臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在資訊電子產業中，知識與創新是二項非常重要的資產，關係到從事該產業未來的發展性，而綜觀國內外從事相關研究學者的論文，大都只探討知識與創新二個變項，而忽略了環境對其產業的影響。所以本研究乃是探討「不確定環境下台灣資訊電子產業知識移轉與創新能力關聯性之研究」。
然而在資訊電子產業中，生產、技術及研發部門與資訊電子產品具有絕對性的影響，所以本研究針對該產業與部門之特性，經由參考研究相關領域及產業之文獻後，本研究發展三個研究變項、十一個研究構面，並發展了三十五個題項之研究問卷。在研究對象的部分，共發放675份問卷，回收283份，扣除53份無效問卷之後，有效問卷數為230份，回收率為34.07%，待問卷回收完畢並建檔後，便進行信度分析、收斂效度、區別效度等分析，以確保問卷的一致性及有效性。本研究採用統計軟體Statistica 6.0進行路徑分析、中介效果分析，並評選出本研究之最佳配適模式為部分中介模式，而由路徑驗證的結果中得知，假設一、假設二及假設三皆為部分成立。

Knowledge and Innovation are two very important properties in information technology industry, which matters to it’s future development. Studying certain investigation from local or international scholars, most research is about two dimensions, knowledge and innovation, forgetting the affection an environment could cause to the industry. This research is about “A Study on the Relationships of Knowledge Transfer and Innovation Ability under Uncertainty Environment on Taiwan Information Technology Industry”.
In information technology industry, production, technical and R&D departments could cause absolutism effects to their products. This research focus on the specificity of each department, studying documents of certain academe and industry; here we developed into 3 research variables, 11 research dimensions, including uncertainty environment (ambiguity, complexity and cooperative partner), knowledge transfer (knowledge receive possibility, absorptive capacity, inter-organizational, technological transfer performance) and innovation ability (personal ability, R&D capability, product innovation, process innovation), these turn out to a questionnaire with 35 points.
As for the target, they are employees from production, technical and R&D departments in Taiwan’s listed or public known information technology company. With 675 questionnaire, 283 reply copies, 53 deductible copies, 230 effectual copies, reply rate as 34.07%. After calculating those questionnaire, analyzing their reliability, convergent, discriminant to make sure their consistency and effectiveness. This research process including path analysis and mediate effect analysis by Statistica 6.0, which offers the best suitable mediate model (χ2 as 245.84、df=13、GFI=0.84、NFI=0.93、CFI=0.93、RMSR=0.028). These attested shows 3 hypothetic exist.

第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 研究目的 2
1.3 研究範圍及其限制 2
1.4 研究流程 3
第二章 文獻探討 5
2.1 知識管理的重要性 5
2.1.1 知識的分類及特性 5
2.2 知識移轉 11
2.2.1 知識移轉的定義 11
2.2.2 知識移轉模式 17
2.2.3 知識移轉績效 22
2.2.4 影響知識移轉的因素 26
2.3 創新能力 30
2.3.1 創新能力的定義 30
2.3.2 創新能力的分類 32
2.3.3 影響創新的因素 38
2.4 不確定環境 39
2.4.1 不確定環境的定義 39
2.4.2 不確定環境的分類 41
2.4.3 知識模糊性 43
2.5 概念性研究架構圖 45
第三章 研究方法 47
3.1 研究假設 47
3.2 研究架構 47
3.3 操作型定義及其衡量方式 48
3.3.1 知識接收可能性 48
3.3.2 知識接收者之吸收能力 48
3.3.3 組織間的差異 49
3.3.4 技術移轉績效 49
3.3.5 個人能力 49
3.3.6 研發能力 49
3.3.7 產品創新能力 50
3.3.8 製程創新能力 50
3.3.9 模糊性 50
3.3.10 複雜性 51
3.3.11 合作夥伴的防護 51
3.4 問卷預試 52
3.4.1 內容效度(Content Validity) 52
3.4.2 信效度分析 53
3.5 分析方法介紹 55
3.6 信度分析 56
3.7 效度分析 58
第四章 資料分析與結果 60
4.1 敘述性統計分析 60
4.1.1 樣本結構 60
4.1.2 各變項間相關分析 61
4.2.1 巢狀分析 65
4.2.2 模式評估 66
第五章 結論 68
5.1 研究結論 68
5.2 管理意涵 69
5.3 未來研究方向 70
參考文獻 71
中文文獻 71
英文文獻 75
附錄一 研究問卷 85
附錄二 不確定環境構面之比 89

表目錄
表 2-1 知識的分類 8
表 2-2 知識移轉之定義 13
表 2-3 各學者之知識移轉績效的衡量方式 24
表 3-1 研究變項及構面來源 51
表 3-2 預試問卷各構面之信度分析 53
表 3-3 預試問卷各構面之收斂效度 54
表 3-4 預試問卷各構面之區別效度 55
表 3-5 正式問卷各構面之信度分析 56
表 3-6 各變項之驗證性因素分析結果 57
表 3-7 正式問卷各構面之收斂效度 58
表 3-8 正式問卷各構面之區別效度 59
表 4-1 問卷發放對象及回收狀況 60
表 4-2 各構面間之相關係數 63
表 4-3 假設路徑初步驗證結果 64
表 4-4 部分中介、完全中介及直接模式之比較 65
表 5-1 研究假設驗證結果 68

圖目錄
圖 1-1 研究流程圖 4
圖 2-1 知識管理循環 7
圖 2-2 知識的轉換模式 15
圖 2-3 知識創造螺旋圖 15
圖 2-4 核心能力的四個構面 17
圖 2-5 知識類型及轉換過程模型 19
圖 2-6 知識移轉五階段模式 20
圖 2-7 知識移轉過程的組成因子 22
圖 2-8 知識移轉流程判斷準則 23
圖 2-9 創新能力程度 33
圖 2-10概念性研究架構圖 46
圖 3-1 研究架構圖 48
圖 4-1 最適模型路徑圖 66

中文文獻
Drucker（民83）。後資本主義社會。台北，時報文化出版。
毛倩文（民80）。我國廠商國際技術引進成關鍵因素之研究。政治大學國際貿易研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北。
方世杰（民85）。企業技術交易模式影響因素之探討。台灣大學商研所博士論文，未出版，台北。
方世杰、林麗娟與鄭仲興（民79）。合作研發之組織學習與績效的研究-以參與工研院科技專案之廠商為例。科技管理學刊，5( 3)，105-134。
司徒達賢（民84）。策略管理。台北，遠流出版公司。
司徒達賢（民83）。台灣中小企業發展之經營策略。第一屆中小企業發展學術研討會論文集。台北，179-234。
吳萬益、譚大純與汪昭芬（民88）。企業估價理論在組織創新能力上之應用以『知識創造論』與『組織學習論』為觀點之實證研究。1999年中華民國科技研討會論文集。
吳思華（民87）。知識流通對產業創新的影嚮。第七屆產業管理研討會論文集。台北，政治大學科技管理研究所，2~42。
余清水（民84）。創新理論與實例的探討。清華大學工業工程研究所碩士論文，未出版，新竹。
呂鴻德與朱倍營（民91）。知識整合、創新策略與知識移轉績效關係之研究。中華管理學報，3(1)，59-74。
邱皓政（民89）。組織環境與創意行為—組織創新量表的發展與創新指標的建立(從科技產業到政府機構)。國科會專案研究計劃成果報告，技術創造力特性與開發研究，子計畫九，未出版。
林明杰（民81）。技術能力與技術引進績效相關之研究。政治大學企業管理研究所博士論文，未出版，台北。
林鴻達（民86）。技術移轉之因果模式研究。1997中華民國科技管理研討會論文集。
林晉寬（民84）。從資源基礎理論探討資源特性與成長策略之關係。政治大學企業管理研究所博士論文，未出版，台北。
俞慧芸（民84）。政府科技專案技術移轉績效之研究—以台灣電子資訊產業為例。中山大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄。
施振榮（民89）。iO聯網組織--知識經濟的經營之道。台北，天下生活出版社。
徐秀燕（民89）。金融業員工生涯發展方案實施現況之研究。國立台灣師範大學工業科技教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北。
徐作聖（民88）。國家創新系統與競爭力。台北，聯經出版社。
徐木蘭（民82）。服務業分類模式及其特質之研究。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告。
馬曉雲（民89）。新經濟的運籌管理知識管理。微軟出版。
唐順明（民90）。環境不確定情況下策略聯盟管理對於績效影響之研究。中山管理評論，9(3)，335-372。
耿筠（民86）。高科技產業經理人購買技術行為之研究－以新竹科學工業原區經理人為例。國立中山大學企業管理學系研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄。
許健輝（民90）。知識模糊性與知識接收可能性在知識移轉過程中所扮演角色之探討。國立台灣科技大學企業管理系碩士論文，未出版，台北。
許士軍（民79）。管理學。台北，東華書局。
陳心田與周正樑（民92）。連鎖商知識特性、知識移轉機制與知識移轉績效關聯性之探討。商管科技季刊，4(4)，331-358。
陳朝嘉（民90）。連鎖體系總部與直營店和加盟店之間的知識移轉與經營型態選擇。國立政治大學企業管理學系碩士論文，未出版，台北。
陳亞媛（民90）。聯盟特性對知識/技術移轉績效影響之研究-台灣中小企業之實證分析。銘傳大學國際企業管理研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北。
陳怡之（民84）。我國廠商技術移轉需求與特性分析。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告，台北，行政院國家科學委員會。
陳定國與徐金水（民67）。中外技術合作之有效途徑(條件與程序)。台北，工業技術研究院金屬研究所。
張忠謀（民89/11/01）。電子業不創新就沒有未來。經濟日報，記者曹正芬。
張力（民89）。「關係」網絡（Guanxi）的建立構面與經理人對「關係」網絡認知之研究。淡江大學管理科學學系碩士論文，未出版，台北。
張如蓮（民85）。高科技事業中創新類型與組織知識創造之研究。國立政治大學科技管理研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北。
黃元順（民90）。技術能力與特性類型搭配互動模式對技術移轉績效之研究。中央大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，未出版，桃園。
黃家齊（民79）。技術引進成效影響因素之研究。中原大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，未出版，桃園。
楊其清（民90）。組織內部知識移轉流程之研究-以惠普科技顧問事業群為例。國立台灣師範大學工業科技教育學系碩士論文，未出版，台北。
楊仲偉（民89）。台灣廠商自大陸技術移轉模式之研究。中原大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，未出版，桃園。
楊君琦（民88）。技術移轉互動模式失靈及重塑之研究---以研究機構與中小企業技術合作為例。台灣大學商學研究所博士論文，未出版，台北。
趙郁文（民87）。跨國委託製造對台灣資訊電子廠商營運能力之提升效果。中山管理評論，6(4)，1113-1136。
廖盈琪（民92）。研發創新能力指標。科技發展標竿，3 (1)，7-17。
劉嘉雄（民91）。影響企業創新績效之組織因素研究-以台灣地區製造業為例。靜宜大學企業管理所碩士論文，未出版，台中。
劉常勇（民90）。知識管理的策略。上網日期：民90年3月6日。網址：http://www.cme.org.tw/know/。
劉常勇（民89）。幾個有關知識管理議題之初探。上網日期：民89年3月7日。網址：http://www.cme.org.tw/know/。
劉碧琴（民87）。個人創越、企業文化對組織創新的影響。國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄。
賴鍾慶（民92）。創新能力的來源及其本身對技術商品化績效之影響。國立中興大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，未出版，台中，
賴士葆、王秉鈞與黃佑安（民86）。創新能力與新產品研發過程關係之研究。中華民國科技管理研討會論文集。
賴士葆（民81）。如何提高新產品研發績效。中衛簡訊，70-74。
蔡裕源（民83）。移轉技術類型、管理機制與移轉績效關係之研究。國立政治大學企業管理研究所博士論文，未出版，台北。
謝龍發與張根榮（民93）。創新觀點之企業競爭策略與競爭力的相關研究。管理與資訊學報，9，89112。
謝龍發（民89）。產品創新類型與績效之研究—資源基礎模式與競爭優勢環境模式。中原學報，28(2)，13-22。
謝文凱（民82）。技術移轉過程互動程度與技術移轉績效關係之研究—以共同研發聯盟為例。中原大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，未出版，桃園。
繆敏志（民91）。環境不確定性與組織文化類型、強度、均衡性及集群關係之研究。企業管理學報。55，83-111。
簡俊成與洪清德（民92）。外部知識移轉之研究—以臺灣上市上櫃製造業公司為例。管理學報，20(5)，929-964。
簡俊才（民86）。互動機制、吸收能力與訓練對技術移轉績效之影響－以工研院主導之共同研發聯盟為例。國立暨南大學國際企業學系碩士論文，未出版，南投。
簡瑞峰（民84）。產業創新力的研究。台灣大學商學研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北

英文文獻
Abernathy, & Clark (1985). Innovation: Mapping the Winds of Creative Destruction. Research Policy, 3-19.
Albino, V., Garavelli, A., & Schiuma, G. (1999). Knowledge transfer and inter-firm relationships in industrial districts: the role of the leader firm. Technovation, 19, 53-63.
Amabile, T. M. (1997). Motivating Creativity in Organizations: On Doing What You Love and Loving What You Do. California Management Review, 40(1), 39- 58.
Amabile, T. M., Conti, R., Coon, H., Lazenby, J., & Herron, M., (1996). Assessing the Work Environment for Creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 39(5), 1154-1184.
Anderson, J. C., & D. W. Gerbing (1988). Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.
Argote, L., & P. Ingram (2000). Knowledge transfer in organizations: Learning from the experience of others. Organization Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 1(82), 1-8.
Argyris, C., & Schon D. A. (1978). Organizational Learning: a Theory of Action Perspective. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Massachusetts.
Arrow, Kenneth J. (1984). Information and economic behavior Collected Papers of Kenneth J.Arrow, 4.
Arrow, Kenneth J. (1974). The Limits of Organization. New York: Norton.
Badaracco, J. (1991). Knowledge link: How firms compete through strategic alliances. Boston: Harvard Business School.
Baranson, J. (1987). Technology transfer: Example from pakistan. Multinational Business, 4(2), 18-26.
Bensaou, M., ＆ Venkatraman N. (1995). Configurations of interorganizational relationships: A comparison between U. S. and Japanese automakers. Management Science, 41, 147- 192.
Bentler, P. M., (1988). Theory and implementation of EQS: A strucyural equations program. Los Angeles: BMDP Statistical Software.
Bessant, J., & Cayn, S. (1997). High-innovation through management. International Journal of Technology Management, 14(1), 7-28.
Boisot, M. (1998). Knowledge assets: securing competitive advantage in the information economy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Brooking, A. (1996). Introduction to Intellectual Capital. The Knowledge Broker Ltd. Cambridge, England.
Brooks, H. (1966). National science policy and technology transfer, pro- ceeding of technology transfer and innovation. Washington, District of Columbia: National Science Foundation.
Chacke, G. K. (1988). Technology Management-Application to Corporate Marketed and Military Missions. New York.
Chou, C. (2001). Formative evaluation of synchronous CMS systems for a learner-Centered online course. Journal of interactive learning research, 12(2/3), 173-192.
Clark, J., & Guy, K. (1998). Innovation and Competitiveness: A Review. Technology Analysis and strategic Management, 10(3), 363-395.
Cohen, W. M., & Daniel, A. L. (1990). Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35,128-152.
Collis, D. J. (1991). A resources-based analysis of global competition: The case of the bearing industry. Strategic Management Journal, 12, 49-68.
Daft, L., & Richard (2004). Organization Theory and Design, South-Western.
Daft, R. L. (2001). Organization theory and design (7th Ed.) Cincinnati, Ohio: South-Western Publishing.
Damanpour, F. (1991). Organizational innovation: A meta-analysis of effects of determiants and doerators. Academy of Management Jouranl, 34,555-590.
Davenport, T. H., & Prusak L. (1998). Working Knowledge：How Organizations Manage What They Know. Harvard Business School Press.
Davidson, W. H. (1993). Beyond Re-engineering: The Three Phase of Business Transformation. IBM System Journal, 32(1), 65-79.
Dess, G. G.., & Beard. D. W. (1984). Dimensions of Organizantional Task Environments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29, 52-73.
Drucker P. (1985). Innovation and Entrepreneurship. New York：Practice and Principles.
Dixon, N. M. (2000). Common knowledge: How companies thrive by sharing what they know. Boston: Harvard Business School.
Fleck, J. (1994). Learning by Trying: The Implementation of Configurational Technology. Research Policy, 23, 637-636.
Fleck, J. (1992). Expertise, Knowledge, Tradability and Power. Paper Presented at The Workshop Exploring Expertise, Edinburgh, November.
Gattiker, U. E. (1990). Technology management in organization. Sage, CA.
Gilbert, M., & Cordey-Hayes, M. (1996). Understanding the process of knowledge transfer to achieve successful technological innovation. Technovation, 16(6), 301-312.
Glazer, R. (1991). Marketing in an Information-Intensive Environment: Strategic Implications of Knowledge as an Asset. Journal of Marketing, 55(4), 1-18.
Gobeli, D. H., & Brown, D. J. (1987). Analyzing Product Innovations. Research Management, 30(4), 25-31.
Goodhue, D. L., & Thompson R. L. (1995). Task-technology fit and individual performance. MIS Quarterly, 19(2), 213-236.
Grady, A., & Locke, M. (1997). The Progress of Technology Transfer and the Channel of International Education. Industry and Higher education, 11(5), 278-286.
Grant, R. M. (1996). Toward a Knowledge-Based Theory of the Firm. Strategic Management Journa, 17(NSI), 109-122.
Hall, Richard, & Andriani, Pierpaolo. (2003). Managing knowledge associated with innovation. Information and Organization, 13(1), 25-52.
Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. A. (1984). Upper echelons: The organizations as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 193-207.
Hamel, G. (1991). Competition for competence and inter-partner learning within international strategic alliance. Strategic Management Journal, 12, 133-139.
Hansen, M. T., Nohria, N., & Tierney, T. (1999). What’s your strategy for managing knowledge? Harvard Business School Press., New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 665-676.
Harem, T., Krogh, G., & Roos, J. (1996). Knowledge-Based Strategic Change. Managing KnowledgePerspectives on Cooperation and Competition, SAGE Publications.
Hayami, Y., & Ruttan, V. W. (1971). Agricultural Productivity Differences among Countries. American Economic Review, 60(4), 895-911.
Hedlund (1994). A model of Knowledge management and the N-form corporation. Strategic Management Journal, 15, 73-90.
Heide, J. B., & Weiss, A. M. (1995). Vendor Consideration and Switching Behavior for Buyers in High-technology Markets. Journal of Marketing, 59(3), 30-43.
Henderson, R. M., & Clarks, K. B. (1990). Architectural Innovation: The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Technologies and the Failure of Established Firms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 9-30.
Hendriks, P., (1999). Why Share Knowledge? The Influence of ICT on Motivation for Knowledge Sharing. Knowledge and Process Management, 6(2), 91-100.
Hidding, G. J., & Catterall, S. M. (1998). Anatomy of a Learning Organization: Turning Knowledge into Capital at Andersen consulting. Knowledge and Proces management, 5(1), 3–13.
Higgins, J. M. (1995). The Core Comptence: Innovation. Planning Review, 23(6), 32-35.
Hollentein, H. (1996). A composite indicator of a firm’s innovativeness: An emprical analysis based on surver data for Swiss manufacturing. Research Policy, 25(4), 633-645.
Holt, K. (1988). The Role of the User in Product Innovation. Tech- innovation, 12, 53-56.
Holt, K. (1982). Product Innovation Management, 2nd ed.: Butter Worths.
Howells, J. (1996). Tacit Knowledge, Innovation and Technology Transfer. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 8(2).
Huber, G. P. (1991). Organizational learning: The contributing processes and the literatures. Organization Sciences, 2, 88-115.
Hussey, D. E. (1997). The innovation challenge. In John-Wiley & Sons (Eds.): 216-218.
Katz, R., Rebentisch, E. S., & Allen, T. J. (1996). Study of technology transfer in multinational cooperative joint venture. IEEE Transaction on Engineering Management, 43 (1), 97-105.
Khalil, O. E. M. (1996). Innovative Work Environments: The Role of Information Technology and Systems. Sam Advanced Management Journal, 32-39.
Klein, Saul, Frazier, Gary L., & Roth, Victor J. (1990). A transaction cost analysis model of channel integration in international markets. Journal of marketing research, 27(2), 196-208.
Knudsen, H. K., & Roman, P. M. (2004). Modeling the use of innovations in private treatment organizations: The role of absorptive capacity. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 26, 353-361.
Kogut, B. (1988). Joint Ventures: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives. Strategies Management Journal, 319-322.
Kogut, B., & Zander, U. (1992). Knowledge of the Firm, Integration Capabilities, and the Replication of Technology. Organization Science, 3, 383-397.
Koh, Winston T.H., Narasimhalu, Desai A., & Tan, Wee Liang. (2005). Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 72(3), 249-254.
Kostova, T. (1997). Success of the transnational transfer of organizational practices within multinational companies. University of Minnesota, Ph. D. Dissertation.
Kuczmarski, T. D. (1996). Innovation: Leadership Strategic for the Competitive Edge. NTC Publishing Group, USA.
Kulkarni, S. P., & K. C. Heriot. (1999). Transaction costs and information costs as determinants of the organizational form: A conceptual synthesis. American Business Review, 17(2), 43-52.
Lado, A. A., Boyd, N. G., & P, Wright, (1992). A Competency-Based Model of Sustainable Competitive Advantage: Toward a Conceptual Integration. Journal of Management, 18(1), 77-91.
Lahti, R. K., & Beyerlein, M. M. (2000). Knowledge Transfer and Management Consulting: A Look at the Firm. Business Horizon, 1(43), 65-74.
Lane, P. J., & M. Lubatkin (1998). Relative Absorptive Capacity and Interorganizational Learning. Strategic Manament Journal, 461-477.
Leonard, D., & Sensiper, S. (1998). The Role of Tacit Knowledge in Group Innovation. California Management Review, 40(3), 112-132.
Leonard-Barton, (1995). Wellsprings of Knowledge: Building and Sustaining the Sources of Innovation. Harvard. Business School Press.
Leonard-Barton, D., & Sinha, D. K. (1993). Develop-user Interation an User Satisfaction in Internal Technology Transfer. Academy of Management Journal, 36 (5), 1125-1139.
Levin, R., A. Klevorick, R. Nelson, & S. Winter. (1987). Appropriating the returns from industrial research and Development. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 783-820.
Levin D.Z., Cross R. (2004). The strength of weak ties you can trust: The mediating role of trust in effective knowledge transfer. Mamagegent Science, 50 (11), 1477-1490.
Lin B. W. (2003). Technology transfer as technological learning: a source of competitive advantage for firms with limited R&D resources. R & D Management, 33(3), 327-341.
Lyles, M. A., & Salk, J. E. (1996). Knowledge Acquisition from Foreign Partners in International joint Ventures: An Empirical Examination in The Hungarian Context. Journal of International Business Studies, 877-903.
Mansfield, E. (1982). Technology Transfer，Productivity and Economic Policy. W.W. Norton and Company Inc.
Maula, M. (2000). Three parallel knowledge processes. Knowledge and Process Management, 7(1), 55-59.
Marquis, D. G. (1972). The Anatomy of Successful Innovation. Managing advancing Technology, 1, 35-48.
McGourt, J., Trashis, L. A., & Dominick, P. (1996). Managing Innovation: Lessons from World Class Organizations. International Journal of Technology management, 11(3/4), 354-368.
Miller, K. D. (1992). A Framework for Integrated Risk Management in International Business. Journal of International Business Studies, 21, 311-331.
Miller. S. M. (1990). The strategic management of technological R&D: an ideal process for the 1990’s. International Journal of Technology Management, 5(2), 153-163.
Minbeava, D., Pedersen, T., Bjorkman, I., Fey, C. F., & Park, H.J. (2003). MNC knowledge transfer, sybsidiary absorptive capacity and HRM. Journal of International Business Studies, 34, 586-599.
Myers, P. ed. (1996). Knowledge Management and Organizational Design. Butterworth-Hwinwmann.
Nancy, M. D. (2000). Common Knowledge: How companies thrive by sharing what they know. Harvard Business School Press, Boston.
Nonaka, I. (1994). A Dynamic Theory of Organization Knowledge Creation. Organization Science, 5(1), 14-37.
Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The Knowledge Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation. Oxford University Press.
Noordewier, T. G., George, J., & Nevin, J. R. (1990). Performance Outcomes of Purchasing Arrangements in Industrial Buyer-Vender Relationships. Journal of Marketing, 80-93.
O’Dell, C. S., & C. J. Grayson (1998). If Only We Knew What We Know: The Transfer of Internal Knowledge and Best Practice, N.J.: Free Press.
Ounjian, M. L., & Carne, E. B. (1987). A Study of Factors Which Affect Technology Transfer in a Multilocation Multibusiness Unit Corporation. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 34(3), 194-201.
Petroni, Alberto, & Panciroli, Barbara. (2002). Innovation as a determinant of suppliers’ roles and performances: an empirical study in the food machinery industry. European Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 8(3), 135-149.
Polanyi, M., (1958). Personal Knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Polanyi, M. (1967). The Tacit Dimension. M.E Sharp Inc, NY.
Puick, V. (1985). Strategic Human Resource Management in a Multi-National Firm in Strategic Management Corporations: The Essentials ed. H.V. Wortzel and L.H. Wortzel, New York: John Wiley, Inc.
Reddy, N. M., & Zhao L. (1990). International technology t ransfer: A review. Research Policy, 19(4), 285-307.
Reddy, N. M., & Zhao L. (2000). International technology transfer: A review. Research Policy, 31(7), 1053-1067.
Reed, R., & DeFillip, J. R. (1990). Causal Ambiguity, Barriers to Imitation, and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Academy of Management Review, 15, 88-102.
Reisman, Arnold. (1989). Technology Transfer: A Taxonomic View. Technology Transfer, 31.
Rindfleisch, Aric, & Jan B. Heide, (1997). Transaction Cost Analysis: Past Present, and Future Applications. Journal of Marketing, 61(4), 30-54.
Robbins, S. P. (1998). Organizational Behavior. (8th ed) N.Y.: Prentice Hall.
Robbins, Stephen P. (1994). Management. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc.
Roberts, J. (2000). From Know-how to Show-how? Questioning the Role of Information and Communication Technologies in Knowledge Transfer. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 12(4), 429-443.
Robertson, T. S., & Gatignon, H. (1998). Technology Development Mode: A Transaction Cost Conceptualization. Strategic Management Journal, 19, 515-531.
Robinson, D. Richard, (1988). The International Transfer of Technology-theory Issues and Practice. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ballinger Publishing Company.
Rochford, Linda (1991). Generating and Screening New Product Ideas.Industrial Marketing Management, 20(4), 287-297.
Rogers Everett M. (1972). Key Concepts and Models. In Inducing Technological Change for Economic Growth and Development, Solo and Rogers (eds), Michigan State University Press, 95.
Rogers, E. M., & Solo, R. A. (1972). Including Technological Change for Economic Growth and Development. East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Press.
Romijn, Henny, & Albaladejo, Manuel (2002). Determinants of innovation capability in small electronics and software firms in southeast England. Research Policy, 31, 1053-1067.
Rothwell, R. (1992). Successful industrial innovation: critical factors for the 1990s. R＆D Management, 22(3), 221-239.
Ruekert R. W., & Walker O. C. (1987). Marketing’s Interaction with Other Function Unit: A conceptual framework and empirical evidence. Journal of Marketing, 51(1), 1-9.
Quinn, J. B., Anderson, P., & Finkelstein, S. (1996). Managing professional intellect: Making the most of the best. Harvard Business Review, 74, 71-80.
Schumann, P. A., D. C. Prestwood, A. H. Tong, & J. H. Vanston, (1994). Innovate: Straight path to quality customer delight & competitive ad-vantage. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Schumpeter, J (1934). The Theory of Economic Development. Harvard University Press.
Scott S. G., Bruce, R. A. (1994). Determinants of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in workplace. Academy of management journal, 37(3), 580-607.
Shedian, E. H. (1985). Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Senge.
Steensma, H. K. (1996). Aquireing technological competencies through interorganizational collaboration: An organizational learning perspective. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 12(2), 267-286.
Stuart, T. E., & Podolny, J. M. (1996). Local Search and the Evolution of Technological Capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 17, 21-38.
Simmonds, P. G., Dawley, D. D., Ritchie, W. J., & Anthony, W. P. (2001). An Exploratory Examination of the Knowledge Transfer of Strategic Management Concepts from the Academic Environment to Practicing Managers. Journal of Managerial Issues, 8(3), 360-375.
Simonin, B. L. (2004). An empirical investigation of the process of knowledge transfer in international strategic alliances. Journal of International Business Studies, 35(5), 407-427.
Simonin, B. L. (1999). Ambiguity and the process of knowledge transfer in strategic alliances. Strategic management journal, 20, 595-623.
Song, Souder, Wm. E., & Dyer, Barbara (1997). A Causal Model of the Impact of Skills, Synergy, and Design Sensitivity on New Product Performance. Journal of Product Innovation Managemnet, 14, 88-101.
Souder, W. E., Sherman, J. D., & Cooper, R. D. (1998). Environmental Uncertainty, Organizationa l Integration, and New Product Development Effectiveness: A Test of Contingency Theory. Journal of Product Innovation management, 15(6), 520-533.
Souder, W. E., & Song, X. M. (1997). Contingent Product Design and Marketing Strategies Influencing New Product Success and Failure in U.S. and Japanese Electronics Firm. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 14, 21- 34.
Souder, W. E. (1987). Management New Product Innovations. Lexington Books, 217-220.
Spender, J. C. (1996). owledge and the firm：Overview. Stategic Management Journal, 17, 27-43.
Szulanski, G. (1996). Exploring internal stickness: To the transfer of best practice within the Firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17, 27-43.
Teece, D. J. (1976). The Multinational Corporation and Resource Cost of International Technology Transfer. Cambridge, Mass: Ballinger.
Teece, D. J. (1986). Profiting From Technology Innovation：Implications for Integration, Colaboration, Licensing and Public Policy. Research Policy, 15(6), 285-305.
Teece, D. J. (1987). Profiting from technological innovation：Implications for integration collaboration licensing and public poliy. The Competitive Challenge. Ballinger, Cambridge.MA, 185-219.
Tan, R. R. (1996). Success Criteria and Success Factor for External Technology Transfer Project. Technovation, 27(2), 45-56.
Tidd, J., Bessant, J., & Pavitt, K. (1997). Management Innovation: Integrating Technological, Market and Organizational Change. Chichester, West Sussex, England; New York: John Wiley & Sons Press.
Tiemessen, L., H. W. Lane, M. M. Crossan, & A. C. Inkpen (1997). Knowledge management in international joint ventures’. In P. Beamish and J. Killings (eds.), Cooperative Strategies, North American Perspectives. New Lexington Press, San Francisco, CA, 370-399.
Tsai W. (2000). Social capital, strategic relatedness and the formation of Intraorganizational linkages. Strategic Management Journal, 21, 925-939.
Turban, E. (1992). Expert Systems and Applied Artificial Intelligence. Macmillan.
Van den Bosch, F.A.J., Volberda, H.W., & de Boer, M. (1999). Coevolution of Firm Absorptive Capacity and Combinative Environment: Organizational Forms and Combinative Capabilities. Organization Science, 10(5), 551-568.
Verkasalo, M., & P. Lappalainen. (1998). A Method of Measuring the Efficiency of the Knowledge Utilization Process. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 4(45), 414-423
Vrakking. W. J. (1990). The Innovative Organization. Long Range Planning 23(2), 94-102.
Wang, P., Tong, T. W., & Koh, C. P. (2004). An integrated model of knowledge transfer from MNC parent to China subsidiary. Journal of World Business, 39, 168-182.
Walker, O. C. Jr., & Ruekert, R. W. (1987). Marketing’s Role in the Implementation of Business Strategies: A Critical Review and Conceptual Framework. Journal of Marketing, 51(3), 15-33.
Walker, G., Weber, D. (1984). A Transaction Cost Approach to Make-or-Buy Decisions. Administrative Science Quarterly. Ithaca, 29(3), 373-391.
Wendi, R., & Bukowitz, L. (1999). The knowledge management fieldbook. London: Financial Times Prentice Hall.
Wiig, K. (1993). Knowledge Management Foundation. Schema Press.
Williamson, O. (1985). The Economic Institutions of Capitalism：Firm, Markets, Relational Contracting. Free Press, New York.
Winter, S. (1987). Knowledge and competetence as strategic assects. The Competetive Challenge, 159-184.
Wortzel, R. (1979). New life style determinates of women’s food shopping behavior. Journal of Marketing, 43, 28-29.
Zahra, S. A. (1996). Technology Strategy and Financial Performance: Examining the Moderating Role of the Firm''s Competitive Environment. Journal of Business Venturing, 11(3), 189-219.
Zander, U., & Kought, B. (1992). Knowledge of the Firm, Combinative Capabilities and the Replication of Technology. Organization Science, 3 (3), 383-397.