臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

Since supermarkets and retail outlets (retail sector) have became more important to our life, especially in purchasing fresh food. This thesis is going to connect the relationship between retail sector and agricultural production and trade and evaluate the efficiency performance of the retail sector. In Chapter 1, the research motivations, research goal, methods and data are introduced here. In chapter 2, we introduced the general market condition for retail market, general merchandise and retail sector so that we could understand the industry characteristic of supermarkets and retail outlets. Background of retail sector was also portrayed in this chapter to show the industry trend consisting of development history, leading firms, foreign domestic investment and consumers’ purchasing behaviors. Chapter 3 present a causality test for proving our null hypothesis therefore we took sales of supermarkets and retail outlets, production value of vegetable and fruit and livestock on the measure of test. The second hypothesis is the relevant linkage between value of agricultural import (vegetable and fruit, livestock) and sales of retail sector. Chapter 4 specifies the census data used in the work and calculation of firms’ efficiency performance and then analyzes the empirical results. Why in chapter 4 this article chose to analyze the efficiency performance of retail sector? Because retail sector market in Taiwan with rapid growth has been matured actually, efficiency performance became an important factor to select a firm which is going to survive or not in Taiwanese retail sector market. To be more competitive in retail sector market, efficiency performance may be a key for surviving. We also compare the competitiveness of supermarket and retail outlet due to the similarity of the industry characteristic. Without doubts, in the end, the purchasing strategies of retail sector will influence production of fresh food since retail sector has been more important in food marketing system than ever. In the last chapter, chapter 5, we make conclusion with some remarks along with some implications for future policy made.

Table of contents

1. Introduction……………………………………………………………1
1.1 Research Motivation………………………………………………1
1.2 Research Method and Data………………………………………….2
2. Trend and fact in Taiwan food retail market……………….......................5
2.1 Macroeconomic Situation and Overview of Retail Market and
General merchandise………………………………………………...5
2.2 Background of Supermarkets………………………………………15
2.3 Background of Retail outlets……………………………………….18
2.4 Extent of Foreign vs. Domestic Investment in the Retail Market….19
2.5 Trend of Consumers Behaviors-Consumer Focus on Health and
Diet-Driven Growth………………………………………………..21
3. Causality Test Related Retail Sector by Agricultural Production
and Trade……………………………………………………...........23
4. Firm Level Analysis…………………………………………..................28
4.1 Data Envelopment Analysis………………………………………..30
4.2 The Source and Characteristic of Data…..…………………………35
4.3 The Result of Empirical Illustration………………………………..39
5. Conclusion: Policy Implications………………………………………...53
Reference…………………………………………………………………...55
Appendix…………………………………………………………………...60





List of Table

Table 1 The Development of General Merchandise……………………………….7
Table 2 Sales and Annual Growth Rate of General Merchandise-by Industry…...11
Table 3 Background of main supermarkets with FDI, 1981-1990……………….17
Table 4 Ranking of the Main Supermarket, 1999-2003………………………….17
Table 5 The Leading Retail Outlets in Taiwan, 1999-2003……………………...19
Table 6 FDI in Retail Market……………………………………………………..20
Table 7 The Results of Unidirectional Causality Test of Agricultural Production.26
Table 8 The Result of Unidirectional Causality Test of Agricultural Import……..27
Table 9 Net Sale of Supermarket and Retail Outlet, 1990-2003…………………28
Table 10-1 Operating Conditions of Supermarket, 2001…………………………36
Table 10-2 Operating Conditions of Supermarket, 2001…………………………36
Table 10-3 Operating Conditions of Supermarket, 2001…………………………37
Table 11-1 Operating Conditions of Supermarket, 2001…………………………38
Table 11-2 Operating Conditions of Supermarket, 2001…………………………38
Table 11-3 Operating Conditions of Retail Outlet, 2001…………………………39
Table 12 Literature Review of Input and Output of Retail Efficiency
Performance……………………………………………………………..41
Table 13 Input and Output Variables of DEA Model – Supermarkets…………...43
Table 14 The Correlation of Input and Output Variables – Supermarkets……….43
Table 15 Result of Supermarkets’ Efficiency Performance……………………...44
Table 16 Result of Efficiency Performance of Four Regions……………………45
Table 17 ANOVA Result of Efficiency Performance……………………………48
Table 18 Correlation of Input and Output of Retail Outlet………………………49
Table 19 Result of Retail Outlets’ Efficiency Performance……………………..49
Table 20 Result of Efficiency Performance of Retail Sector…………………….51
Table 21 Result of One-way ANOVA Test……………………………………...52

Appendix 1 the Original Data of Input and Output of Supermarkets……….........60
Appendix 2 the Original Data of Input and Output of Retail Outlets……….........63
Appendix 3-1 The Result of Supermarkets’ Efficiency Performance, the Southern
Region…………………………………………………………….64
Appendix 3-2 The Result of Supermarkets’ efficiency Performance, the Middle Region…………………………………………………………….65
Appendix 3-3 The Result of Supermarkets’ Efficiency Performance, the Northern Region…………………………………………………………….66
Appendix 3-4 The Result of Supermarkets’ Efficiency Performance, the Eastern Region…………………………………………………………….67
Appendix 4 The result of retail outlets’ efficiency performance…………………68
Appendix 5-1 The Result of Whole Retail Sector, the Southern Supermarkets….69
Appendix 5-2 The result of whole retail sector, the Middle supermarkets……….70
Appendix 5-3 The result of whole retail sector, the Northern supermarkets……..71
Appendix 5-4 The result of whole retail sector, the Eastern supermarkets……....72
Appendix 5-5 The Result of retail Outlet Efficiency Performance……................73
Appendix 6 The Original Data for Causality Test……..........................................74






List of Figure

Figure 1 The Combination of Retail Market in Taiwan……………………………6
Figure 2 Trend in Retail Market, General Merchandise and Retail Sector, 1999-2004………………………………………………………………...7
Figure 3 Trend of Retail Market and General Merchandise, 1994-2004………….8
Figure 4 The Trend of Individual Catalogs of General Merchandise, 1999-2004...9
Figure 5 the Market Share of Individual Catalog of General Merchandise, 1994-2004……………………………………………………………….12
Figure 6 The Composition of Supermarket Sales, Taiwan……………………….12
Figure 7 Split of Shopping Occasions between Modern and Traditional outlets...15
Figure 8 FDI to Retail Market in Taiwan, 1952-2003……………………………21
Figure 9: Technical Efficiency in Input-oriented Measures……………………...32
Figure 10 Scale Efficiency in Input-oriented Measures………………………….34
Figure 11 Efficiency Performances of Four Regions…………………………….46
Figure 12 Efficiency Performances of Supermarkets and Retail outlets…………51

ACNielsen Retail and Shopper Trends. 2003. Asian Grocery Shoppers Go Modern But Traditional Trade Still Appeals.
http://asiapacific.acnielsen.com.au/news.asp?newsID=10
Achabal, D. Dale, J. M. Heineke, and S. H. McIntyre. 1984. “Issues and Perspectives on Retail Productivity,” Journal of Retail, 60(fall):83-88
Arnade, C. and U. Vasavada. 1995. “Causality between Productivity and Exports In Agriculture: Evidence from Asia and Latin America,” Journal of Agricultural
Economics, 46: 174-186.
Bloom, G. F. 1972. Productivity in Food Industry: Problems and Potential. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Banker, Rajir and R. C. Morley. 1986. “Efficiency Analysis for Exogenously Fixed Inputs and Outputs,” Operations Research. 4(July/August):513-521.
Carrefour. 2000-2003. Annual Report
http://www.carrefour.com/docs/carrefour_financial_report_14-06.pdf
Coelli, T. J., P. Rao, and G. E. Battese. 1998. An Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity Analysis. Boston：Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Coelli, T. J. 1996. “A Guide do DEAP Version2.1: A Data Envelopment Analysis (Compute) Program,” CEPA Working Papers , Department of Econometrics, University of New England, Armidale, Australia,8:96.
Charnes, A., W. W. Cooper, E. Rhodes. 1978. “Measuring the efficiency of Decision Making Units,” European Journal of Operational Research. 2:429-444.
Dennis D. 2003. Small Grocers in Asia Surviving Onslaught of Retail Chains, ACNielsen Retail and Shopper Trend
http://www2.acnielsen.com/news/20040616.shtml
Dolado, J. J., and H. Lutkepohl. 1996. “Making Wald Tests Work for Co integrated VAR Systems,” Econometrics Reviews. 15:369-386.
Food Marketing Institution. 2004. “Supermarket Research”, Supermarket Research, 6 (summer):20-35.
Farrell, M. J. 1957. “The Measurement of Productive Efficiency,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A:253-281.
Giorgianni S.J. and D Pharm. 2003 “Activating the Health Care Consumer Innovations in Communication,” the frizzier journal, l4 (3):10-28
Good, W. S. 1984. “Productivity in the Retail Grocery Trade,” Journal of Retailing. 60(fall):91-97.
Geweke, J., R. Meese, and W. Dent. 1983. “Comparing Alternative Tests of Causality in Temporal Systems: Analytic Results and Experimental Evidence,” Journal of Econometrics. 21:161-194.
Goldman A. 1992. “Evaluating the Performance of the Japanese Distribution System,” Journal of Retailing. 68 (spring):11-39.
Granger, C. W. 1969. “Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models an Cross-Spectral Methods,” Econometrics. 3:24-36.
Granger, C. W. 1988. “Some Recent Developments in a Concept of Causality,” Econometrics. 39:99-211.
Ganev G., M. Krisztina, R. Krzysztof and W. Przemys3aw. 2002. “Studying the Causality Relation between Industrial Output and CPI in the Presence of Regime Shift: Swedish Data.”
http://www.case.com.pl/upload/publikacja_plik/rc52.pdf
Hoffmann R., C. G. Lee, B. Ramasamy and M. Yeungh. 2004. “FDI and Pollution: A Granger Causality Test using Panel Data”
http://ideas.repec.org/p/nom/ceabur/2.html
Ingene. C. A. 1984. “Productivity and Functional Shifting in Spatial Retailing: Private and Social Perspectives,” Journal of Retailing, 60(fall):15-36.
Information Resource INC. 2000. Supermarket Review, Chicago.
http://www.infores.com/public/us/newsEvents/press/2000/us_news_f3stater.htm

Johansen S.. 1988. “Statistical Analysis of Co integration Vectors,” Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control. 12:231-254.
Seiford S. 1990. A Bibliography of Data Envelopment Analysis. University Massachusetts, Working Paper.
Martinez S and S. Hayden. 2003. “From supply push to demand pull: Agribusiness strategies for today''s consumers”, Amber Waves, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Morgan W and B. Morley. 2004. “Causality between Exports, Productivity and Subsidies in EU Agriculture,” Research paper, 9:22-28
Pilling, K. Bruce, S.W. Henson, and B. Yoo. 1995. “Competition among Franchises, Company Owner’s Unit and Independent Operations: A Population Ecology Application,” Journal of Marketing Channels. 4(1):177-195.
Parasuraman A., A. Z. Valeria, and L. B. Leonard. 1994. “Alternative Scale for Measure Service Quality: A Comparative Assessment Based on Psychometric and Diagnostic Criteria,” Journal of Retail, 70(fall):193-199
Supermarket Industry Landscape. 2001. “How Few? How Fast?, Supermarket Industry Landscape in Transition . http://www.retailforward.com/membercontent/naris/content/SR/howfew/howfew.pdf
Shepherd D. I, A. W. Downie. 2004. The Implications of Supermarket Development for Horticultural Farmers and Traditional Marketing Systems in Asia. The FAO/AFMA/FAMA Regional Workshop on the Growth of Supermarkets as Retailers of Fresh Produce：Kuala Lumpur.
Reardon T and A. J. Brown. 2002. “The Rapid Rise of Supermarket in Latin America: Challenges and Opportunities for Development,” Development Policy Review. 20(4):371-378.
Ratchford B. T. and J. R. Brown. 1985. “A Study of Productivity Changes in food Retailing,” Marketing Science. 4(4): 202-311.
Ratchford B T., and G. T. Stoops. 1988. “A Model and Measurement Approach for Studying Retail Productivity,” Journal of Retailing. 64(Fall): 241-263.
Reardon T, J Berdegue, C. T. Timers. 2005. “Supermarketization of the Emerging Markets of the Pacific Rim: Development and Trade Implications,” Journal of Food Distribution Research. 36(1): 6-15.
Wellcome, (2000-2003), Annual Report
http://www.irasia.com/listco/hk/tingyi/annual/cindex.htm
Yoo B., N. Douthu, and B. K., Pilling. 1998. “ Channel Efficiency: Franchise versus Non-Franchise Systems,” Journal of Marketing Channels. 6(3/4):1-15.
Yoo B., N. Douthu. 1998. “Retail Productivity Assessment Using Data Envelopment Analysis,” Journal of Retail, 74(spring):89-105


Chinese Reference

Chen. 1998. A Study on Market Land Use from Development of Evening Market. Master’s Dissertation, National Cheng-Kung University.
Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan. 2003, Basic Agricultural Statistics, Taipei, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan.
Direct-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan. 2004. The Report on 2001 Industry, Commerce and Service Census Taiwan-Fuchien Area, Taipei, fourth department.
Department of Commerce. 2004. Trade and Eating-Drinking Places Activity Surveys. Taipei: Commercial Department.
Department of Commerce. 2000. Practice of Supermarket Management. Taipei: Department of Commerce.
Investment Commission''s Organizational Statute. 2004. Annual Report of Foreign Domestic Investment. Taipei.
Lue. 2004. The Industry Development and Trend Analysis of the Taiwan Retail Sale of General Merchandise. Master’s Dissertation, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology.
Hsu. 2004. The Strategy of Improving Operating Efficiency for Traditional Market in Taiwan Department of Economics. Doctoral Dissertation, Chinese Culture University.
Public Works Bureau of Kaohsiung City Government. 1987. The Study of Supermarkets and Traditional Market in Kaohsiung. Kaohsiung: Public Works Bureau of Kaohsiung City Government.
Retail Market Magazine, 2004, Report of Supermarket, Warehouse and Discount store, Taipei, 152-230.
Taiwan Institute of Economic Research. 2001. Study for Marketing Industry. Taipei: Ministry of Economic Affairs, Main Duties of Department of Commerce.
Sinon, (2000-2003), Annual report,
http://www.sinon.com.tw/92NP.pdf
Wang, 2004. General Merchandise－2004 the Future for Supermarket and Retail Outlet. Taipei：Taiwan Institute of Economic Research.