臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

目的：本研究針對台北都會區公車站、火車站及捷運站等大眾運輸車站環境中NC0.01-0.1( ultrafine particles,微粒粒徑<100nm )懸浮微粒之濃度與粒徑分佈情況及大眾運輸使用者暴露量進行比較研究。
方法：本研究環境採樣期間為2005年1月17日至2005年3月18日，使用SMPS+C以及DUSTTMcheck為採樣儀器，採集環境中之微粒粒數濃度與質量濃度值。總計於四處公車站（忠孝西路一段、板橋花市、忠孝東路五段、捷運劍潭站），三處火車站（台北火車站、板橋火車站、松山火車站）以及四處捷運站（台北車站、新埔站、永春站、劍潭站）進行11次現場採樣，每個採樣點均進行一次為期17.5小時的採樣。分析過程中我們分為NC0.01-0.1(微粒粒徑 < 100nm之粒數濃度)以及NC0.01-0.05(微粒粒徑 < 50nm之粒數濃度)兩個粒徑範圍進行討論，以了解大眾運輸環境中懸浮微粒粒數濃度以及粒徑分佈情形。此外，我們結合各車站測得之NC0.01-0.1濃度、候車時間及呼吸量來估計大眾運輸工具使用者之暴露量。
結果：研究結果發現NC0.01-0.1微粒粒數濃度值高低依序為公車站(12.8 × 104 cm-3)、室內火車站(6.38 × 104cm-3)以及室內捷運站(3.63 × 104cm-3)；而火車站與捷運站位於不同室內外環境之比較，則是室外車站之粒數濃度低於室內車站。上班、下班交通尖峰時段與非尖峰時段，微粒粒數濃度變化差異在公車站以及捷運站有達到統計上的顯著(P-value<0.05)，但在火車站並沒有類似的趨勢。在NC0.01-0.05粒徑範圍也有相同的發現。此外，在微粒粒徑分佈結果可發現公車站環境中微粒粒數濃度，主要分佈在粒徑小於50 nm以下之範圍，其佔微粒總粒數濃度約78.5%。火車站及捷運站的比例則分別為46.6%與47.1%。成年人於公車站、火車站及捷運站之年平均NC0.01-0.1暴露量為1.77 × 1013顆、5.76 × 1012顆及2.84 × 1012顆。

結論：大眾運輸公車站、火車站及捷運站環境中NC0.01-0.1之粒數濃度值，會因為與汽機車排放源遠近而有所差異，公車站濃度顯著高於火車站及捷運站。此項濃度差異導致搭乘公車之成人使用者年平均NC0.01-0.1暴露量較火車站高1.19 × 1013顆，較捷運站高1.48 × 1013顆。
關鍵字：超細粒徑懸浮微粒、大眾運輸車站、粒數濃度、通勤者、暴露評估

Objective: This study is designed to characterize NC0.01-0.1(number concentrations of ultrafine particles with size between 10nm ~ 100 nm) at public transportation stations, including mass rapid transit (MRT), train, and bus stations, in Taipei.
Method: The number concentrations and size distribution of PM with size range 9.8-874.5 nm(Total number concentrations) were measured by a scanning mobility particle sizer(SMPS) at four bus stations, three train stations, and four mass rapid(MRT) stations in Taipei from January 17th to March 18th, 2005. The sampled period at each station is 17.5 hours. We focused our study on two particle sizes, i.e. NC0.01-0.1 and NC0.01-0.05(number concentrations of ultrafine particles with size between 10nm ~ 50 nm). NC0.01-0.1 exposures of public transportation users were estimated by combining NC0.01-0.1 concentrations at stations and commuters’ waiting time, and ventilation rate together.
Result: Hourly average number concentrations of NC0.01-0.1 at bus, train and MRT stations were 12.8 × 104 cm-3, 6.38 × 104cm-3 and 3.63 × 104cm-3, respectively. For train and MRT stations, the number concentrations of NC0.01-0.1 at indoors were higher than those outdoors. Moreover, the number concentrations at MRT and bus stations in rush hours were higher than those in non-rush hours.We found the same results for NC0.01-0.05. The percentage of number concentrations of accounted for NC0.01-0.05 about 78.5% at bus stations, 46.6% at train stations, and 47.1% at MRT stations. Adult commuters’ annual NC0.01-0.1 exposures were 1.77 × 1013counts at bus stations, 5.76 × 1012counts at train stations, and 2.84 × 1012counts at MRT stations.
Conclusion: The NC0.01-0.1 concentrations in public transportation stations varied by the distance between the stations and on-road vehicle emission sources in Taipei. The NC0.01-0.1 concentrations in bus stations were significantly higher than those in train and MRT stations. Accordingly, bus users annual NC0.01-0.1 exposures were 1.19 × 1013counts higher than train users, and 1.48 × 1013counts higher than MRT users.

第一章 前 言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 3
第二章 文獻探討 4
2.1微粒毒性研究對健康效應 4
2.1.1流行病學研究 4
2.1.2 動物毒性研究 6
2.1.3 細胞毒性實驗 7
2.2 環境中超細微粒分佈研究 9
第三章 材料與方法 15
3.1 研究流程 15
3.2 研究設計 16
3.2.1 採樣地點 17
3.2.2 採樣時間 20
3.2.3 採樣儀器 22
3.2.4統計分析 25
第四章 研究結果 30
4.1大眾運輸車站環境中 NC0.01-0.05與NC0.01-0.1粒數濃度分佈 31
4.1.1公車站NC0.01-0.05與NC0.01-0.1微粒濃度分佈 31
4.1.2火車站NC0.01-0.05與NC0.01-0.1微粒濃度分佈 32
4.1.3捷運站NC0.01-0.05與NC0.01-0.1微粒濃度分佈 33
4.1.4公車站、火車站及捷運站間NC0.01-0.05與NC0.01-0.1微粒濃度比較 35
4.2大眾運輸車站環境中TN粒數濃度分佈以及PM1/PM2.5/PM10質量濃度 36
4.2.1公車站環境中TN微粒濃度分佈以及PM1/PM2.5/PM10質量濃度 36
4.2.2火車站環境中TN微粒濃度分佈以及PM1/PM2.5/PM10質量濃度 36
4.2.3捷運站環境中TN微粒濃度分佈以及PM1/PM2.5/PM10質量濃度 36
4.2.4公車站、火車站及捷運站間TN微粒濃度以及PM1/PM2.5/PM10質量濃 度比較 37
第五章 討論 52
5.1不同車站環境粒數濃度差異 52
5.2交通尖峰時段、非尖峰時段與車站環境粒數濃度之相關 57
5.3特殊事件對車站環境中微粒質量濃度之影響 59
5.4暴露餘超細粒徑懸浮微粒之健康影響效應 61
5.4.1不同車站暴露濃度之差異 61
5.4.2急性健康效應比較 62
5.4.3長期健康效應比較 62
5.5研究限制 64
5.6結論與建議 65
參考文獻 87
附錄A 公車站、火車站以及捷運站微粒質量濃度與交通尖峰非尖峰時期之平均值、標準差及ANOVA統計值 93
附錄B 各採樣點之位置圖 96
附錄 C 公車站環境中，NC0.01-0.1各粒徑範圍粒數濃度與CO、NO、NO2、NOx、SO2濃度以及風速之相關性 107


表目錄
表2 - 1相關研究之粒數濃度值分佈 14
表4 – 1(a)公車站、火車站及捷運站之TN粒數濃度與PM1.0、PM2.5、PM10質量濃度平均值、標準差、最大值、中位數及最小值（採樣時間6：00∼23：30） 38
表4 – 1(b)公車站、火車站及捷運站之TN粒數濃度與PM1.0、PM2.5、PM10質量濃度平均值、標準差、最大值、中位數及最小值（採樣時間6：00∼23：30） 39
表4 – 2公車站、火車站及捷運站環境中之NC0.01-0.05粒徑微粒粒數濃度平均值、標準差、最大值、中位數及最小值（採樣時間6：00∼23：30） 40
表4 – 3 公車站、火車站及捷運站環境中之NC0.01-0.1粒徑微粒粒數濃度平均值、標準差、最大值、中位數及最小值(採樣時間6：00∼23：30） 41
表4 - 4公車站、火車站及捷運站環境中之NC0.01-0.05粒徑微粒粒數濃度於交通尖峰時期(7：00 ~ 9：00；17：00 ~ 19：00)與非尖鋒時期(11:00 ~ 13:00)之平均值、標準差及ANOVA統計值 42
表4 – 5公車站、火車站及捷運站環境中之NC0.01-0.1粒徑微粒粒數濃度於交通尖峰時期(7：00 ~ 9：00；17：00 ~ 19：00)與非尖鋒時期(11:00 ~ 13:00)之平均值、標準差及ANOVA統計值 43
表4 - 6公車站、火車站及捷運站環境中之TN粒徑微粒粒數濃度於交通尖峰時期(7：00 ~ 9：00；17：00 ~ 19：00)與非尖鋒時期(11:00 ~ 13:00)之平均值、標準差及ANOVA統計值 44
表4 – 7(a) NC0.009-0.05、NC0.009-0.1、TN粒數濃度濃度於公車站、火車站和捷運站平均值、標準差及ANOVA之統計值(採樣時間：6：00∼23：30) 45
表4 - 7(b) PM1.0、PM2.5、PM10質量濃度於公車站、火站和捷運站平均值、標準差及ANOVA之統計值(採樣時間：6：00∼23：30) 46
表5 - 1 國外相關研究中超細懸浮微粒(NC0.01-0.1)粒數濃度值 56
表5 - 2 忠孝西路一段公車站尖峰時間(7：00 ~ 9：00；17：00 ~ 19：00)與非尖峰時間之車輛數與粒數濃度 85


圖目錄
圖3 - 1大眾運輸車站採樣地點一覽 17
圖3 - 2忠孝西路一段公車站、台北火車站、捷運台北車站採樣位置 26
圖3 - 3板橋花市公車站、捷運新埔站採樣位置 26
圖3 - 4忠孝東路五段公車站、捷運永春站採樣位置 27
圖3– 5捷運劍潭站公車站、捷運劍潭站採樣位置 27
圖3 - 6 板橋火車站採樣位置 28
圖3 - 8 DMA (靜電分徑儀) 22
圖3 - 9 CPC (凝結核微粒計數器) 22
圖3 - 7松山火車站採樣位置 28
圖3 - 10微粒電移動度掃瞄分徑器(SMPS+C) 29
圖3 - 11粒數質量濃度監測儀 29
圖4 – 1 TN微粒於公車站(忠孝西路一段公車站)、火車站(台北火車站)及捷運站(台北車站)之粒徑分佈圖 47
圖4 – 2 NC0.01-0.1微粒於公車站(忠孝西路一段公車站)、火車站(台北火車站)及捷運站(台北車站)之粒徑分佈圖 48
圖4 - 3NC0.01-0.1微粒於公車站(板橋花市公車站)、火車站(板橋火車站)及捷運站(新埔站)之粒徑分佈圖 49
圖4 - 4 NC0.01-0.1微粒於公車站(忠孝東路五段公車站)、火車站(松山火車站)及捷運站(永春站)之粒徑分佈圖 50
圖4 – 5 NC0.01-0.1微粒於公車站(劍潭捷運站公車站)及捷運站(劍潭站)之粒徑分佈圖 51
圖5 – 1(a)忠孝西路一段公車站NC0.01-0.05粒數濃度(N=17)與中山空氣品質監測站CO濃度變化趨勢圖(N=17) 67
圖5 – 1(b)忠孝西路一段公車站NC0.01-0.05粒數濃度(N=17)與中山空氣品質監測站NO濃度變化趨勢圖(N=17) 67
圖5 – 1(c)忠孝西路一段公車站NC0.01-0.05粒數濃度(N=17)與中山空氣品質監測站NO2濃度變化趨勢圖(N=17) 68
圖5 – 1(d)忠孝西路一段公車站NC0.01-0.05粒數濃度(N=17)與中山空氣品質監測站NOX濃度變化趨勢圖(N=17) 68
圖5 – 1(e)忠孝西路一段公車站NC0.01-0.05粒數濃度(N=17)與中山空氣品質監測站PM10濃度變化趨勢圖(N=17) 69
圖5 – 2(a)板橋花市公車站NC0.01-0.05粒數濃度(N=18)與板橋空氣品質監測站CO濃度(N=15)變化趨勢圖 69
圖5 – 2(b)板橋花市公車站NC0.01-0.05粒數濃度(N=18)與板橋空氣品質監測站NO濃度變(N=15)化趨勢圖 70
圖5 – 2 (c)板橋花市公車站NC0.01-0.05粒數濃度(N=18)與板橋空氣品質監測站NO2濃度(N=15)變化趨勢圖 70
圖5 – 2(d)板橋花市公車站NC0.01-0.05粒數濃度(N=18)與板橋空氣品質監測站NOX濃度(N=15)變化趨勢圖 71
圖5 – 2(e)板橋花市公車站NC0.01-0.05粒數濃度(N=18)與板橋空氣品質監測站PM10濃度(N=15)變化趨勢圖 71
圖5 – 2(a)忠孝東路五段公車站NC0.01-0.05粒數濃度(N=18)與松山空氣品質監測站CO濃度(N=18)變化趨勢圖 72
圖5 – 2(b)忠孝東路五段公車站NC0.01-0.05粒數濃度(N=18)與松山空氣品質監測站NO濃度(N=18)變化趨勢圖 72
圖5 – 3(c)忠孝東路五段公車站NC0.01-0.05粒數濃度(N=18)與松山空氣品質監測站NO2濃度(N=18)變化趨勢圖 73
圖5 – 3(d)忠孝東路五段公車站NC0.01-0.05粒數濃度(N=18)與松山空氣品質監測站NOX濃度(N=18)變化趨勢圖 73
圖5 – 3(d)忠孝東路五段公車站NC0.01-0.05粒數濃度(N=18)與松山空氣品質監測站PM10濃度(N=18)變化趨勢圖 74
圖5 - 4(a)忠孝西路一段公車站NC0.01-0.05與中山空氣品質監測站CO濃度之相關圖(N=16) 75
圖5 - 4(b)忠孝西路一段公車站NC0.01-0.05與中山空氣品質監測站NO濃度之相關圖(N=16) 75
圖5 - 4(c)忠孝西路一段公車站NC0.01-0.05與中山空氣品質監測站NO2濃度之相關圖(N=16) 76
圖5 - 4(d)忠孝西路一段公車站NC0.01-0.05與中山空氣品質監測站NOx濃度之相關圖(N=16) 76
圖5 - 4(e)忠孝西路一段公車站NC0.01-0.05與中山空氣品質監測站PM10濃度之相關圖(N=14) 77
圖5 - 5(a)板橋花市公車站NC0.01-0.05與板橋空氣品質監測站CO濃度之相關圖(N=14) 77
圖5 - 5(b)板橋花市公車站NC0.01-0.05與板橋空氣品質監測站NO濃度之相關圖(N=14) 78
圖5 - 5(c)板橋花市公車站NC0.01-0.05與板橋空氣品質監測站NO2濃度之相關圖(N=14) 78
圖5 - 5(d)板橋花市公車站NC0.01-0.05與板橋空氣品質監測站NOx濃度之相關圖(N=14) 79
圖5 - 5(e)板橋花市公車站NC0.01-0.05與板橋空氣品質監測站PM10濃度之相關圖(N=14) 79
圖5 - 6(a)忠孝東路五段公車站NC0.01-0.05與松山空氣品質監測站CO濃度之相關圖(N=18) 80
圖5 - 6(b)忠孝東路五段公車站NC0.01-0.05與松山空氣品質監測站NO濃度之相關圖(N=18) 80
圖5 - 6(c)忠孝東路五段公車站NC0.01-0.05與松山空氣品質監測站NO2濃度之相關圖(N=18) 81
圖5 - 6(d)忠孝東路五段公車站NC0.01-0.05與松山空氣品質監測站NOx濃度之相關圖(N=18) 81
圖5 - 6(e)忠孝東路五段公車站NC0.01-0.05與松山空氣品質監測站PM10濃度之相關圖(N=18) 82
圖5 – 4 台北火車站及捷運台北車站位置圖 83
圖5 – 5 劍潭站(採樣點A、B)在尖峰時段與非尖峰時段之三種不同粒徑範圍粒數濃度值 84
圖5-6忠孝西路一段公車站尖峰時間(7：00 ~ 9：00；17：00 ~ 19：00)與非尖峰時間之車輛數與粒數濃度分佈圖 86

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