臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本文研究動機主要來自美國學者James Scott與Samuel Popkin於1980年針對越南農村於二次大戰之前是否存在「道德經濟體」之辦論開始。本文修改自Wang於1998年的分析架構，結合國家政權強制統治力與農業稻作耕作技術演化這兩項變數，分別針對越南北部和中部(法屬東京和安南)以及越南南部(法屬交趾支那)進行長時間的歷史分析。本文認為，為了有效管理生產科技演變過程中所引發的「經濟不安全感」，地方村社組織中的菁英與基層農民，與高層的國家統治結構之間會發展出不同的關係。在農業生產技術愈趨精耕細作的過程中，經濟上的不安全感也愈趨增高。在不同的國家政權強制統治力的情況下，高度的經濟不安全感會使得地方村社組織往兩極化的方向發展：與國家政權建立恩庇侍從(patron-client)的關係；或者，地方菁英與基層農民建立集體化的組織模式。這對農民是否會採取叛變具有關鍵性的影響。
經過分析，北部與中部呈現出所謂「封閉型村社組織」；而南部呈現所謂「開放型村社組織」。但是，本文認為以「靜態的封閉村社」與「動態的開放村社」截然二分的觀點，並不足以說明歷史中動態的趨勢。在農業生產科技的演化過程，與不同階段下的國家政權統治力的交互影響下，村社組織的模式也呈現出動態的面貌。在法國統治之下，北部和中部的農村除了1930年義安、河靜的蘇維埃革命，在往後的時間都呈現較為平靜與順從的現象，乃是因為地方村社菁英在組織上較容易與法國當局建立恩庇侍從關係；而南部則因為不同的農業發展路徑而衍生出較為集體式的風險分攤機制，導致較為團結和多元的組織模式。

Mainly this study is motivated from the debate of James Scott and Samuel Popkin about whether the existence of “Moral Economy” in Vietnamese villages before the World War II. I take and analytical framework which is revised from the one created by Wang in 1998, combining two variables: the despotic power of state and the evolution of farm production technology, to compare the northern, middle part (French Tonkin and Annam) and southern part (French Cochin China)of Vietnam. This thesis suggests that the local elite and peasant would develop deferent modes of relationship with higher ruled apparatus for managing the “economic insecurity” which is produced by the evolution of production of technology. In the evolution toward the more intensive mode of production technology, the economic insecurity would get higher. Under deferent level of despotic power of state, the local village/community organization would take very deferent mode resulted from high economic insecurity: 1. to build the patron-client relation with the regime of state; or, 2. local elite would build the collective relation with the peasant. The mode of local village/community organization has the critical impact to whether the peasant rebellion would occur.
In this historical analysis, the northern and middle part is featured of the conception of “closed village/community”, meanwhile, the southern part is featured of the conception of “open village/community”. However, the dichotomy of “static closed village/community” and “dynamic open village/community” can not illustrate the dynamic trend of historical development. On the complex impact of the evolution of production technology and the level of despotic power of state in deferent stage, the village/community organization would take deferent kind of mode. Under the French colonial rule, there was rare rebellion in the villages in northern and middle Vietnam except of the Ngeh-An Ha-tinh Soviet revolution, because the local elite would build the patron-client relations with the French authority. By contrast, in southern Vietnam, the more collective local organization was resulted from the risk sharing mechanism developed in the deferent path of farming development.

中文摘要
英文摘要
目錄

章節目錄

第一章 緒論 1

第一節 背景與緣起 1

第二節 研究課題 4

第三節 文獻回顧 5

1.3.1 以個人理性和心理因素為出發點：以Gurr的研究為例 5

1.3.2 Moore有關邁向現代社會三種路徑的研究 7

1.3.2 Paige對農民革命的研究 10

1.3.3 Wang的經濟不安全感分析架構 19


第四節 本文的理論架構 22

第二章 越南北部與中部(傳統越南)之村社組織和社會結構歷史分析 29

第一節 稻作生產技術與經濟不安全感 29

第二節 第一階段 (公元前500年到公元十世紀) 30

第三節 第二階段(公元十世紀到公元十九世紀末) 35

第四節 農業技術與村社組織 40

2.4.1 生態體系、稻作耕作技術與人口 40

2.4.2 村社組織結構與特色 43

第五節 小結 47


第三章 越南南部(法屬交址支那)之村社組織和社會結構歷史分析 52

第一節 南進拓墾與多方勢力的交會 52

第二節 第一階段(法國統治前到二十世紀初) 56

第三節 第二階段(二十世紀初到1930年代) 59

第四節 殖民統治下的土地開發與水稻耕作 65

3.4.1 渠道與運河的興建 65

3.4.2 人口移入 65

3.4.3 土地分配 66

3.4.4 耕作型式 68

第五節 小結 72

第四章 政權、地方菁英、地方組織與叛變 81

第一節 政權與地方菁英的政治經濟競奪關係 81

第二節 東京與安南(北部、中部)叛變之歷史分析 85

4.2.1 法國統治之前 85

4.2.2 法國統治之後到1930年 87

第三節 交趾支那(南部)叛變之歷史分析 89

4.3.1 法國殖民統治下的土地經濟，1870-1929年 89

4.3.2 運動與反叛，1930-1941 95

第四節 小結 99

第五章 結論 105

第一節 理論典範的再反思 105

5.1.1 Durkheim：道德經濟觀點 106

5.1.2 Mill：政治經濟觀點 106

5.1.3 Marx：階級矛盾觀點 107

第二節 網絡組織與階級化組織 108

第三節 一個新的理論架構的嘗試：結合生態環境與生產科技因素 110


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