臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

收集犬周邊神經鞘膜瘤共36例，包括組織病理學診斷23例惡性及13例良性病例。以品種分析，好發品種為混種犬（mongrel）佔51.5％，年齡以7歲到14歲的發生率最高佔86.7％；就性別比較，雌犬（54.8％）的發生略高於雄犬（41.2％）；以發生部位統計，四肢的發生率最高（75.6%）。組織病理學特徵，周邊神經鞘膜瘤由梭形或S型的細胞，構成波浪狀、柵欄狀、束狀交織及旋渦狀的列，細胞間因腫瘤細胞的彎曲型，而有裂隙的產生。惡性周邊神經鞘膜瘤的腫瘤細胞，呈現肥胖梭形或圓形至類上皮形態，偶見多核巨大細胞出現，有2例惡性病例伴隨有軟骨細胞的化生，另有6例腫瘤區域出現嚴重的壞死，其中有3例伴隨廣泛血栓的形成。此外，14例良性病例有9例許旺氏細胞瘤及5例神經纖維瘤，而9例許旺氏細胞瘤中，只有2例組織病理形態具有典型Antoni type A and B的特徵；神經纖維瘤的腫瘤細胞密度低且細胞間存在多量的膠原纖維。超顯微結構下腫瘤細胞膜上可見到雙層連續的basal lamina，細胞突起（processes）且互相交織（intertwining processes），細胞間存在大量的膠原纖維。免疫組織化學染色的結果，vimentin有100％，laminin有93.3％，S-100有87.8％，NGFR（nerve growth factor receptor）有84.8％，neurofilament有51.58％，NSE（neuron-specific enolase）有30.3％，α-SMA（α-smooth muscle actin）有6.1％，及desmin有3.0％，而cytokeratin，factorⅧ及GFAP （glial fibrillary acidic protein）均呈陰性。神經纖維瘤對neurofilament抗體染色，大部分呈陽性（4/5; 80.0%），而laminin對良性或惡性的許旺氏細胞瘤會呈陽性。雖然血管周細胞瘤對S-100有71.4％的陽性率，但血管周細胞瘤對α-SMA有71.4％的陽性率，但配合laminin及NGFR抗體染色，可進一步區別兩者。綜合研究結果，梭形細胞瘤於組織病理形態學下，即可初步推測其組織來源，配合免疫組織化學染色S-100，vimentin，α-SMA（＋），neurofilament，laminin，NGFR及NSE的結果，可將周邊神經鞘膜瘤與其他組織學類似的梭形細胞瘤區別。

A total of 36 canine peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs), 23 malignant PNSTs (MPNSTs), and 13 benign PNSTs (BPNSTs) were diagnosed by histological features and immunohistochemical results. In this study, the affected dogs were 17 (54.8%) females and 14 (41.2%) males. The peak incidence of the PNSTs was between 7 to 14 years of age (26/30; 86.7%). Breed at the highest risk was mongrel dogs (17/33; 51.5%). The limbs were the most common site (25/33; 75.6%), followed by the trunk (5/33; 15.2%), genital (2/33; 6.1%), and head (1/33; 3.0%). Microscopically, PNSTs were composed of spindle or S shape cells arranged in wavy bundles, palisading, storiform, and whorl fashions. The predominant tumor cells of MPNSTs were either plump spindle or round in shape with epithelioid characteristics, mixed with multinucleated giant cells occasionally. There were two MPNSTs with cartilaginous metaplasia, and six MPNSTs presented with extensive necrotic foci accompanied with thrombosis in 3 of 6 cases. Regarding to 13 BPNSTs, all exhibited a typical feature of either schwannoma or neurofibroma. Only 2 of 9 schwannomas had typical Antoni type A and B features. The 4 neurofibromas presented with extensive collagen deposition likened to shredded carrots appearance, which tumor cells arranged in hypocellularity. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells were long, thin, intertwining processes, a duplicated external basal lamina covering the cells, and long spacing collagen. Immunohistochemically, the expression of vimentin (100%), laminin (93.3%), S-100 (87.8%), nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR, 84.8%), neurofilament (51.58%), neuron-specific enolase (NSE, 30.3%), α-SMA (α-smooth muscle actin, 6.1%), and desmin (3.0%) were found in PNSTs. PNSTs failed to demonstrate expression of cytokeratin, factorⅧ, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). On conclusion, PNSTs often occur in the skin soft tissue of dogs that share histological similarities with other spindle cell tumors. Comprehensive studies on microscopical findings and immunohistochemical characterization provide a useful and practical method to differentiate PNSTs from other spindle cell tumors.

目錄

目錄------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ⅰ
圖次------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ⅳ
表次------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ⅶ
中文摘要------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ⅷ
英文摘要------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ⅹ
第一章 前言------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
第二章 文獻探討------------------------------------------------------------------ 3
第一節 周邊神經系統的組成------------------------------------- 3
第二節 周邊神經鞘膜瘤的分類---------------------------------- 3
2.2.1世界衛生組織（WHO）分類---------------------- 3
2.2.2犬PNSTs的分類------------------------------------- 4
第三節 人與動物周邊神經鞘膜瘤的研究---------------------- 4
2.3.1犬周邊神經鞘膜瘤之臨床表現------------------- 5
2.3.2人及犬周邊神經鞘膜瘤之病理特徵------------- 6
2.3.3其他動物周邊神經鞘膜瘤的研究---------------- 8
第四節 免疫組織化學染色技術---------------------------------- 9
2.4.1免疫組織化學染色技術的方法及原理---------- 9
2.4.2免疫組織化學染色法之腫瘤診斷---------------- 12
2.4.3周邊神經鞘膜瘤之免疫組織化學染色應用---- 14
第五節 周邊神經鞘膜瘤之超微結構---------------------------- 16
第六節 其他常見梭形細胞瘤------------------------------------- 17
2.6.1血管周細胞瘤---------------------------------------- 17
2.6.2平滑肌瘤及其肉瘤---------------------------------- 18
2.6.3纖維瘤及纖維肉瘤---------------------------------- 18
2.6.4惡性纖維組織細胞瘤------------------------------- 19
2.6.5黏液瘤及黏液肉瘤---------------------------------- 19
2.6.6橫紋肌瘤及其肉瘤---------------------------------- 20
2.6.7其他梭形細胞瘤------------------------------------- 20
第三章 材料與方法--------------------------------------------------------------- 22
第一節 實驗設計與流程------------------------------------------- 22
第二節 材料來源---------------------------------------------------- 23
第三節 形態病理學檢查------------------------------------------- 23
3.3.1肉眼病理學檢查------------------------------------- 23
3.3.2組織病理學檢查------------------------------------- 24
3.3.3組織化學染色---------------------------------------- 28
3.3.4改良式免疫組織化學染色------------------------- 33
3.3.5穿透式電子顯微鏡檢查---------------------------- 40
第四章 結果------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47
第一節 周邊神經鞘膜瘤------------------------------------------- 47
4.1.1臨床資料---------------------------------------------- 47
4.1.2肉眼病理學檢查------------------------------------- 48
4.1.3組織病理形態學------------------------------------- 49
4.1.4免疫組織化學---------------------------------------- 51
4.1.5穿透式電子顯微鏡下的超微構造---------------- 52
第二節 血管周細胞瘤---------------------------------------------- 52
第三節 其他梭形細胞瘤------------------------------------------- 53
4.3.1纖維細胞腫瘤---------------------------------------- 53
4.3.2平滑肌瘤---------------------------------------------- 54
4.3.3纖維平滑肌瘤--------------------------------------- 55
4.3.4惡性纖維組織細胞瘤------------------------------- 55
4.3.5脂肪瘤肉瘤------------------------------------------- 56
4.3.6橫紋肌瘤---------------------------------------------- 56
4.3.7黏液瘤------------------------------------------------- 56
第五章 討論---------------------------------------------------------- 85
第六章 參考文獻---------------------------------------------------- 93

圖次

Fig 3.1 實驗流程圖----------------------------------------------------------------- 22
Fig 3.2 TEM製備簡易流程圖---------------------------------------------------- 46
Fig 4.1 BPNST, Case 2------------------------------------------------------------- 58
Fig 4.2 BPNST, Case 2------------------------------------------------------------- 58
Fig 4.3 BPNT, Case 4--------------------------------------------------------------- 58
Fig 4.4 BPNT, Case 4--------------------------------------------------------------- 58
Fig 4.5 BPNST, Case 5------------------------------------------------------------- 58
Fig 4.6 MPNST; Case 20----------------------------------------------------------- 58
Fig 4.7 MPNST; Case 26----------------------------------------------------------- 59
Fig 4.8 MPNST; Case 24----------------------------------------------------------- 59
Fig 4.9 MPNT; Case 22------------------------------------------------------------- 59
Fig 4.10 BPNST, Case 2------------------------------------------------------------- 59
Fig 4.11 BPNT, Case 4--------------------------------------------------------------- 59
Fig 4.12 BPNT, Case 4--------------------------------------------------------------- 59
Fig 4.13 BPNST, Case 2------------------------------------------------------------- 60
Fig 4.14 BPNST, Case 5------------------------------------------------------------- 60
Fig 4.15 BPNST, Case 5------------------------------------------------------------- 60
Fig 4.16 BPNST, Case 5------------------------------------------------------------- 60
Fig 4.17 BPNST; Case 7------------------------------------------------------------- 60
Fig 4.18 MPNST; Case 16----------------------------------------------------------- 60
Fig 4.19 BPNST; Case 12----------------------------------------------------------- 61
Fig 4.20 BPNST; Case 12----------------------------------------------------------- 61
Fig 4.21 BPNST; Case 12----------------------------------------------------------- 61
Fig 4.22 BPNST; Case 12----------------------------------------------------------- 61
Fig 4.23 BPNST; Case 11----------------------------------------------------------- 61
Fig 4.24 MPNST; Case 16----------------------------------------------------------- 61
Fig 4.25 MPNST; Case 16----------------------------------------------------------- 62
Fig 4.26 MPNST; Case 22----------------------------------------------------------- 62
Fig 4.27 MPNST; Case 20----------------------------------------------------------- 62
Fig 4.28 MPNST; Case 16----------------------------------------------------------- 62
Fig 4.29 MPNST; Case 16----------------------------------------------------------- 62
Fig 4.30 MPNST; Case 24----------------------------------------------------------- 62
Fig 4.31 MPNST; Case 20----------------------------------------------------------- 63
Fig 4.32 MPNST; Case 16----------------------------------------------------------- 63
Fig 4.33 MPNST; Case 16----------------------------------------------------------- 63
Fig 4.34 MPNST; Case 26----------------------------------------------------------- 63
Fig 4.35 MPNST; Case 26----------------------------------------------------------- 63
Fig 4.36 MPNST; Case 27----------------------------------------------------------- 63
Fig 4.37 MPNST; Case 27----------------------------------------------------------- 64
Fig 4.38 BPNST, Case 2------------------------------------------------------------- 64
Fig 4.39 BPNST, Case 5------------------------------------------------------------- 64
Fig 4.40 MPNST; Case 20----------------------------------------------------------- 64
Fig 4.41 MPNST; Case 26----------------------------------------------------------- 64
Fig 4.42 BPNT, Case 4--------------------------------------------------------------- 64
Fig 4.43 BPNST, Case 5------------------------------------------------------------- 65
Fig 4.44 MPNST; Case 16----------------------------------------------------------- 65
Fig 4.45 MPNST; Case 16----------------------------------------------------------- 65
Fig 4.46 MPNST; Case 20----------------------------------------------------------- 65
Fig 4.47 BPNT, Case 4--------------------------------------------------------------- 65
Fig 4.48 BPNST, Case 2------------------------------------------------------------- 65
Fig 4.49 MPNST; Case 20----------------------------------------------------------- 66
Fig 4.50 MPNST; Case 16----------------------------------------------------------- 66
Fig 4.51 MPNST; Case 27----------------------------------------------------------- 66
Fig 4.52 BPNST; Case 7------------------------------------------------------------- 66
Fig 4.53 BPNST; Case 7; TEM----------------------------------------------------- 66
Fig 4.54 BPNST; Case 7; TEM----------------------------------------------------- 66
Fig 4.55 HP; Case 55----------------------------------------------------------------- 67
Fig 4.56 HP; Case 55----------------------------------------------------------------- 67
Fig 4.57 HP; Case 59----------------------------------------------------------------- 67
Fig 4.58 HP; Case 55----------------------------------------------------------------- 67
Fig 4.59 HP; Case 59----------------------------------------------------------------- 67
Fig 4.60 HP; Case 55----------------------------------------------------------------- 67
Fig 4.61 Fibrosarcoma; Case 73---------------------------------------------------- 68
Fig 4.62 Fibrosarcoma; Case 73---------------------------------------------------- 68
Fig 4.63 Leiomyosarcoma; Case 73------------------------------------------------ 68
Fig 4.64 Leiomyosarcoma; Case73------------------------------------------------- 68
Fig 4.65 Leiomyosarcoma; Case 73------------------------------------------------ 68
Fig 4.66 MFH; Case 87-------------------------------------------------------------- 68
Fig 4.67 MFH; Case 87-------------------------------------------------------------- 69
Fig 4.68 Liposarcoma; Case 73----------------------------------------------------- 69
Fig 4.69 Liposarcoma; Case 73----------------------------------------------------- 69
Fig 4.70 Myxoma; Case 93---------------------------------------------------------- 69
Fig 4.71 Myxoma; Case 93---------------------------------------------------------- 69
Fig 4.72 Myxoma; Case 93---------------------------------------------------------- 69
Fig 5.1 A flowchart for pathology and IHC identification of spindle cell tumor in dogs. --------------------------------------------------------------
92

表次

Table 3.1 Source and working dilutions of the antisera used to evaluate neoplasms of spindle cell tumors-----------------------------------------
39
Table 4.1 Clinical data of canine PNSTs-------------------------------------------- 70
Table 4.2 Histologic features of BPNSTs------------------------------------------- 73
Table 4.3 Histologic features of MPNSTs------------------------------------------ 74
Table 4.4 Immunohistochemical results of each case with BPNST, MPNST, and other spindle cell tumor examined----------------------------------
77
Table 4.5 Immunohistochemical results in canine BPNSTs and MPNSTs----- 80
Table 4.6 Clinical data of canine other spindle cell tumor------------------------ 81

陳家全, 李家維 and 楊瑞森. (1999). 生物電子顯微鏡學. 行政院國家科學委員會精密儀器發展中心，民全書局, 新竹市, pp. 1-59.
劉振軒, 王綉真, 蘇豐振 and 傅千惠. (1997). 改良式免疫組織化學染色技術應用於福馬林液固定與石蠟包埋豬組織之研究. 23, 523-530.
劉振軒, 何逸僊, 張文發, 祝志平 and 王綉真. (1996). 組織病理染色技術與圖譜-組織化學染色.
劉振軒, 許永祥, 葉祥森, 賴銘淙 and 王綉真. (1999). 免疫組織化學染色技術與圖譜. 台灣動物科技研究所, 新竹.
Abraham, L. A., Mitten, R. W., Beck, C., Charles, J. A. and Holloway, S. A. (2003). Diagnosis of sciatic nerve tumour in two dogs by electromyography and magnetic resonance imaging. Aust Vet J, 81, 42-46.
Altmannsberger, M., Weber, K., Droste, R. and Osborn, M. (1985). Desmin is a specific marker for rhabdomyosarcomas of human and rat origin. Am J Pathol, 118, 85-95.
Anderson, G. M., Dallaire, A., Miller, L. M. and Miller, C. W. (1999). Peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the diaphragm with osseous differentiation in a one-year-old dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 35, 319-322.
Azumi, N. and Battifora, H. (1987). The distribution of vimentin and keratin in epithelial and nonepithelial neoplasms. A comprehensive immunohistochemical study on formalin- and alcohol-fixed tumors. Am J Clin Pathol, 88, 286-296.
Bagley, R. S., Wheeler, S. J., Klopp, L., Sorjonen, D. C., Thomas, W. B., Wilkens, B. E., Gavin, P. R. and Dennis, R. (1998). Clinical features of trigeminal nerve-sheath tumor in 10 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 34, 19-25.
Bailey, C. S. (1990). Long-term survival after surgical excision of a schwannoma of the sixth cervical spinal nerve in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 196, 754-756.
Berghmans, S., Murphey, R. D., Wienholds, E., Neuberg, D., Kutok, J. L., Fletcher, C. D., Morris, J. P., Liu, T. X., Schulte-Merker, S., Kanki, J. P., Plasterk, R., Zon, L. I. and Look, A. T. (2005). tp53 mutant zebrafish develop malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 102, 407-412.
Berman, J. J., Rice, J. M. and Strandberg, J. (1978). Granular cell variants in a rat schwannoma. Evidence of neurogenic origin of granular cell tumor (myoblastoma). Vet Pathol, 15, 725-731.
Bradley, R. L., Wihrow, S. J. and Snyder, S. P. (1982). Nerve sheath tumors in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 18, 915-921.
Bradney, I. W. and Forsyth, W. M. (1986). A schwannoma causing cervical spinal cord compression in a dog. Aust Vet J, 63, 374-375.
Bradshaw, J., Bazeley, K. and Canfield, P. (2003). Peripheral nerve sheath tumour in a cow with clinical signs consistent with vagal neuropathy. Vet Rec, 153, 784-786.
Brehm, D. M., Vite, C. H., Steinberg, H. S., Haviland, J. and van Winkle, T. (1995). A retrospective evaluation of 51 cases of peripheral nerve sheath tumors in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 31, 349-359.
Brooks, J. J. (1982). Immunohistochemistry of soft tissue tumors. Myoglobin as a tumor marker for rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer, 50, 1757-1763.
Carmichael, S. and Griffiths, I. R. (1981). Tumours involving the brachial plexus in seven dogs. Vet Rec, 108, 435-437.
Carvalho, G. A., Lindeke, A., Tatagiba, M., Ostertag, H. and Samii, M. (1994). Cranial granular-cell tumor of the trigeminal nerve. Case report. J Neurosurg, 81, 795-798.
Chijiwa, K., Uchida, K. and Tateyama, S. (2004). Immunohistochemical evaluation of canine peripheral nerve sheath tumors and other soft tissue sarcomas. Vet Pathol, 41, 307-318.
Cizinauskas, S., Lang, J., Maier, R., Fatzer, R. and Jaggy, A. (2001). Paradoxical vestibular disease with trigeminal nerve-sheath tumor in a dog. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd, 143, 419-425.
Claessens, N., Heymans, O., Arrese, J. E., Garcia, R., Oelbrandt, B. and Pierard, G. E. (2003). Cutaneous psammomatous melanotic schwannoma: non-recurrence with surgical excision. Am J Clin Dermatol, 4, 799-802.
Clark, H. B., Minesky, J. J., Agrawal, D. and Agrawal, H. C. (1985). Myelin basic protein and P2 protein are not immunohistochemical markers for Schwann cell neoplasms. A comparative study using antisera to S-100, P2, and myelin basic proteins. Am J Pathol, 121, 96-101.
Daimaru, Y., Hashimoto, H. and Enjoji, M. (1985). Malignant peripheral nerve-sheath tumors (malignant schwannomas). An immunohistochemical study of 29 cases. Am J Surg Pathol, 9, 434-444.
Dickersin, G. R. (1987). The electron microscopic spectrum of nerve sheath tumors. Ultrastruct Pathol, 11, 103-146.
Diepholder, H. M., Schwechheimer, K., Mohadjer, M., Knoth, R. and Volk, B. (1991). A clinicopathologic and immunomorphologic study of 13 cases of ganglioglioma. Cancer, 68, 2192-2201.
Ducatman, B. S., Scheithauer, B. W., Piepgras, D. G., Reiman, H. M. and Ilstrup, D. M. (1986). Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. A clinicopathologic study of 120 cases. Cancer, 57, 2006-2021.
Emory, T. S., Scheithauer, B. W., Hirose, T., Wood, M., Onofrio, B. M. and Jenkins, R. B. (1995). Intraneural perineurioma. A clonal neoplasm associated with abnormalities of chromosome 22. Am J Clin Pathol, 103, 696-704.
Erlandson, R. A. (1985). Peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Ultrastruct Pathol, 9, 113-122.
Essman, S. C., Hoover, J. P., Bahr, R. J., Ritchey, J. W. and Watson, C. (2002). An intrathoracic malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in a dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound, 43, 255-259.
Font, R. L. and Truong, L. D. (1984). Melanotic schwannoma of soft tissues. Electron-microscopic observations and review of literature. Am J Surg Pathol, 8, 129-138.
Garcia, P., Sanchez, B., Sanchez, M. A., Gonzalez, M., Rollan, E. and Flores, J. M. (2004). Epithelioid malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour in a dog. J Comp Pathol, 131, 87-91.
Goedegebuure, S. A. (1975). A case of neurofibromatosis in the dog. J Small Anim Pract, 16, 329-335.
Graves, G. M., Bjorling, D. E. and Mahaffey, E. (1988). Canine hemangiopericytoma: 23 cases (1967-1984). J Am Vet Med Assoc, 192, 99-102.
Hara, Y., Tagawa, M., Ejima, H., Orima, H., Yamagami, T., Umeda, M., Komori, S. and Washizu, M. (1995). Regression of hypertrophic osteopathy following removal of intrathoracic neoplasia derived from vagus nerve in a dog. J Vet Med Sci, 57, 133-135.
Hatano, H., Tokunaga, K., Ogose, A., Imaizumi, S., Hayami, T., Yamagiwa, H., Hotta, T., Endo, N., Takahashi, H. E. and Naito, M. (1999). Origin of histiocyte-like cells and multinucleated giant cells in malignant fibrous histiocytoma: neoplastic or reactive? Pathol Int, 49, 14-22.
Hendrick, M. J., Mahaffey, E. A., Moore, J. H. V. and Walder, E. J. (1998). World Health Organization, International Histological Classification of Tumors of Domestic Animals. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology American Registry of Pathology, Washington, D. C., pp. 25-27.
Hoshi, N., Hiraki, H., Yamaki, T., Natsume, T., Watanabe, K. and Suzuki, T. (1994). Frequent expression of 75 kDa nerve growth factor receptor and phosphotyrosine in human peripheral nerve tumours: an immunohistochemical study on paraffin-embedded tissues. Virchows Arch, 424, 563-568.
Huang, H. Y., Park, N., Erlandson, R. A. and Antonescu, C. R. (2004). Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural comparative study of external lamina structure in 31 cases of cellular, classical, and melanotic schwannomas. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol, 12, 50-58.
Ilg, E. C., Schafer, B. W. and Heizmann, C. W. (1996). Expression pattern of S100 calcium-binding proteins in human tumors. Int J Cancer, 68, 325-332.
Johnstone, A. and Thorpe, R. (1987). Immunochemistry in practice. Blackwell Scientific publications.
Jones, B. R. and Williams, O. J. (1975). Malignant schwannoma of the brachial plexus in a dog. Aust Vet J, 51, 40-42.
Kempson, R. M., Fletcher, C. D., Evans, H. L., Hendrickson, M. R. and Sibley, R. K. (1998). Altas of Tumor Pathology. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C.
Kim, D. Y., Cho, D. Y., Kim, D. Y., Lee, J. and Taylor, H. W. (2003). Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor with divergent mesenchymal differentiations in a dog. J Vet Diagn Invest, 15, 174-178.
Kirchhof, N., Scheidemann, W. and Baumgartner, W. (1996). Multiple peripheral nerve sheath tumors in the small intestine of a horse. Vet Pathol, 33, 727-730.
Kleihues, P. and Cavenee, W. K. (2000). World Heath Organization Classification of Tumours. IARCPress, pp. 163-174.
Koestner, A., Bilzer, T., Fatzer, R., Schulman, F. Y., Summers, B. A. and Van Winkle, T. J. (1999). World Health Organization International Histological Classification of Tumors of Domestic Animals. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology American Registry of Pathology, Washington, D. C., pp. 37-38.
Korf, B. R. (1999). Plexiform neurofibromas. Am J Med Genet, 89, 31-37.
Kurtkaya-Yapicier, O., Scheithauer, B. and Woodruff, J. M. (2003). The pathobiologic spectrum of Schwannomas. Histol Histopathol, 18, 925-934.
Kuwamura, M., Yamate, J., Kotani, T., Takeuchi, T. and Sakuma, S. (1998). Canine peripheral nerve sheath tumor with eosinophilic cytoplasmic globules. Vet Pathol, 35, 223-226.
Lakkis, M. M. and Tennekoon, G. I. (2001). Neurofibromatosis type 1: II. Answers from animal models. J Neurosci Res, 65, 191-194.
Laskin, W. B., Fetsch, J. F., Lasota, J. and Miettinen, M. (2005). Benign epithelioid peripheral nerve sheath tumors of the soft tissues: clinicopathologic spectrum of 33 cases. Am J Surg Pathol, 29, 39-51.
LeCouteur, R. A. (2001). Small animal clinical oncology. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA., pp. 521-525.
Liu, S. M. and Mikaelian, I. (2003). Cutaneous smooth muscle tumors in the dog and cat. Vet Pathol, 40, 685-692.
Mazzei, M., Millanta, F., Citi, S., Lorenzi, D. and Poli, A. (2002). Haemangiopericytoma: histological spectrum, immunohistochemical characterization and prognosis. Vet Dermatol, 13, 15-21.
Meuten, D. J. (2002). Tumors in Domestic Animals. Iowa State Press, pp. 95-69; 731-735.
Mills, J. H. and Nielsen, S. W. (1967). Canine haemangiopericytomas--a survey of 200 tumours. J Small Anim Pract, 8, 599-604.
Morris, J. S., McInnes, E. F., Bostock, D. E., Hoather, T. M. and Dobson, J. M. (2002). Immunohistochemical and histopathologic features of 14 malignant fibrous histiocytomas from Flat-Coated Retrievers. Vet Pathol, 39, 473-479.
Nikitin, A., Ballering, L. A., Lyons, J. and Rajewsky, M. F. (1991). Early mutation of the neu (erbB-2) gene during ethylnitrosourea-induced oncogenesis in the rat Schwann cell lineage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 88, 9939-9943.
Patnaik, A. K., Erlandson, R. A. and Lieberman, P. H. (1984). Canine malignant melanotic schwannomas: a light and electron microscopic study of two cases. Vet Pathol, 21, 483-488.
Patnaik, A. K., Zachos, T. A., Sams, A. E. and Aitken, M. L. (2002). Malignant nerve-sheath tumor with divergent and glandular differentiation in a dog: a case report. Vet Pathol, 39, 406-410.
Peek, S. F., Del Piero, F., Rebhun, W. C. and Adamus, C. (1997). Multicentric schwannomas causing chronic ruminal tympany and forelimb paresis in a Holstein cow. Vet Rec, 140, 504-505.
Perez, J., Bautista, M. J., Rollon, E., de Lara, F. C., Carrasco, L. and Martin de las Mulas, J. (1996). Immunohistochemical characterization of hemangiopericytomas and other spindle cell tumors in the dog. Vet Pathol, 33, 391-397.
Perez, J., Martin de las Mulas, J., Arenas, A., Luque, I. and Carrasco, L. (1998). Malignant schwannoma in a red deer (Cervus elaphus). Vet Rec, 143, 585-587.
Perosio, P. M. and Brooks, J. J. (1988). Expression of nerve growth factor receptor in paraffin-embedded soft tissue tumors. Am J Pathol, 132, 152-160.
Pumarola, M., Anor, S., Borras, D. and Ferrer, I. (1996). Malignant epithelioid schwannoma affecting the trigeminal nerve of a dog. Vet Pathol, 33, 434-436.
Rangdaeng, S. and Truong, L. D. (1991). Comparative immunohistochemical staining for desmin and muscle-specific actin. A study of 576 cases. Am J Clin Pathol, 96, 32-45.
Reis-Filho, J. S., Pope, L. Z., Balderrama, C. M., Fillus-Neto, J. and Schmitt, F. C. (2002). Epithelioid malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour: case report and review of the previously published cases. Cytopathology, 13, 54-63.
Robertson, J. L., Garman, R. H. and Fowler, E. H. (1982). Spontaneous cardiac tumors in eight rats. Vet Pathol, 19, 30-37.
Rothwell, T. L., Papadimitriou, J. M., Xu, F. N. and Middleton, D. J. (1986). Schwannoma in the testis of a dog. Vet Pathol, 23, 629-631.
Royds, J. A., Ironside, J. W., Taylor, C. B., Graham, D. I. and Timperley, W. R. (1986). An immunohistochemical study of glial and neuronal markers in primary neoplasms of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol (Berl), 70, 320-326.
Ruiter, D. J., Schlingemann, R. O., Rietveld, F. J. and de Waal, R. M. (1989). Monoclonal antibody-defined human endothelial antigens as vascular markers. J Invest Dermatol, 93, 25S-32S.
Ruppert, C., Hartmann, K., Fischer, A., Hirschberger, J., Hafner, A. and Schmidt, P. (2000). Cervical neoplasia originating from the vagus nerve in a dog. J Small Anim Pract, 41, 119-122.
Sartin, E. A., Doran, S. E., Riddell, M. G., Herrera, G. A., Tennyson, G. S., D''Andrea, G., Whitley, R. D. and Collins, F. S. (1994). Characterization of naturally occurring cutaneous neurofibromatosis in Holstein cattle. A disorder resembling neurofibromatosis type 1 in humans. Am J Pathol, 145, 1168-1174.
Sartin, E. A., Herrera, G. A., Wilkins, L. P. and Wolfe, D. F. (1996). Metastatic multicentric neurofibrosarcoma of the lumbosacral plexus in a cow. Vet Pathol, 33, 362-365.
Saunders, J. H., Poncelet, L., Clercx, C., Snaps, F. R., Flandroy, P., Capasso, P. and Dondelinger, R. F. (1998). Probable trigeminal nerve schwannoma in a dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound, 39, 539-542.
Sawamoto, O., Yamate, J., Kuwamura, M., Hagiwara, R. and Kurisu, K. (1999). A canine peripheral nerve sheath tumor including peripheral nerve fibers. J Vet Med Sci, 61, 1335-1338.
Scheithauer, B. W., Woodruff, J. M. and Erlandson, R. A. (1997). Altas of Tumor Pathology. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C.
Sen, A. K. (1977). A large schwannoma in a German Shepherd dog. Vet Med Small Anim Clin, 72, 389-391.
Simpson, D. J., Beck, J. A., Allan, G. S. and Culvenor, J. A. (1999). Diagnosis and excision of a brachial plexus nerve sheath tumour in a dog. Aust Vet J, 77, 222-224.
Skalli, O., Ropraz, P., Trzeciak, A., Benzonana, G., Gillessen, D. and Gabbiani, G. (1986). A monoclonal antibody against alpha-smooth muscle actin: a new probe for smooth muscle differentiation. J Cell Biol, 103, 2787-2796.
Soler-Federsppiel, B. S., Cras, P., Gheuens, J., Andries, D. and Lowenthal, A. (1987). Human gamma gamma-enolase: two-site immunoradiometric assay with a single monoclonal antibody. J Neurochem, 48, 22-28.
Stavrou, D. and Haglid, K. G. (1974). The presence of the S-100 protein in methylnitrosourea induced tumors of the nervous system in dogs. Res Exp Med (Berl), 164, 59-61.
Stoica, G., Tasca, S. I. and Kim, H. T. (2001). Point mutation of neu oncogene in animal peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Vet Pathol, 38, 679-688.
Strafuss, A. C., Martin, C. E., Blauch, B. and Guffy, M. (1973). Schwannoma in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 163, 245-247.
Summers, B. A., Cummings, J. F. and de Lahunta, A. (1995). Veterinary Neuropathology. Mosby, St. Louis, Missouri, pp. 472-501.
Takeuchi, A. and Ushigome, S. (2001). Diverse differentiation in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours associated with neurofibromatosis-1: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Histopathology, 39, 298-309.
Tanimoto, T. and Ohtsuki, Y. (1993). Cutaneous plexiform schwannoma in a pig. J Comp Pathol, 109, 231-240.
Theaker, J. M., Gatter, K. C. and Puddle, J. (1988). Epithelial membrane antigen expression by the perineurium of peripheral nerve and in peripheral nerve tumours. Histopathology, 13, 171-179.
Tseng, S. C., Jarvinen, M. J., Nelson, W. G., Huang, J. W., Woodcock-Mitchell, J. and Sun, T. T. (1982). Correlation of specific keratins with different types of epithelial differentiation: monoclonal antibody studies. Cell, 30, 361-372.
Uchida, K., Nakayama, H., Sasaki, N., Tateyama, S. and Goto, N. (1992). Malignant schwannoma in the spinal root of a dog. J Vet Med Sci, 54, 809-811.
Vandevelde, M., Higgins, R. J. and Greene, C. E. (1976). Neoplasms of mesenchymal origin in the spinal cord and nerve roots of three dogs. Vet Pathol, 13, 47-58.
Vascellari, M., Melchiotti, E., Bozza, M. A. and Mutinelli, F. (2003). Fibrosarcomas at presumed sites of injection in dogs: characteristics and comparison with non-vaccination site fibrosarcomas and feline post-vaccinal fibrosarcomas. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med, 50, 286-291.
Veazey, R. S., Angel, K. L., Snider, T. G., 3rd, Lopez, M. K. and Taylor, H. W. (1993). Malignant schwannoma in a goat. J Vet Diagn Invest, 5, 454-458.
Watrous, B. J., Lipscomb, T. P., Heidel, J. R. and Normal, L. M. (1999). Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in a cat. Vet Radiol Ultrasound, 40, 638-640.
Williamson, L. H. and Farrell, R. L. (1990). Intracranial schwannoma in a horse. Cornell Vet, 80, 135-141.
Woodruff, J. M., Marshall, M. L., Godwin, T. A., Funkhouser, J. W., Thompson, N. J. and Erlandson, R. A. (1983). Plexiform (multinodular) schwannoma. A tumor simulating the plexiform neurofibroma. Am J Surg Pathol, 7, 691-697.
Wright, J. A. (1985). The pathological features associated with spinal tumours in 29 dogs. J Comp Pathol, 95, 549-557.
Wright, J. A. and Clayton Jones, D. (1986). Diffuse skeletal schwannoma in a dog. Vet Rec, 118, 428-429.
Xu, F. N. (1986). Ultrastructure of canine hemangiopericytoma. Vet Pathol, 23, 643-645.
Yamaguchi, U., Hasegawa, T., Hirose, T., Chuman, H., Kawai, A., Ito, Y. and Beppu, Y. (2003). Low grade malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour: varied cytological and histological patterns. J Clin Pathol, 56, 826-830.
Yamauchi, A., Ohta, T., Okada, T., Mochizuki, M., Nishimura, R., Matsunaga, S., Nakayama, H., Doi, K. and Sasaki, N. (2004). Secondary erythrocytosis associated with schwannoma in a dog. J Vet Med Sci, 66, 1605-1608.
Zachary, J. F., O''Brien, D. P., Ingles, B. W., Everitt, J. I. and Parker, A. J. (1986). Multicentric nerve sheath fibrosarcomas of multiple cranial nerve roots in two dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 188, 723-726.
Zaki, F. A., Prata, R. G., Hurvitz, A. I. and Kay, W. J. (1975). Primary tumors of the spinal cord and meninges in six dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 166, 511-517.