依環保署之相關監測資料顯示，國內湖泊、水庫優養化情況近年來越趨嚴重。由於優養化湖水中藻類會影響水廠之操作及水質之處理或處理後之水質，從研究文獻得知，大部分研究者著重於除藻技術開發，少見相關研究報告進行藻類螢光光譜特性分析。由於螢光光譜儀具有未破壞有機物性質之分析特性，國內在此之研究亦顯得相當不足，故本研究除比較不同顯微照像技術進行藻類外觀及活性觀察外，另利用螢光光譜儀進行水體藻類與溶解性有機質之螢光光譜圖(Excitation-Emission Fluoresence Matrix,EEFM)比較，藉以瞭解兩者間之關連性外，並進行湖水中優勢藻科對消毒副產物生成潛能之影響。
研究結果顯示，藻量與溫度、葉綠素a、總磷與水體濁度均呈現高度之正相關性。至於優勢藻含量百分比之變化，澄清湖 (CCL)與鳳山 (FS)湖水兩次採樣之主要優勢藻均為綠球藻科 (Chlorococcaceae)與色球藻科(Chroococcaceae)，二科佔優勢藻量之90 %；牡丹 (MD)水庫第一次及第二次，雖仍以綠球藻科與色球藻科為主，但其藻量僅佔總藻量之70 %，該水庫第三及第四次採樣結果則以菱形藻科 (Nitzschiaceae)及圓篩藻科 (Coscinodiscaceae)為主要優勢藻，其含量均佔總藻量之72 %。另以螢光顯微鏡觀察發現不同藻體所發出之螢光強度及顏色有明顯之差異，在相同藻種之顆粒直鏈藻(Melosira granulate (Eherenberg) Ralfs Var. granulate)及單角盤星藻(Pediastrum simplex Meyen Var. simplex)，比較有無添加Lugol''s 溶液，皆可觀察到有添加Lugol''s 溶液之藻體自發性螢光減弱及顏色改變之現象。
另CCL 與FS 湖水中各兩次採樣之優勢藻數含量百分比與不同分子量有機物碳含量百分比之變化，皆呈現一致性之變化，亦即綠球藻科增加時，水中大於5K分子量有機物碳含量百分比呈現增加的現象，而色球藻科減少時，水中小於5K 之有機碳含量百分比則展現出減少之現象。但在MD 湖水第一及第二次採樣結果，有機碳含量百分比恰與CCL及FS之結果相反，其與優勢藻圓篩藻科之減少及鼓甲亞藻科之增加相關。CCL、FS及MD水庫過濾前與過濾後之THMFP (THM formation potential)形成之差異性，濾前均高於濾後。且由THMFP除以葉綠素a或藻數之比值進行比較，顯示藻科對THMFP之形成有影響，綠球藻科、圓篩藻科、鼓甲亞藻科及菱形藻科等四藻科不利於THMFP之形成，而色球藻科、水網藻科及顫藻科則有利於THMFP之形成。
原水及其濾液與藻體萃出液之EEFM之比較發現，CCL與FS之水樣測試結果在220~230/300~310、230/330~350及270~280/330~340之EX/EM波峰位置相近，另在MD第一及二次採樣，亦出現相似波峰，顯然與湖水中綠球藻科及色球藻科之優勢藻科相關。至於MD第三及四次採樣，在210~250/300~310出現EX/EM波峰，其濾液中主要波峰以240~250/300~310最為顯著，明顯與前兩次採樣結果相異，與該次採樣優勢藻菱形藻科及圓篩藻科相關。亦即水體中有機物性質變化與藻科之變化有明顯之關聯性。

According to data collected from monitoring stations in lakes and reservoirs maintained by the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA), the problem of eutrophication has escalated in recent years. The phenomenon of eutrophication gives rise to algae proliferation. Due to its interference with the quality of treated water, and the operation of water treatment facilities, the development of technologies for the removal of algae growth has been the focus of many research papers for the past several years, both domestically as well as internationally, and less attention has been paid the study of characteristics of algae through spectral analysis.
The fluorescence meter, due to its non-destructive nature of measurement, makes it feasible to quality the difference in structural characteristics between that of suspended particles and dissolved organic matter. Due to the lack of research carried out on the study of the fluorescent characteristics of algae, and the correlation of characteristics between dissolved organic matter and algae in the eutrophic lake, the use of the fluorescent meter EEFM (Excitation-Emission Fluoresence Matrix) to compare this relationship is worth considering. In this study, in addition to the carrying out of spectral analysis, the THMFP (Trihalomethane formation potential) from different kinds of algae will also be described.
There is an indication that algal population in three eutropic lakes had a positive correlation with temperature, presence of chlorophyll, level of total phosphorus and turbidity. The percentage of the dominant algae, Chlorococcaceae and Chroococcaceae were determined to be 90 % in CCL and FS reservoirs. In MD reservoir, the value was decreased to 70 % in the first and second sampling, but Nitzschiaceae and Coscinodiscaceae made up 72%, and were found to be the dominant algal species in the third and fourth sampling.
Also, different autofluorescent colors and intensity were observed when different kinds of algae were placed under an epifluoresent microscope. Melosira granulate (Eherenberg) Ralfs Var. granulate and Pediastrum simplex Meyen Var. simplex as an example, it was revealed that the intensity of algal autofluorescence and coloration upon the addition of Lugol''s solution was weakened as compared with the adding of no Lugol''s solution.
Two samples each were taken from CCL Lake and FS Lake, and it was found that the percentages of carbon content of different MWCO (molecular weight cut-off) in dissolved organic matter (DOM) were also varied as the percentage of algal species were changed. This suggests that the increase in Chlorococcaceae will lead to an increase in the percentage of carbon content of dissolved organic matter which the MWCOs is higher than 5K. Furthermore, it reveals that a decrease in Chroococcaceae will lead to a decrease in the percentage of carbon content of dissolved organic matter (DOM) which the MWCOs is less than 5K. However, during the first and second sampling at MD reservoir, the variation in the percentage of carbon content of dissolved organic matter were opposite from those from CCL and FS reservoirs. This effect may be attributed to the decrease in the percentage of Coscinodiscaceae among the total algal population, and an increase of Cosmarium in total algal population.
The THMFP value in the water source as obtained from CCL, FS and MD reservoirs, as compared with that of the filtered water source, indicates that the former value was larger than latter. Furthermore, Chlorococcaceae, Coscinodiscaceae, Cosmarium and Nitzschiaceae do not favorably form THMFP. On the other hand, Chroococcaceae, Hydrodictyaceae, and Oscillatoriaceae could form well THMFP.
The peak values of EEFM of the water source, filtrates and extracted algae obtained from CCL and FS reservoirs were always found to be within the range of excitation/emission wavelength (EX (nm)/EM(nm)), 220~230/300~310,230/330~350, and 270~280/330~340. However, the peak value of excitation/emission wavelength of 240~250/300~310 can be found in the third and fourth water samples taken from MD reservoir. This may be that the dominant algal species, Chlorococcaceae and Chroococcaceae, which appeared in CCL and FS reservoirs in March and April, were different from Nitzschiaceae and Coscinodiscaceae, which appeared in MD reservoir in November and December.

誌 謝
摘 要 I
ABSTRACT III
目 錄 VI
表 錄 X
圖 錄 XI
壹、前言 1
一、研究緣起 1
二、研究目的 1
貳、文獻回顧 3
一、優養化 3
（一）優養化之成因及分類 3
（二）歷年來國內水庫優養化及藻種變動 4
二、藻類衍生問題 7
（一）臭、味及色度 7
（二）毒素 9
（三）湖水水質之變化 9
（四）影響淨水廠之操作 9
1.濾床阻塞及污泥特性改變 9
2.影響氧化劑或混凝劑加量及造成自然有機物質之變動 10
3.消毒副產物(DBP, disinfection by-product)前質 12
三、螢光光譜儀運用於有機物之定性分析 13
參、研究規劃與實驗分析方法 17
一、研究流程之規劃 17
二、採樣計劃 19
三、實驗設備與分析方法 19
（一）有機物分子量大小之決定 19
1.腐植酸之配製 19
2.原水不同分子量有機物分離設備 19
（1）薄膜系統介紹操作 19
（2）薄膜系統操作 19
（3）薄膜前處理及清洗 20
（二）基本參數分析 21
1.pH值及導電度值 21
2.透視度 21
3.濁度 21
4.鹼度 22
5.氨氮 23
6.總凱氏氮 23
7.正磷酸鹽 24
8.總磷 24
9.硝酸鹽氮、亞硝酸鹽氮及溴離子含量分析（使用IC） 24
10.葉綠素a 25
（三）有機參數分析 26
1.UV254 26
2.溶解性有機碳（DOC）含量分析 26
3.三鹵甲烷生成潛能（THMFP）試驗 27
（1）採樣前處理 27
（2）採樣及分析 27
4.螢光光譜（EEFM）之操作參數及使用流程 30
（四）藻類之計數與觀察 31
1.前處理 31
2.掃描式電子顯微鏡之樣本觀察 33
肆、結果與討論 35
一、優氧化湖水中藻種之變動及其與水質參數之相關性分析 35
二、螢光顯微鏡應用於藻體外觀之判別 41
三、優養化湖水中溶解性有機物性質及藻體對三鹵甲烷生成潛能之影響 48
四、湖水中溶解性有機物及藻體萃出物之EEFM圖譜之比較 56
伍、結論 70
陸、建議 72
柒、參考文獻 73

台灣地區水庫浮游藻類圖鑑，行政院環境保護署環境檢驗所。取自：http://www.epa.gov.tw/student/algae/data/category.html。
行政院環境保護署，91年水體水質年報，91年水庫年報。取自：http://www.epa.gov.tw/attachment_file/200409/pdf.pdf。
行政院環境保護署，92年水體水質年報，92年水庫年報。取自：http://www.epa.gov.tw/attachment_file/200410/92dam.pdf。
李俊德、陳是瑩 (1985) 澄清湖水源臭味控制方法之研究。國立成奶j學環境工程研究報告第45號。
徐明光 (1999) 臺灣的淡水浮游藻（I）通論及綠藻（1）。國立臺灣博物館員工消費合作社。154頁。
莊曜嘉、黃志彬、吳志超、傅誠剛 (1996) 藻類對鋁鹽污泥條理特性之影響。第十三屆自來水研究發表會論文集，第375-385頁。(NSC-84-2221-E-009-05)
陳是瑩、曾怡禎 (1984) 澄清湖生態研究I：澄清湖水質與藻類季節性變遷的研究。中華民國自來水協會第一屆給水技術研討會論文集。
陳是瑩、李俊德、曾怡楨 (1982) 澄清湖浮游生物與放射線菌繁狀況對水源臭味之影響(一)。國立成成大學環境工程研究報告第21 號。
陳振正 (2005) 高錳酸鉀與臭氧對混凝除藻之影響。國立成奶j學環境工程學系博士論文。
陳振正、葉宣顯 (2003) 臭氧與高錳酸鉀前氧化劑對藻類混凝去除之影響。第二十八屆廢水處理技術研討會論文集，第911-916頁。
陳振正、葉宣顯 (2004) 鈣硬度對氧化劑對混凝除藻之影響。第九屆海峽兩岸環境保護第二十八屆廢水處理技術研討會論文集，第299-302頁。
陳從和 (1977) 澄清湖浮游生物研究報告。自來水季刊 11：69-83。
曾四恭、錢世宇、張朝謙 (1996) 優養化水體中藻類生長對淨水處理水質的影響與去除方法之研究。 第十三屆自來水研究發表報告集，第388-401頁。
曾怡禎、葉宣顯、賴文亮、陳振正、謝東穎、林昇衡 、蔡木川 、王上銘 (1999) 不同淨水程序對藻類去除效率之研究。中華民國自來水協會第十六屆自來水研究發表會論文集，第121-130頁。
程樹森 (1986) 台北地區蓄水庫優養化潛式之初步探討及藻類去除技術之研究。台灣大學環境工程研究所碩士論文。
馮纘華 (1983) 水庫水質變化與特性。土木水利論文專集二，第33-42頁。
黃文鑑 (1997) 混凝、吸附對溶解性有機物去除及受預氯影響之研究。國立成奶j學環境工程學系博士論文。
黃文鑑、王春鎮 (2004) 藻類-Chlorella sp. 代謝之有機物分析在臭氧程序中變動之研究。弘光學報 43：159-165。
黃文鑑、陳茹雲、王春鎮 (2003) 消毒劑與優養化原水中藻類反應生成副產物之研究。第二十八屆廢水處理技術研討會論文集。
溫清光等 (1995) 澄清湖曝氣工程效益評估。台灣省自來水公司委託計畫，國立成奶j學環境工程學系。
葉宣顯、曾怡禎、林財富、陳振正、賴文亮 (2001) 澄清湖高級淨水模型廠試驗個案報告。中華民國自來水協會第十八屆自來水研究發表論文集，第269-287頁。
葉宣顯等 (2001) 澄清湖高級淨水處理模型廠試驗研究(第二年)。台灣省自來水公司委託研究報告。
賴文亮、葉宣顯、曾怡禎、周青氣 皓 (2001) 臭氧對優養化湖水生物穩定性影響之研究 。第二十六屆廢水處理技術研討會 15：1-176。
Aiken, G. and E. Cotsaris (1995) Soil and hydrology--Their effect on natural organic matter. Jour. AWWA. 87：36-45.
APHA, AWWA, WQF. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and wastewater, 19th edition 1995.
Akhlaq, M. S., H. P. Schuchann, and C. von Sonntag (1990) Degradation of the polysaccharide alginic acid：a comparison of the effects of uv light and ozone. Environ. Sci. Technol. 24：379-383.
Angell, P., A. A. Arrage, M.W. Mittelman, and D.C. White (1993) On line, non-destructive biomass determination of bacterial biofilms by fluorometry. Jour. Microbiol. Meth. 18：317-327.
AWWARF (1993a) Characterization of Natural Organic Matter and Its Relationship to Treatability. AWWA. Research Foundation and American Water Works Association, Denver, CO.
Bernhardt H. (1984) Treatment disturbance with water out of eutrophic reservoirs as consequences of extensive algal development. water supply. 12(1-4)：4-15.
Bill, R.T., M. R. Tandey, and T. D. Borck (1973) Algal extraction of C-Labeled compound and microbial interactions in cyanidium caldarium mats. Jour. Phycol. 9(2)：123-127.
Bourke, A.T.C., R .B. Hawes, A. Neilson, and N. D. Stallman (1983) An Outbreak of Hepato-Enteritis(The Palm Island Mystery Disease) Possibly Caused by Algal Intoxication. Toxicon Suppl. 3：45-48.
Bruchet, A., C. Rousseau, and J. Mallevialle (1990) Pyrolysis-GC-MS for Investigating High-Molecular-Weight THM Precursors and Other Refractory Organics. Jour. AWWA. 82(9)：66-74.
Burden, D. G. and R. F. Malone (1987) Instability in a small hypereutrophic urban lake. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 9：13-24.
Carmichael, W. W. (1992) Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites – The Cyanotoxins. Jour. Appl. Bacteriol. 72：445-459.
Chen, J., B. Gu, E. J. LeBoeuf, H. Pan, and S. Dai (2002) Spectroscopic characterization of the structural and functional properties of natural organic matter fractions. Chemosphere. 48：59-68.
Chen, Y., N. Senesi, and M. Schnitzer (1997) Information provided on humic substances by E4/E6 ratios. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 41：352-358.
Chin, Y. P., S. J. Traina, C. R. Swank, and D. Backhus (1998) Abundance and properties of dissolved organic-matter in pore waters of a fresh-water wetland. Limnol. Oceanography. 43(6) 1287-1296.
Coble, P. G., S. A. Green, N. V. Blough, and R. B.Gagosian (1990) Characterization of dissolved organic matter in the Black Sea by fluorescene spectroscopy. Nature 348：432-434.
Codd, G. A., and S. G. Bell (1985) Eutrophication and Toxic Cyanobacteria in Freshwaters. Jour. Wat. Pollut Control. 34：225-232.
Codd, G. A., S. G. Bell, and W. P. Brooks (1989) Cyanobacterial toxins in water. Wat. Sci. Technol. 21(3)：1-13.
Coles, J. F., and R. C. Jones (2000) Effect of temperature on photosynthesis-Light response and growth of four phytoplankton species isolated from a tidal freshwater river. Jour. phycol. 36：7-16.
Collins, R. P. and K. Kalnins (1965) Volatile constituent produced by the alga synura pretesenii I. The carbonyl fraction. Lloydia. 28：48-52.
Daltiero, R. A., W. H. Nelson, D. Britt, J. Sperry, D. Psaras, J. F. Tanguay, and S. L. Suib (1986) Steady-state and decay characteristice of protein tryptophan fluorescence from bacteria. Appl. Spectroscopy 40：86-90.
De Souza Sierra, M. M. Donard, O. F. X Lamotte, M. Belin, M. Ewald (1997) Fluorescence spectroscopy of coastal and marine waters. Mar. Chem. 47：127-144.
Determann, S., J. M. Lobbes, R. Reuter, and J. Rullkotter (1998) Ultraviolet fluorescene excitation and emission spectroscopy of marine algae and bacteria. Marine Chemistry. 62：137-156.
Determann, S., R. Reuter, P. Wagner, and R. Willkomm (1994) Fluorescent matter in the eastern Atlantic ocean; part 1.method of measurement and near-surface distribution. Deep-Sea Res. 1：659-675.
Edzwald, J. K., W. C. Becker, and K. L. Wattier (1985) Surrogate parameters for monitoring organic matter and THM precursors. Jour. AWWA. 77(4)：122-132.
Edzwald, J.K., and A. Paralkar (1992) Algae, Coagulation and Ozonation. In:Chemical Water and Wastewater Treatment II R. Klute and H. Halm Eds., Springer-Verlag, New York.
Gali, S.A., S. Assaf, L. Oded, S. Rakefet, and K. Aaron (2002) A novel gene encoding amidinotransferase in the cylindrospermopsin producing cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon ovalisporum. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 209：87-91.
Goel, S., R. H. Hozalski, and E. J. Bouwer (1995) Biodegradation of NOM：source and ozone dose. Jour. AWWA. 87(1)：90-105.
Hanna, S. A., S. M. Cone, and G. G. Roebuck (1967) Measurement of particle strength by particle. Jour. AWWA. 59：843-858.
Hautala, K., J. Peuravuori, and K. Pihlaja, (2000) Measurement of aquatic humus content by spectroscopic analysis. Wat. Res. 34(1)：246-258.
Henderson-Sellers, B., and H. R. Markland (1987) Decaying lakes, the origins and control of cultural eutrophication. New York.
Izaguirre, G. (1982) Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol from cyanobacteria in three water supply system. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43：708-714.
Karr, P. R., and T. M. Keinath (1978) Influence of the particle size on sludge dewaterability. Jour. WPCF. 50：1911-1930.
Konno, H. (1993) Settling and coagulation of slender type diatoms. Wat. Sci. Tech. 27：231-240.
Kratz, R.A. and J. Myers (1955) Nutrition and growth of several blue-green algae. Amer. Jour. Bot. 42：282-287.
Lai, W.L., H. H. Yeh, I. C. Tseng, T. F. Lin, J. J.Chen, and G. T. Wang (2002) Conventional versus advanced treatment for eutrophic Source Water. Jour. AWWA. 94(12)：96-108.
Li, J. K., and A. E. Humphrey (1990) Use of fluorometry for monitoring and control of a bioreactor. Biotechnol. Biong. 37：1043-1049.
Maloney, T.E. (1963) Research on algal odor. Jour. AWWA. 46：481-486.
Matthews, B. J. H., A. C. Jones, N. K. Theodorou, A. W. Tudhope (1996) Excitation-emission-matrix fluorescence spectroscopy applied to humic acid bands in coral reefs. Mar. Chem. 55：317-332.
McKnight, D. M., E. W. Boyer, P. K. Westerhoff, P. T. Doran, T. Kulbe, and D. T. Anderson (2001) Spectrofluorometric characterization of dissolved organic matter for indication of precursor organic material and aromaticity. Limnol. Oceanoor. 46(1)：38-48.
Mopper, K., and C. A. Schultz, (1993) Fluorescence as a possible tool for studying the nature and water column distribution of DOC components Mar. Chem. 41：229-238.
Namguk, H., A. Gary, H. R. Park, and M. Song (2004) Characterizing algogenic organic matter (AOM) and evaluating addociated NF membrane fouling. Wat. Res. 38：1427-1438.
Nishitani, G., H. Sugioka, and I. Imai (2002) Seasonal distribution of species of the toxic dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis in Maizuru Bay (Japan), with comments on their autofluorescence and attachment of picophytoplankton. Harmful Algae. 1：253-264.
Owen, D.M., G. L. Amy, and Z. K. Chowdhury (1993) Characterization of Natural Organic Matter and Its Relationship to Treatability. AWWA. Res. Fdn., Denver, Colo.
Palmer, C.M. (1962) Algae in water supplies. US.Public Health Service, Publ. 657 , Washinaton, D.C.
Patel-Sorrentino, N., S. Mounier, and Benaim, J.Y. (2002) Excitiation-Emission Fluorescence Matrix to Study pH influence on Organic matter Fluorescence in the Amazon basin Rivers. Wat. Res. 36：2571-2581.
Petruševski, A.N., A. N. van Breemen, and G. J.Alaerts (1995) Optimisation of Coagulation Conditions for Direct Filtration of Impounded Surface Water. Jour. Water SRT-Aqua. 44(2)：93-102.
Petruševski, A.N., A. N. van Breemen, and G. J.Alaerts (1996) Effect of Permanganate Pretreatment and Coagulation with Dual Coagulation on Algae Removal in Direct Filtration. Jour. Water SRT-Aqua. 45(5)：316-326.
Rashash, D. M. C., A. M. Dietrich, R. C. Hoehn, and B. C. Parker (1995) The influence of growth conditions on odor-compound Production by two chrysophytes and two cyanobacteria. Wat. Sci. Tech. 31(11)：165-172.
Reckhow, D.A., J. K Edwald, and J. E.Tobiason (1993) Ozone as an Aid to Coagulation and Filtration. AWWA research Foundation and American Water Works Association, Denver, CO.
Rrckhow, K.H. and S. C.Chapra (1983) Engineering approaches for lake management. Volumn 1: data analysis and empirical modeling. Butterworth Publishers Inc.
Sterner, R.W., and J. P. Grover (1998) Algal growth in warm temperature reservoirs：kinetic examination of nitrogen, temperature, light, and other nutrients. Wat. Res. 32(12)：3539-3548.
Stevenson, F.J. (1994) Humus Chemistry: Genesis, Composition, Reactions. John Wiley, New York.
Stevenson, R.J. (1983) Effects of current and conditions simulating autogenically changing microhabitats on benthic diatom immigration. Ecology 64：1514-1524.
Takahashi, O., S. Mayama, and A. Matsuoka (2003) Host-symbiont associations of polycystine Radiolaria:epifluorescence microscopic observation of living Radiolaria. Marine Micropaleontology 49：187-194
Ueno, Y., S. Nagata, T. Tsutsumi, A. Hasegawa, M. F. Watanabe, H. D. Park, G. C. Chen, G. Chen, and S. Z. Yu (1996) Detection of Microcystins, a Blue-Green Algal Hepatotoxin, in Drinking Water Sampled in Haimen and Fusui, Endemic Areas of Primary Liver Cancer in China, by Highly Sensitive Immunoassay. Carcinogenesis 17：1317-1321.
Watson, S.B., T. satchwill, E. Dixon, and E. McCauley (2001) Under-Ice Blooms and source-water odour in a nutrient-poor reservoir：biological, Ecologcal and applied perspectives. Freshwater Biology 46：1553-1567.
Wu, J. T., and R. M. Sykes (1998) Dinoflagellates associations in Fitsui Reservoir, Taiwan. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 39：137-145.