臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

隨著電子化教學媒體的快速發展，遠距教學環境逐漸從純電子書式的瀏覽進展為開始關心每一個學習者的個別需求。適性化教學的個人化學習特色，正是一個可以滿足現今遠距教學環境的教學方法。要達成適性化的教學目標，需要偵測學習者的學習狀態並產生相對應的個人化教材連結。對於程式語言的教學而言，熟練度是一項典型的指標，可以用來代表一個程式語言學習者的學習狀態。然而，在傳統的觀念中，熟練度過於抽象，導致我們只能知道熟練的人所寫的程式，比較能兼具效率、效能與品質；卻無法描述熟練度的值並進行比較。
因此本論文從程式語言學習與教育學的角度出發，探索一個程式語言專家所具備的行為特質，並依此提出一個熟練度的量化模型。根據量化參數，我們可以得到一個熟練度指標，用來標示每一位程式學習者的學習狀態。我們使用了一個線上學習系統(NMPTE)來收集學習者的學習行為。藉由線上學習資料與傳統考試結果的相關性分析，可以說明我們所提出來的熟練度模型足以代表程式語言的學習成效。因而可以輔助線上學習系統找到個人化的學習路徑，以達成適性化教學的理想。

With the rapid development of e-learning, education is shifting the paradigm from the pure electronic browsing to taking care of each learner’s learning state. Adaptation is an ideal learning framework to accommodate such a requirement. The strategies of detecting learning state and generating relative adaptation links affect the success of adaptive navigation. Proficiency is a classic indicator in testing learning states of programming. Similar to data mining, proficiency mining is added in the learning process to explore each learner’s proficiency from observable behavior. This dissertation presents a web-based learning system (NMPTE) embedded with a proficiency mining strategy that is used for supporting adaptive navigation. The strategy involves using quantified parameters to characterize the process of coding rehearsal. The criteria of selecting parameters are based on the psychology researches and the basic properties of learning to program. Web technologies with the standard of XML are adopted to describe adaptive curricula and proficiency parameters. Our experience demonstrates that proficiency mining shows sufficient evidence to represent programming performance and becomes a tool to detect users’ features in adaptation system.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION - 1 -
1.1 RESEARCH MOTIVATION - 1 -
1.2 BACKGROUND - 4 -
1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES - 6 -
1.4 ORGANIZATION OVERVIEW - 7 -
CHAPTER 2 RELATIVE WORKS - 8 -
2.1 QUANTIFYING LEARNING MODEL - 8 -
2.1.1 Quantifying Learning Effectiveness - 9 -
2.1.2 Quantifying Learning Efficiency - 10 -
2.2 QUANTIFYING KEYBOARD TYPING BEHAVIOR - 23 -
CHAPTER 3 QUANTIFYING PROFICIENCY - 29 -
3.1 THE THEORETICAL BASES OF PROGRAMMING PROFICIENCY - 29 -
3.1.1 Why Quantify Programming Proficiency? - 29 -
3.1.2 What Is the Meaning of Proficiency? - 30 -
3.2 QUANTIFIED PARAMETERS OF PROGRAMMING PROFICIENCY - 34 -
CHAPTER 4 NETWORK MULTIMEDIA PROGRAMMING TRAINING ENVIRONMENT - 42 -
4.1 GENERAL E-LEARNING PLATFORM - 42 -
4.2 CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF NMPTE - 45 -
4.3 ADAPTATION MODEL OF NMPTE - 47 -
4.4 DESIGNING PHILOSOPHY OF NMPTE - 53 -
4.5 FUNCTIONALITIES OF NMPTE - 55 -
4.6 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE OF NMPTE - 57 -
CHAPTER 5 METHODOLOGY - 63 -
5.1 DATA COLLECTION - 63 -
5.2 RESEARCH DESIGN - 64 -
5.2.1 Reliability of PI - 64 -
5.2.2 PI and Self-confidence - 66 -
5.3 RESULTS - 68 -
5.3.1 Relation between PI and Testing Results - 68 -
5.3.2 Relation between PI and Self-confidence - 69 -
CHAPTER 6 DISCUSSION - 71 -
6.1 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PI - 71 -
6.2 PI AND SELF-CONFIDENCE - 73 -
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS - 77 -
7.1 CONCLUSIONS - 77 -
7.2 FUTURE WORKS - 79 -
CHAPTER 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY - 81 -
APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRE - 87 -
APPENDIX B EI JOURNAL PAPER - 91 -

List of Figures
Figure 2-1. User Interface of the MPTE System - 22 -
Figure 2-2. The Behavior Description of a Learning Topic - 27 -
Figure 2-3. The Instance of Behavior Description for English Typing Course - 28 -
Figure 2-4. The Software Architecture of the ATLAS - 28 -
Figure 4-1. Key Elements of an Online Learning Platform - 45 -
Figure 4-2. The Model of Interactive Learning Environment - 46 -
Figure 4-3. Computer-based Learning Space with Adaptive Mechanism - 47 -
Figure 4-4. The Concept of Adaptation Navigation - 49 -
Figure 4-5. The Decomposition Example of Bubble Sort - 50 -
Figure 4-6. Adaptive Mechanism Concept - 53 -
Figure 4-7. System Architecture of NMPTE - 57 -
Figure 4-8. Compiling Messages of a Sample Code - 58 -
Figure 4-9. A Sample Record of Learning Activities in NMPTE Server - 59 -
Figure 4-10. Independent Running Client - 60 -
Figure 4-11. User Interface of Course Authoring Module - 62 -
Figure 4-12. User Interface of Learning Space Module - 62 -
Figure 6-1. The Time Continuum of the Learning Process - 72 -

List of Tables
Table 2-1. Parameter Values of Different Models - 15 -
Table 2-2. The Characteristics of Different Learning Model - 18 -
Table 3-1. The Relation between the Parameters and the Characteristics of
Learning to Program - 35 -
Table 5-1. The Correlation between Final Grades and Proficiency Indicator. - 68 -
Table 5-2. Spearman’s Correlation Results. - 69 -
Table 5-3. ANOVA Analyzing Results. - 70 -

[1].Abbeduto, L., Evans, J. & Dolan, T. (2001) ‘Theoretical Perspectives On Language And Communication Problems In Mental Retardation And Developmental Disabilities’. Mental Retardation And Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 7, pp.45-55.
[2].Allwood, C. (1986) ‘Novices on the computer: a review of the literature’. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 25, pp.633~658.
[3].Anderson, J. (1983) ‘The Architecture of Cognition’. Harvard University Press.
[4].Astin A. W., Banta T.W. & Cross. K. P., et al. ‘9 Principles of Good Practice for Assessing Student Learning’. http://www.aahe.org/assessment/principl.htm.
[5].Astleitner, H. & Keller, J. M. (1995) ‘A Model for Motivationally Adaptive Computer-assisted Instruction’. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 27(3). (Access on the web, 2003).
[6].Ben-Shaul, I. Z., Kaiser, G. E. & Heineman, G. T. (1992) ‘An architecture for multi-user software development environments’. Proceedings of SIGSOFT, 17(5), pp.149-158.
[7].Bess, S.W. (1999) ‘Welcome to the 21st century’. 29th ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, pp.12b9-1~12b9-2.
[8].Bork, A. (2001) ‘Tutorial Learning for the New Century’. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 10(1), pp.57-71.
[9].Bloom, B.S. (1956) ‘Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The classification of educational goals: Handbook 1: Cognitive Domain’. Longman, New York.
[10].Bork A. & Yoshii, R. (2002) ‘Computer-Based Learning Units for Many Languages and Cultures’. Proceedings of ICCE, 2, pp.924~928.
[11].Brown, R. W. (2001) ‘Multi-choice Versus Descriptive Examinations’. 31st ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, pp.T3A-13~T3A-18.
[12].Brusilovsky, P. (1996) ‘Methods and Techniques of Adaptive Hypermedia’. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction, 6(2), pp.87-129.
[13].Brusilovsky, P. (2001) ‘Adaptive Hypermedia’. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction, 11(1), pp.87-110.
[14].Brusilovsky, P., Schwarz, E. and Weber, G. (1996) ‘ELM-ART: An intelligent tutoring system on World Wide Web’. Third International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, ITS-96, Berlin: Springer Verlag, pp.261-269.
[15].Carrasquel, J. (1999) ‘Teaching CS1 on-line: the good, the bad, and the ugly’, Proceedings of SIGCSE, 31(1), pp.212-216.
[16].Carver, R. (1996) ‘Computer-Assisted Instruction for a First Course in Computer Science’. Frontiers in Education Conference, 2, pp.721~724.
[17].Chamillard, AT. & Joiner, J. K. (2001) ‘Using Lab Practica to Evaluate Programming Ability’. SIGCSE Bulletin, 33(1), pp.159-163.
[18].Chen, C.-C. (2000) ‘Millennium eLearning The Next Killer Application’. Proceedings of ICCE/ICCAI, Vol.1, pp. 13-21.
[19].Collaud, G., Gurtner, J-L. & Coen, P-F. (2000) ‘Design and use of hypermedia system at the university level’. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 16, pp.137-147.
[20].Cristea, A. I. & Okamoto, T. (2000) ‘Student model-based, agent-managed, adaptive distance learning environment for academic English teaching’. Proceedings of International Workshop on Advanced Learning Technologies (IWALT), 4-6 Dec. pp.159-162.
[21].Davies, G. & Cover, C. F. (2001) ‘Quality in Distance Education’. Proceedings of ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, pp10-13.
[22].De Bra, P. (2002) ‘Adaptive educational hypermedia on the web’. Communications of the ACM, 45(5), pp.60-61.
[23].De Bra, P., Brusilovsky, P., and Houben, G.-J. (1999) ‘Adaptive Hypermedia: From Systems to Framework’. ACM Computing Surveys, 31(4es), Article #12.
[24].Dreyfus, H. & Dreyfus, S. (1986) ‘Mind Over Machine’. Free Press.
[25].Fischier, S. (2001) ‘Course and Exercise Sequencing Using Metadata in Adaptive Hypermedia Learning Systems’. Journal of Educational Resources in Computing, 1(1), Article #3, pp.1-21.
[26].Franks, K. (1996) ‘Attitudes of Alaskan Distance Education Students toward Media and Instruction’. The American Journal of Distance Education, 10(3), pp.60-71.
[27].Geitz, R. (1994) ‘Concepts in the Classroom, Programming in the Lab’. SIGCSE Bulletin, 26(1), pp.164-168.
[28].Glass, G. & Ables, K. (1999) ‘UNIX for Programmers and Users’. Second edition, published by Prentice Hall.
[29].Guzdial, M., McCracken, M. & Elliott, A. (1997) ‘LCD: A Learner Centered Approach to Developing Educational Software’. Proceedings of Frontiers in Education Conference, F1I, pp.702.
[30].Hagan, D. & Sheard, J. (1998) ‘The Value of Discussion Classes for Teaching Introductory Programming’. Proceedings of ITiCSE, pp.108-111.
[31].Hong, H., & Kinshuk (2002) ‘Mobile Agents in Adaptive Learning Systems’. Proceedings of IEEE WMTE’02, pp.165-166.
[32].Horton, W. (2000) ‘Designing Web-Based Training’. John Wiley & Sons Press.
[33].Houstis, E. N., Joshi, A., Atallah, M., Weerawarana, S., & Elmagarmid, A. (1996), ‘Internet, Education, and the Web’. Proceedings of WET ICE’96, pp.27-32.
[34].Järvinen, K., Pienimäki, T., etc. (1999) ‘Between Tanzania and Finland: learning Java over the Web’. Proceedings of SIGCSE, 31(1), pp.217-221.
[35].Jones, T. (1989) ‘Incidental Learning During Information Retrieval: A Hypertext Experiment’. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Computer Assisted Learning, pp. 235-253.
[36].Joy, M. & Luck M. (1999) ‘Plagiarism in Programming Assignments’. IEEE Transactions on Education, 42 (2), May. pp. 129-133.
[37].Keller, J. M. (1999) ‘Using the ARCS Motivational Process in Computer-Based Instruction and Distance Education’. Journal of New Directions For Teaching and Learning, 78, pp.39-47.
[38].Kinshuk, Han, B., Hong, H. & Patel, A. (2001) ‘Student Adaptivity in TILE: A Client-Server Approach’. Proceedings of International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, pp.297-300.
[39].Lenschow, R. J. (1998) ‘From Teaching to Learning: A Paradigm Shift in Engineering Education and Lifelong Learning’. European Journal of Engineering Education, 23(2), pp.155-161.
[40].Liffick, B. W. & Aiken, R. (1996) ‘A novice programmer''s support environment’. SIGCSE Bulletin, 28(1), pp.49-51.
[41].Liou H.-C. & Yeh, H.-Y. (2000) ‘A Study of Using Web Articles to Support College English Students’ Ideas in Writing’. Proceedings of ICCE/ICCAI, Vol. 1, pp.309-316.
[42].Lister, R. & Leaney, J. (2003) ‘Introductory Programming, Criterion-Referencing, and Bloom’. SIGCSE Bulletin, 35(1), pp.143~147.
[43].Liu, M. (2003) ‘Enhancing Learners’ Cognitive Skills Through Multimedia Design’. Journal of Interactive Learning Environments, 11(1), pp.23-39.
[44].Mayer, R. E. (1981) ‘The Psychology of How Novices Learn Computer Programming’. Computing Surveys, 13(1), pp121-141.
[45].McCown, R., Driscoll, M. & Roop, P. G. (1996) ‘Educational Psychology’. 2nd, Published by Allyn and Bacon.
[46].Newman R. M., Gaura E. I. (2003) ''Formal design of SMIL presentations''. Proceedings of the 21st annual international conference on Documentation, pp.113-116.
[47].Parkinson, B. & Hudson, P. (2002) ‘Extending the learning experience using the Web and a knowledge-based virtual environment’. Computer & Education, 38, pp.95-102.
[48].Patel, A., Kinshuk & Russell, D. (2000) ‘Intelligent Tutoring Tools for Cognitive Skill Acquisition in Life Long Learning’. Educational Technology & Society 3(1), http://ifets.ieee.org/periodical/vol_1_2000/patel.html.
[49].Piaget, J. (1969) ‘The psychology of the child’. Published by Basic Books, New York.
[50].Porter, L. R. (1997) ‘Creating the Virtual Classroom: Distance Learning with the Internet’. Published by John Wiley & Sons.
[51].Quintana, C., Krajcik, J. & Soloway E. (2001) ‘Issues and Methods for Evaluating Learner-Centered Scaffolding’. Proceedings of IEEE Advanced Learning Technologies, 6-8 Aug., pp.353-356.
[52].Ratschiller, T. & Gerken, T. (2000) ‘Web Application Development with PHP 4.0’. Published by New Riders.
[53].Reek, K. A. (1989) ‘The TRY System or How to Avoid Testing Student Programs’. SIGCSE Bulletin, 21(1), pp.112~116.
[54].Shyu, Y.-H. (2005) ‘Quantifying the Learning Efficiency of Programming Learning and Its Implications’. The IPSI BgD Transactions on Advanced Research, 1(1), pp. 66-73.
[55].Shyu, Y.-H. & Chen, P.-W. (1999) ‘MPTE: Multimedia Programming Training Environment’. Proceedings of ICMCS''99, 1, pp.822-826.
[56].Shyu, Y.-H. & Chen, P.-W. (2000) ‘NMPTE: Network Multimedia Programming Training Environment’. Proceedings of ICME, 1, pp.471-474.
[57].Slavin, R. E. (1994) ‘Educational Psychology Theory and Practice’. Fourth ed. Published by Allyn and Bacon.
[58].Soloway, E. (1986) ‘Learning to program = Learning to construct mechanisms and explanations’. Communications of the ACM, 29(9), pp.850-858.
[59].Soloway, E., Ehrlich, K. (1984) ‘Empirical Studies of Programming Knowledge’. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, SE10(5), pp.595-609.
[60].Stevens, W. R. (1992) ‘Advanced programming in the UNIX environment’. Published by Addison-Wesley.
[61].Strigel, W. (1999) ‘What’s the problem: labor shortage or industry practices?’. IEEE Software, May/June, pp.52-54.
[62].Surry, D., Land, S. (2000) ‘Strategies for Motivating Higher Education Faculty to Use Technology’. Innovations in Education and Training International, 37(2), pp.145-153.
[63].Van den Berg, S., Watt, J. H. (1991) ‘Effects of Educational Setting on Student Responses to Structured Hypertext’. Journal of Computer-Based Instruction, 18(4), pp.118-124.
[64].Winslow, L. E. (1996) ‘Programming Pedagogy - A Psychological Overview’. SIGCSE Bulletin, 28(3), pp.17-22, 25.