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研究生:徐樂天
研究生(外文):Le-Tien Hsu
論文名稱:洞見與盲點:阿爾比劇中的語言表現
指導教授:紀蔚然紀蔚然引用關係
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:戲劇學研究所
學門:藝術學門
學類:戲劇舞蹈學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2005
畢業學年度:93
語文別:中文
論文頁數:110
中文關鍵詞:阿爾比語言對話語言風格語言策略語言思想荒謬劇場日常用語幽默音樂行為權力真實
外文關鍵詞:Albeelanguagedialoguelanguage stylelanguage stratergylanguage thoughttheatre of absurdcolloquialhumormusicactionpowerreality
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阿爾比在美國現代戲劇史上的重要性無庸置疑,扮演著振興美國劇壇的角色。美國現代戲劇的發展到了一九五零年代末漸漸僵化,歐尼爾、威廉斯、米勒這些大師的陸續凋零,使得美國劇壇呈現一種昏睡的狀態。阿爾比崛起於此時,為僵滯的美國劇壇注入一股強勁的新血。他的創新可以從戲劇手法和戲劇主題兩個方向來看,而兩者都跟語言脫離不了關係。在戲劇手法上他多方仰賴語言,不再只視它為服膺於人物的元素,逐步邁入一種語言劇場,開發出戲劇創作更多的可能性。在戲劇主題上,他對人類使用語言的問題、語言本質的探討也著墨許多。另外,他卓越的語文能力也讓他筆下的對話極具個人特色,這些跟語言相關的種種突破讓我們在談到阿爾比劇作時不得不談論他的語言表現。因為即使阿爾比的作品時常受到兩極化的評判,又或者他的創作之路起起伏伏、劇作品質不大穩定,但其中的語言一直都受到大多數人的肯定。從用語言建構出一種新的戲劇形式、直接在劇本中談論語言問題,以及他極具個人特色的對話風格可以知道阿爾比對語言有其敏銳、多面向的觀察。他的大膽嘗試開啟了美國語言劇場的發展,然而其劇中流露出來的語言思想卻對語言的本質存著保守的觀念、寄予理想性的期待。這種矛盾的結合致使阿爾比游移於創新與傳統之間,陷入無法全盤突破的語言僵局。
本篇論文即在指出阿爾比表現在語言方面的洞見與盲點。第二章總論阿爾比戲劇語言的特色,首先澄清將之視為荒謬劇場的刻板印象,接著描繪劇中貼近日常生活、幽默、重音樂性的對話風格,以及對話在劇本中扮演的角色。第三章探究阿爾比劇中突破性的語言策略(語言即行為),分析劇中人物如何操縱、玩弄語言,使之成為一種戲劇行動。第四章檢視阿爾比劇中的語言思想,探討劇中所顯示關於語言與意義、思想、真實、行動的關係。
《洞見與盲點:阿爾比劇中的語言表現》目錄

第一章 緒論---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
第一節 研究動機---------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
第二節 文獻回顧---------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
第三節 研究範圍與方法------------------------------------------------------------------------8
第二章 與眾不同的阿爾比——語言劇作家----------------------------------------------------11
第一節 錯誤的刻板印象——荒謬劇場----------------------------------------------------11
第二節 阿爾比獨特的語言風格-------------------------------------------------------------18
一、 舊瓶新用的日常用語
二、 恩威並濟的幽默感
三、 深入結構的音樂性
第三節 阿爾比的語言劇場——語言是戲劇的主體-------------------------------------33
小結-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------39
第三章 阿爾比劇中的語言策略-------------------------------------------------------------------40
第一節 語言即行為——以《動物園故事》為例----------------------------------------40
第二節 語言即權力——以《誰怕吳爾芙?》為例-------------------------------------47
一、 直接語言行為
二、 發言權
三、 文字能力
四、 話語建構的事件
第三節 語言即生活——《微妙的均衡》與《全部結束》-----------------------------62
小結-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65
第四章 阿爾比劇中的語言思想-------------------------------------------------------------------67
第一節 語言意義的新思考-------------------------------------------------------------------68
第二節 思想先於語言-------------------------------------------------------------------------77
第三節 語言與真實的隔閡-------------------------------------------------------------------84
小結-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------93
第五章 結論-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------94
第一節 阿爾比的語言僵局-------------------------------------------------------------------94
第二節 在傳統與創新之間——阿爾比戲劇的獨特與矛盾----------------------------97

附錄:阿爾比戲劇作品年表------------------------------------------------------------------------103
引用書目------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------104
一、英文部分
Abbott, Anthony S. The Vital Lie: Reality and Illusion in Modern Drama. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1989.
Albee, Edward. All Over. New York: Pocket, 1974.
---. A Delicate Balance. The Plays, Vol. 1. New York: Atheneum, 1983. 1-170.
---. Box and Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung. The Plays, Vol. 1. New York: Atheneum, 1983. 3-74.
---. Counting the Ways and Listening. New York: Dramatists’ Play Service, 1978.
---. Seascape. New York: Dramatists’ Play Service,1975.
---. The American Dream, The Death of Bessie Smith, Fam and Yam. New York: Dramatists’ Play Service,1962.
---. The Goat or, Who is Sylvia?. New York: Dramatists’ Play Service, 2003.
---. The Sandbox and The Death of Bessie Smith. New York: Penguin, 1988.
---. The Zoo Story. Absurd Drama. Comp. Martin Esslin. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965. 157-185.
---. Three Tall Women. New York: Dutton, 1994.
---. “Which Theatre is the Absurd One?.” The Modern American Theatre. Ed. Alvin B. Kernam. N.J: Prentice-Hall, 1976. 170-175.
---. Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?. Taipei: Bookman, 1998。
---. “Who’s Afraid of the Truth.” New York Times, Sunday Drama Section 18 Aug. 1963. 1.
Amacher, Richard E. Edward Albee. Rev. ed. Boston: Twayne, 1982.
Anderson, Mark and Earl Ingersoll. “Living on the Precipice: A Conversation with Edward Albee.” Conversations with Edward Albee. Ed. Philip C. Kolin. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1988. 158-72.
Aristotle. Poetics. Tran. Malcolm Heath. London: Penguin, 1996.
Austin, J. L. How To Do Things With Words. Ed. J. O. Urmson and Marina Sbisa. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975.
Baxandall, Lee. “The Theatre of Edward Albee.” The Modern American Theatre. Ed. Alvin B. Kernam. N.J: Prentice-Hall, 1976. 81-97.
Bigsby, C. W. E. “Edward Albee.” A Critical Introduction to Twentieth-century American Drama, Vol. 2. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984. 249-329.
Bloom, Harold. Introduction. Edward Albee. Ed. Bloom. New York: Chelsea House, 1987. 1-8.
Brockett, Oscar G. History of the Theatre, 7th ed. Boston: Ally and Bacon, 1995.
Brustein, Robert. The Theatre of Revolt: An Approach to the Modern Drama. Boston: An Atlantic Monthly Press, 1964.
Carruthers, Peter and Jill Boucher, eds. Language and Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Chekhov, Anton. The Seagull. Five Plays. Tran. Ronald Hingley. Oxford: Oxford University of Press, 1980. 65-116.
Cohn, Ruby. “The Verbal Violence of Edward Albee.” Dialogue in American Drama. Bloomington: Indiana Uiversity Press, 1971. 130-169.
Coward, Rosalind and John Ellis. “Marxism, Language and Ideology.” Language and Materialism. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977. 61-92.
Culler, Jonathan. Ferdinand de Saussure. Rev. ed. New York: Cornell University Press, 1986.
Culpeper, Jonathan. “(Im)politeness in Dramatic Dialogue.” Exploring the Language of Drama: from Text to Context. Eds. Jonathan Culpeper, Mick Shot and Peter Verdonk. London: Routledge, 1998. 83-95.
Dean, Anne. David Mamet: Language as Dramatic Action. New Jersey: Associated University Press, 1990.
Devitt, Michael and Kim Sterelny. Language and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Language. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 1999.
Diehl, Digby. “Edward Albee Interviewed.” Conversations with Edward Albee. Ed. Philip C. Kolin. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1988. 20-37.
Driver, Tom. F. “What’s the Matter with Edward Albee?.” The Modern American Theatre. Ed. Alvin B. Kernam. N.J: Prentice-Hall, 1976. 99-103.
Elam, Keir. The Semiotics of Theatre and Drama. London: Methuen, 1980.
Esslin, Martin. The Theatre of the Absurd, 3rd ed. New York: Penguin, 1991.
Fairclough, Norman. Language and Power. London: Longman, 1989.
Flanagan, William. “The Art of the Theatre IV: Edward Albee: An Interview.” Conversations with Edward Albee. Ed. Philip C. Kolin. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1988. 45-66.
Fuente, Patricia De La. “Edward Albee: An Interview.” Conversations with Edward Albee. Ed. Philip C. Kolin. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1988. 143-54.
Gussow, Mel. Edward Albee: A Singular Journey. London: Oberon, 1999.
Handke, Peter. Kaspar. Tran. Michael Roloff. London: Eyre Methuen, 1972.
Harris, Roy. Language, Saussure and Wittgenstein: How to Play Games with Words. London: Routledge, 1988.
Herman, Vimala. Dramatic Discourse: Dialogue as Interaction in Plays. London: Routledge, 1995
---. “Turn Magement in Drama.” Exploring the Language of Drama: from Text to Context. Eds. Jonathan Culpeper, Mick Shot and Peter Verdonk. London: Routledge, 1998. 19-33.
Higgins, John. Raymond Williams: Literature, Marxism and Cultural Materialism. London: Routledge, 1999.
Hirsch, Foster. Who’s Afraid of Edward Albee?. Berkeley: Creative Arts Book Co., 1978.
Ionesco, Eguene. The Bald Soprano. The Bald Soprano and Other Plays. New York: Grove Press, 1958. 7-42.
Jenckes, Norman. “Postmodernist Tensions in Albee’s Recent Plays.” Edward Albee: a Casebook. Ed. Bruce J. Mann. New York: Routledge, 2003. 107-118.
Kennedy, Andrew K. Dramatic Dialogue. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
---. Six Dramatists in Search of a Language : Studies in Dramatic Language. London: Cambridge University Press, 1975.
Kolin, Philip C. Introduction. Conversations with Edward Albee. Ed. Kolin. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1988. vii-xix.
Kolin, Philip. C. and J. Madison Davis. Introduction. Critical Essays on Edward Albee. Eds. Kolin and Davis. Boston: Hall, 1986. 1-40.
Krohn, Charles and Julian N Wasserman. “An Interview with Edward Albee, March 18, 1981.” Edward Albee: an Interview and Essays. Ed. Julian N. Wasserman. Houston: The University of St. Thomas, 1983. 1-28.
McCarthy, Gerry. Edward Albee. London: Macmillan, 1987.
Malkin, Jeanette R. Verbal Violence in Contemprorary Drama: from Handke to Shepard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Mann, Bruce J. Edward Albee: a Casebook. New York: Routledge, 2003.
Mayberry, Bob. Theatre of Discord: Dissonance in Beckett, Albee, and Pinter. Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1989.
Paolucci, Anne. “Edward Albee: A Retrospective (and Beyond).” Edward Albee: a Casebook. Ed. Bruce J. Mann. New York: Routledge, 2003. 18-30.
---. From Tension to Tonic: The Plays of Edward Albee. Carbondale: S. Illinois University Press, 1972.
Pavis, Patrice. Dictionary of the Theatre: Terms, Concepts, and Analysis. Tran. Christine Shantz. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998.
Ranson, Brooks von. “Edward Albee Speaks.” Conversations with Edward Albee. Ed. Philip C. Kolin. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1988. 124-129.
Roudané, Matthew C. Understanding Edward Albee. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1987.
---. Who is Afraid of Virginia Woolf?: Necessary Fictions, Terrifying Reality. Boston: Twayne, 1990.
Roy, Emil. “Who is Afraid of Virginia Woolf? and the Tradition.” Critical Essays on Edward Albee. Eds. Philip C. Kolin and J. Madison Davis. Boston: Hall, 1986. 87-94.
Rutenberg, Michael. “Albee in Protest.” Critical Essays on Edward Albee. Eds. Philip C. Kolin and J. Madison Davis. Boston: Hall, 1986. 122-124.
Saussure, Ferdinand de. Course in General Linguistics. Eds. Charles Bally, Albert Sechehaye and Albert Riedlinger. Tran. Wade Baskin. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966.
Simard, Rodney. Postmodern Drama. Lanham: University Press of America, 1984.
Simpson, Paul. Language through Literature: an Introduction. London: Routledge, 1997.
---. “Odd Talk: Studying Discourses of Incongruity.” Exploring the Language of Drama: from Text to Context. Eds. Jonathan Culpeper, Mick Shot and Peter Verdonk. London: Routledge, 1998. 34-53.
Stenz, Anita Maria. Edward Albee: The Poet of Loss. The Hague: Mouton Publishers, 1978.
Sullivan, Kathy. “Albee at Nortre Dame.” Conversations with Edward Albee. Ed. Philip C. Kolin. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1988. 184-189.
Wallace, Robert S. “Albee’s Attack on Fiction.” Modern Drama 16. 1973. 49-54.
Wallach, Allan. “Edward Albee ‘If the Play Can Be Described in One Sentence, That Should Be Its Length’.” Conversations with Edward Albee. Ed. Philip C. Kolin. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1988. 130-35.
Wardle, Irving. “Albee Looks at Himself and at His Plays.” Conversations with Edward Albee. Ed. Philip C. Kolin. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1988. 97-100.
Wasserman, Julian N. “The Idea of Language in the Plays of Edward Albee.” Edward Albee. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House, 1987. 97-118.
Way, Brian. “Albee and the Absurd: The American Dream and The Zoo Story.” Critical Essays on Edward Albee. Eds. Philip C. Kolin and J. Madison Davis. Boston: Hall, 1986. 65-73.
Williams, Raymond. Marxism and Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Philosophical Investigations: the German Text, with a Revised English Translation. 3rd ed. Tran. G.E.M. Anscombe. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001.
Wolf, Jeanne. “Jeanne Wolf in Conversation with Edward Albee.” Conversations with Edward Albee. Ed. Philip C. Kolin. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1988. 110-20.
Zindel, Paul and Loree Yerby. “Interview with Edward Albee.” Conversations with Edward Albee. Ed. Philip C. Kolin. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1988. 11-19.

二、中文部分
王岳川。《後現代主義文化研究》。台北:淑馨,1993。
江怡。《維特根斯坦》。湖南:湖南教育,1999。
李幼蒸 譯。《寫作的零度:結構主義文學理論文選》。Roland Barthes原著。台北:時報文化,1991。
呂彥。《戲說幽默》。台北:先見。1993。
車銘洲 編。《現代西方語言哲學》。四川:四川人民,1989。
何自然 編。《語用學概論》。湖南:湖南教育,1988。
何兆熊 編。《語用學概要》。上海:上海外語教育:1989。
紀蔚然。〈艾爾比《動物園故事》裡的殘酷與善意(中)〉。《表演藝術》117,台北:國立中正文化中心,2002。74-75。
---。〈敘述的轉向——從《回家》閱讀品特的語言〉。《小說與戲劇》14,台南:成功大學外文系,2002。3-18。
姚一葦。《戲劇原理》。台北:書林,1992。
洪萬隆 總編。《黎明音樂辭典》。台北:黎明文化,1994。
洪漢鼎等。《當代西方分析哲學》。瀋陽:遼寧教育,1989。
桂詩春 編。《心理語言學》。上海:上海外語教育,1985。
盛曉明。《話語規則與知識基礎》。上海:學林,2000。
張景智 譯。《索緒爾》。Jonathan Culler原著。台北:桂冠,1992。
楊玉成。《奧斯丁:語言現象學與哲學》。台北:臺灣商務,2003。
蔡承志 譯。《語言與真實:語言哲學導論》。Michael Devitt and Kim Stererlny原著。台北:編譯館,2003。
熊睦群。《戲劇幽默美學:皮藍德婁的劇中劇三部曲》。台北:普天,2004。
鄭慧玲 譯。《幽默就是力量》。Herb True原著。台北:遠流。1984。
蕭颯等。《幽默心理學》。台北:智慧大學,1991。

三、網路資料
“Chapter 11: Postwar America.” An Outline of American History. Online. U.S. Department of State’s Bureau of International Information Programs. 17 Jan. 2004.
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