clusters, 1995, VIII, 149-180.
21. J. Martin, B. A. Paldus, P. Zaliki, E. H. Wahl, T. G. Owano, J. S. Harris, C. H. Kruger, and R. N. Zare, Chem. Phys. Lett. 258, 63 (1996).
22. A. O’Keefe,and D. A. G. Deacon, Rev. scient. Instrum. 59, 2544 (1988).
23. W. M. Peter, and H. E. Joseph, Lasers (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988).
24. Yurii A. Anan’ev, Laser Resonators and the Beam Divergence Problem (Adam Hilger press, New York, 1992), chapter 1~3.
25. R. W. F. Gross, and J. F. Bott, Handbook of Chemical Lasers (Wiley-Interscience Publication, New York, 1976), chapter 3.
1.R. R. Garcia, and S. Solomon, J. Geophy. Res. 99, 12937 (1994).
2.J. H. Butler, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 185 (1994).
3.J. M. Lobert, J. H. Butler, S. A. Montzke, L. S. Geller, R. C. Myers, and J. W. Elkins, Science 267, 1002 (1995).
4.H. Kuhn, Z. Phys 39, 77 (1926).
5.P. J. Fraser, D. E. Oram, C. E. Reeves, S. A. Penkett, and A. McCulloch, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 15985 (1999).
6.D. E. Mann, and B. A. Thrush, J. Chem. Phys. 33, 1732 (1960).
7.J. P. Simons, A. J. Yarwood, Trans. Faraday Soc. 57, 2167 (1961).
8.J. C. Walton, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 68, 1559 (1972).
9.C. L. Sam, and J. T. Yardley, Chem. Phys. Lett. 61, 509 (1979).
10.F. B. Wampler, J. J. Tiee, W. W. Rice, and R. C. Oldenborg, J. Chem. Phys. 71, 3926 (1979).
11.D. Krajnovich, Z. Zhang, L. Butler, and Y. T. Lee, J. Phys. Chem. 88, 4561 (1984).
12.T. R. Gosnell, A. J. Taylor, J. L. Lyman, J. Chem. Phys. 94, 5949 (1991).
13.P. Felder, X. Yang, G. Baum, J. R. Huber, Israel J. Chem. 43, 33 (1993).
14.J. Hoeymissen, W. van Uten, and J. Peeters, Chem. Phys. Lett. 226, 159 (1994).
15.R. C. Melanie, and B. B. George J. Phys Chem. A 104, 11212 (2000).
16.L. A. Curtiss, K. Raghavachari, G. W. Trucks, and J. A. Pople, J. Chem. Phys. 94, 7221 (1991).
17.L. A. Curtiss, K. Raghavachari, J. A. Pople, J. Chem. Phys. 98, 1293 (1993).
18.M. J. Frisch, G. W. Trucks, H. B. Schlegel, P. M. W. Gill, B. G. Johnson, M. A. Robb, J. R. Cheeseman, T. Keith, G. A. Montgomery, J. A. Peterson, K. Raghavachari, M. A. Al-Laham, V. G. Zakrzewski, J. V. Ortiz, J. B. Foresman, J. Cioslowski, B. B. Stefanov, A. Nanayakkara, M. Challacombe, C. Y. Peng, P. Y. Ayala, W. Chen, M. W. Wong, J. L. Andres, E. S. Replogle, R. Gomperts, R. L. Martin, D. J. Fox, J. S. Binkley, D. J. Defrees, J. Baker, J. P. Stewart, M. Head- Gordon, C. Gonzales, and J. A. Pople, GAUSSIAN94, Revision E2; Gaussian, Inc.: Pittsburgh, PA, 1994.
19.M. J. Frisch, G. W. Trucks, H. B. Schlegel, G. E. Scuseria, M. A. Robb, J. R. Cheeseman, V. G. Zakrzewski, J. A. Montgomery, J. C. Burant, S. Dapprich, J. M. Millam, A. D. Daniels, K. N. Kudin, M. C. Strain, O. Farkas, J. Tomasi, V. Barone, M. Cossi, R. Cammi, B. Mennucci, C. Pomelli, C. Adamo, S. Clifford, J. Ochterski, G. A. Petersson, P. Y. Ayala, Q. Cui, K. Morokuma, D. K. Malik, A. D. Rabuk, K. Raghavachari, J. B. Foresman, J. Cioslowski, J. V. Ortiz, B. B. Stefanov, G. Lui, A. Liashenko, P. Piskorz, I. Komaromi, R. Gomperts, R. L. Martin, D. J. Fox, T. Keith, M. A. Al-Laham, C. Y. Peng, A. Nanayakkara, C. Gonzalez, M. Challacombe, P. M. W. Gill, B. G. Johnson, W. Chen, M. W. Wong, J. L. Andres, M. Head-Gordon, E. S. Replogle, and J. A. Pople, Gaussian 98 (Revision A.7); Gaussian, Inc.: Pittsburgh, PA, 1998.
20.DALTON Release 1.0 1997 is an ab initio electronic structure program, written by T.Helgaker, H. J. Å. Jensen, P. Jørgensen, J. Olsen, K. Ruud, H. Ågren, T. Anderson, K. L. Bak, V. Bakken, O. Christiansen, P. Dahle, E. K. Dalskov, T. Enevoldsen, B. Fernandez, H. Heiberg, H. Hettema, D. Jonsson, S. Kirpekar, R. Kobayashi, H. Koch, K. V. Mikkelsen, P. Norman, M. J. Packer, T. Saue, P. R. Taylor, O. Vahtras.
21.J. B. Foresman, M. Head-Gordon, J. A. Pople, and M. J. Frisch, J. Phys. Chem. 96, 135 (1992).
22.C. W. Jr. McCurdy, T. N. Rescigno, D. L. Yeager, and V. McKoy, In Methods of Electronic Structure Theory; Schaefer, H. F. III., Ed.; Plenum Press: New York, 1977; p 339.
23.R. Bauernschmitt, and R. Ahlrichs, Chem. Phys. Lett. 256, 454 (1996).
24.R. Bauernschmitt, M. Haser, O. Trutler, and R. Ahlrichs, Chem. Phys. Lett. 264, 573 (1997).
25.R. E. Stratman, G. E. Scuseria, and M. J. Frisch, J. Chem. Phys. 109, 8218 (1998).
26.J. F. Stanton, and R. J. Bartlett, J. Chem. Phys. 98, 7029.
27.ACES II is a program product of the Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida. Authors: J. F. Stanton, J. Gauss, J. D. Watts, M. Nooijen, N. Oliphant, S. A. Perera, P. G. Szalay, W. J. Lauderdale, S. R. Gwaltney, S. Beck, A. Balkova´, D. E. Bernholdt, K. K. Baeck, P. Rozyczko, H. Sekino, C. Hober, R. J. Bartlett, Integral packages included are VMOL (Almlo¨f, J.; Taylor, P. R.); VPROPS (Taylor, P. R.); ABACUS (Helgaker, T.; Jensen, H. J. Aa.; Jørgensen, P.; Olsen, J.; Taylor, P. R.).
28.R.S. Mulliken, Phys.Rev. 46, 549 (1934).
29.R.S. Mulliken, Phys.Rev. 57, 500 (1940).
30.R.S. Mulliken, J. Chem. Phys. 46, 549 (1934).
31.M. C. Heaven, Chem. Soc. Rev. 15, 405 (1986).
32.J. E. Smedley, H. K. Haugen, S. R. Leone, J. Chem. Phys. 87(5), 2700 (1987).
33.R. F. Barrow, T. C. Clark, J. A. Coxon, and K. K. Yee, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 51, 428 (1974).
34.J. A. Coxon, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer. 12, 639 (1972).
35.G. Herzberger, In Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure; Ⅱ. Ed.; D. Van Nostrand Company: New York, 1951; p 208.
36.Hong-Yi Huang, Wan-Ting Chuang, R. C. Sharma, Ching-Yi Hsu, King-Chuen Lin, and Ching-Han Hu J. Chem. Phys. 121, 5253 (2004).
37.www.esf.edu/chemistry/dibble/fch511/cfcspectra.xls.
38.V. L. Orkin, and E. E. Kasimovskaya, J. Atmo. Chem. 21, 1 (1995).
39.Q. Zhang, U. Marvet, and M. Dantus, J. Chem. Phys. 109, 4428 (1998).
40.B. Abel, H, Hippler, N. Lange, J. Schuppe, and J. Troe, J. Chem. Phys. 101, 9681 (1994).