臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

至今已有許多學者提出不同的軌道車輛動態特性描述模式，然而這些模式有些過於簡化而無法顧及各系統間之關聯性，有些則僅係對軌道系統作動態分析而缺乏實驗驗證，此外，「鋼輪磨平」及「車輛行駛通過道岔」等因素對車輛動態分析之影響，迄今似仍未見任何相關之研究。就此，本論文乃針對軌道車輛高速行駛時的振動特性、穩定度與乘車品質舒適度進行相關的建模、分析與探討，並特別強調利用實車動態實驗所得的量測數據與建模分析的結果相互比較、驗證。論文中，主要提出一組具有28個自由度的軌道車輛振動系統，其間考慮包括車輪圓錐度、軌道不平整度和輪軌間接觸力等因素，以完整描述軌道車輛之動態特性，並可探討鋼輪磨平或車輛通過道岔等特殊分析案例。論文中，首先應用隨機振動等基本理論，以阮奇庫塔數值法，求解系統的動態響應；而後以所得的能量頻譜密度函數代入RMS-Based method所提及的公式，或Sperling Ride Index、Ride Comfort Level 等公式中，以求得所探討車輛之乘車品質舒適度。論文中也運用Haversine flat函數推導出當鋼輪磨平時，所發生的衝擊力及其對車輛動態特性的影響，並以Nadal 公式及Prud’homme 移軌力理論評估車輛出軌之可能性；另外也探討當車輛行經道岔時，所產生之瞬間衝擊力對車輛動態分析的影響。本論文並以實車測試所得的一些數據與部份建模分析的結果相互比較、驗證，研究結果顯示所提出的分析模式確可用以描述車輛之動態特性，而所探討某一型車輛的穩定度及乘車舒適度符合法規要求，此外，減少鋼輪磨平確可有效降低車輛出軌之風險，而減少輪徑及增加車速將會增加車輛之衝擊力。本文所提出之分析模式應可作為一般軌道車輛舒適度、穩定度、衝擊力或出軌評估之參考。

Dynamic behavior of railway vehicles affects the maintenance and safety of the railway system. With a view to understanding the dynamic behavior of vehicles, a railway vehicle system dynamic model is developed and discussed in detail based on experimentally measured data. The model consists of a full-vehicle with 28-degree-of-freedom, and some quantities such as conicity, track irregularity and creep force are considered. The model is validated using two sets of field test results of a certain type of vehicle, one dealing with vehicle stability and the other dealing with ride quality. For the stability analysis, the critical speed of the studied vehicle is found to be around 145 km/h. It is also found that the simulation result is in good agreement with the test data. Both of them indicate the transverse acceleration of the bogie meets the required stability criteria set by authorities of the mass rapid transit vehicle systems. As for the ride quality, comparison is also made between the simulation results and test data. Both results show that the resonant frequency of the studied vehicle is around 0.7 Hz, and the one-third octave RMS acceleration curves of the vehicle in all studied cases meet the ride quality criteria set for the mass rapid transit vehicle systems. The impact load due to wheelflat is also studied based on the same dynamic model. The results show reducing the wheelflat to a certain level significantly reduces the risk of derailment. Influences of system parameters on the impact loads due to wheelflat are investigated as well. The results show that wheelflat depth, loading condition and vehicle speed are important factors affecting the wheel/rail impact loads. Finally, the dynamics of a railway vehicle when passing a turnout crossing is studied. The result indicates that decrease of wheel size and/or increase of vehicle speed all lead to increase of the wheel/rail impact force. For example, the increase of vehicle speed from 30 km/h to 80 km/h results in as much as 800 kN increase of the impact force. However, the influence of gap width on impact force only appears when the vehicle runs in high speed.

Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………………v
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………vi
List of Contents.……………………………………………………………………ix
List of Figures……………………………………………………………………xiii
List of Tables.……………………………………………………………………...xxiii
Nomenclature……………………………………………………………………xxiv
Chapter 1 Introduction.……….…………………………………………………..1
1.1 Background. …………………………………………………………………..1
1.2 Literature Review.……………………….…………………………………….3
1.3 Objective..………………………………………………………………….….9
1.4 Outline..………………………………..……………………………………..10
Chapter 2 Railway Vehicle Modeling and Suspension Design.….……………….12
2.1 Dynamic Model.……………………………………………………………...12
2.1.1 Wheelset..…..….………………………………………………………...13
2.1.2 Bogie Assembly.….……………………………………………….……..15
2.1.3 Carbody…………..……………………………………………………...16
2.2 Governing Differential Equations..…………………………………….…….17
2.3 Random Track Input.……………..…………………………………….…….21
2.4 Application to Suspension Design...…………………………………….........23
2.4.1 Effect of Stiffness on Secondary Suspension Response.…..……….........23
2.4.2 Effect of Stiffness on Primary Suspension Response …………………...24
2.4.3 Dynamic Response of Railway Vehicle.………………………………...26
2.5 Concluding Remarks……..…………………………………………………..27

Chapter 3 Stability Analysis of Railway Vehicles ………………………………...41
3.1 Introduction..……………………………………………………………........41
3.2 Dynamic Model and Equation of Motion..…………………………………..43
3.3 Numerical Result..……………………………………………………………45
3.3.1 Vehicle Stability..……………………………………………..………….45
3.3.2 Dynamic Envelope..……………………………………………………..46
3.3.3 Wheelset Excursion..…………………………………………………….48
3.4 Verification through Field Test..……………………………………………..48
3.4.1 Test Setup.……………………………………………………………….48
3.4.2 Test Result ………………………………………………………………49
3.5 Concluding Remarks…………………………………………………………49
Chapter 4 Ride Quality Evaluation of Railway Vehicles ………………………...60
4.1 Introduction.………………………………………………………………….60
4.2 Vehicle Ride Quality..………………………………………………………...62
4.2.1 Sperling Ride Index..…………………………………………………….62
4.2.2 The Reduced Comfort Boundary (ISO 2631)….……..…………………63
4.2.3 RMS-Based Method …………………………………………………….63
4.3 Dynamic Model and Equation of Motion….………………………………...64
4.3.1 Equation of Motion.……………………………………………………..64
4.3.2 Random Track Input.…………………………………………………….66
4.4 Numerical Calculation and Result.…………………………………………...68
4.4.1 Random Response of Vehicle.…………………………………………...68
4.4.2 Ride Quality Simulation.………………………………………………...69
4.5 Verification through Field Test.……………………………………………...70
4.5.1 Test Setup.……………………………………………………………….70

4.5.2 Test Result and Comparison .……………………………………………71
4.6 Parametric Study on Ride Quality..…………………………………………..72
4.7 Concluding Remarks.………….……………………………………………..74
Chapter 5. Dynamic Effect of Wheelflats……..………………….………………..90
5.1 Introduction……….………………………………………………………….90
5.2 Mathematical Formulation.…………………………………………………..91
5.3 Simulation result …………………………………………………………….91
5.3.1 Derailment Evaluation of Wheelflat ……………………………………92
5.3.2 Parametric Study on Impact Load ………………………………………93
5.3.2.1 Effect of Loading Condition and Vehicle speed ……………………93
5.3.2.2 Effect of Track Irregularity …………………………………………93
5.3.2.3 Effect of Flat Depth ………………………………………………...94
5.3.2.4 Effect of Rail Stiffness….…………………………………………..94
5.3.2.5 Effect of Stiffness of Primary Suspension ………………………….95
5.3.3 Effect of Wheelflat on Lateral Force ……………………………………95
5.3.4 Effect of Wheelflat on Vertical Primary-Suspension Force …………….96
5.3.5 Effect of Wheelflat on Vertical Secondary-Suspension Force.………….97
5.3.6 Effect of Wheelflat on Lateral Secondary-Suspension Force.…………..99
5.3.7 Effect of Wheelflat on Derailment Quotient ……………………………99
5.4 Impact Noise due to Wheelflat ……………………………………………..100
5.5 Concluding Remarks………………………………………………………..101
Chapter 6. Wheel/Rail Impacts at Railway Turnout Crossings.………………..128
6.1 Introduction.………………………………………………………………...128
6.2 Mathematical Formulation …………………………………………………130
6.3 Simulation result.…………………………………………………………...130

6.3.1 Effect of Vehicle Speed and Wheel Size on Impact Force …………….131
6.3.2 Effect of Gap Width on Impact Force …………………………………132
6.3.3 Effect of Loading Condition on Impact Force ………………………...134
6.3.4 Effect of Transition Irregularity on Impact Force ……………………..135
6.4 Dynamic Response due to Turnout Crossing ………………………………135
6.5 Concluding Remarks.………………….……………………………………136
Chapter 7. Conclusions and Future Studies………………..…………………….163
7.1 Conclusions…….…………………………………………………………...163
7.2 Recommendation for Future Studies..………………………………………166
References………………….………………………………………………………167
Appendix………………….…………………………………………………….….175

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97.ISO 2631-1 Mechanical Vibration and Shock－Evaluation of Human Exposure to Whole-Body Vibration, Part 1: General Requirements ,1997.
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