相關文獻指出台灣地區因高溫、高濕度環境，十分適合塵蟎、真菌、細菌等微生物生長。而研究發現塵蟎過敏原（尤其是Der p 1和Der f 1）和兒童氣喘的發生有很高的相關性，家中主要的暴露來源是床鋪，如何減少床鋪中塵蟎過敏原（Der p 1和Der f 1）濃度是一項重要的環境衛生課題。
本研究針對大台北地區30個家戶在2004年12月及2005年4月進行調查，利用問卷蒐集居家環境、寢具、家具材質、清理方式及頻率、個人及家人健康狀況等相關資訊。此外蒐集客廳和臥房中的家塵樣本，分析塵蟎過敏原（Der p 1和Der f 1）及可培養真菌的濃度，並測量環境中溫度、濕度和二氧化碳濃度。利用統計模式評估影響塵蟎過敏原（Der p 1和Der f 1）與真菌濃度分佈的相關變項。研究結果顯示床鋪中Der f 1及Der p 1濃度的幾何平均值各為7.04及2.70μg/g，總真菌濃度為55247CFU/g，出現頻率最多的菌屬是Penicillium。有使用地毯、居住年數較短、屋齡較短、家中有過敏性疾病的人數較多、經常清理枕頭、近期清理的枕頭（≦1週）及經常清洗被套（≦1個月）與低塵蟎與真菌過敏原濃度相關。
本研究提供大台北地區過敏原的分佈情形，以及與過敏原相關的環境及居家狀況因子。未來應該進行長期追蹤性的調查，找出有效減少居家過敏原暴露的方法。

High temperature and relative humidity in Taiwan provides appropriate environmental conditions for microbial growth, including dust mites, fungi and bacteria. Studies have shown that dust mite allergens (especially Der p 1 and Der f 1) are highly correlated with childhood asthma, and bed is the major exposure source at home. Therefore, how to reduce dust mite allergen levels in bed becomes an important environmental issue.
We studied 30 households in the Greater Taipei area from December 2004 to April 2005. Questionnaires were used to collect information on home environments, types of beddings and furniture, cleaning methods/frequencies, and personal and family health. We collected dust samples from living rooms and bedrooms to analyze dust mite allergens (Der p 1 and Der f 1), and culturable fungi. Temperature, relative humidify, and carbon dioxide were measured concurrently. We used multiple regressions to evaluate the associations between allergens and environmental factors. According to our results, the geometric means of dustborne Der p 1 and Der f 1 in bed were 7.04 and 2.70 μg/g, respectively. The average total fungal concentration in bed was 55247 CFU/g. Penicillium was the fungal genus recovered most frequently in bed. Lower dust mite and fungal levels were associated with carpet presence, shorter house age and living period, more family members with allergic disease, frequently and recently cleaned pillows, and regularly cleaned quilt cover.
This study provides the distributions of allergens in the Greater Taipei area, and the environmental and household factors correlated with allergen levels. More follow-up studies should be conducted in the future in order to explore effective methods to reduce home allergen exposure.

第一章 前言 1
第一節 研究背景 1
第二節 研究目的 3
第二章 文獻探討 4
第一節 過敏性呼吸道疾病 4
第二節 塵蟎 6
一、塵蟎簡介： 6
二、健康效應： 6
三、塵蟎過敏原分佈及相關環境因子： 7
四、塵蟎過敏原在台灣的分佈： 8
五、防蟎措施 10
第三節 真菌 14
第四節 小結： 16
第三章 材料與方法 17
第一節 研究架構 17
第二節 研究對象 17
第三節 問卷調查資料 18
第四節 環境樣本 20
一、採樣時間及地點： 20
二、環境過敏原測量： 20
三、室內空氣品質因子測量： 25
第五節 資料分析： 27
一、資料建檔： 27
二、統計分析： 27
第六節 品質保證與品質控制： 28
一、採樣流程： 28
二、標準化流程： 28
三、灰塵樣本採樣工具： 28
四、直讀式儀器： 28
五、分析用工具： 28
六、真菌培養： 29
七、塵蟎過敏原分析： 29
八、資料建檔： 29
第四章 結果 30
第一節 研究對象 30
第二節 居家環境狀況 30
第三節 臥房與客廳環境狀況 31
第四節 過敏原分佈情形 32
一、灰塵重量 32
二、塵蟎過敏原 32
三、真菌 33
四、過敏原間的相關性 34
五、過敏原單變項迴歸模式分析 34
六、過敏原多變項迴歸模式分析 36
第五章 討論 39
第一節 重要研究結果 39
第二節 過敏原濃度分佈 39
一、塵蟎過敏原： 39
二、真菌濃度： 41
第三節 溫度、濕度、二氧化碳濃度 41
第四節 過敏原決定因子 42
一、塵蟎過敏原 42
二、真菌 43
第四節 研究限制 43
第五節 結論與建議 44
第六章 參考文獻 45
第七章 圖表 60
第一節 表格 60
第二節 圖 79
第八章 附錄 90
附錄一 同意書 90
附錄二 問卷 91
附錄三 塵蟎過敏原分析步驟 98

Arbes, S. J., Jr., R. D. Cohn, M. Yin, M. L. Muilenberg, H. A. Burge, W. Friedman and D. C. Zeldin (2003). "House dust mite allergen in US beds: results from the First National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing." J Allergy Clin Immunol 111(2): 408-14.

Arif, A., T. Borders, P. Patterson, J. Rohrer and K. Xu (2004). "Prevalence and correlates of paediatric asthma and wheezing in a largely rural USA population." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 40(4): 189-194.

Arlian, L. G., J. S. Neal, M. S. Morgan, D. L. Vyszenski-Moher, C. M. Rapp and A. K. Alexander (2001). "Reducing relative humidity is a practical way to control dust mites and their allergens in homes in temperate climates." J Allergy Clin Immunol 107(1): 99-104.

Arlian, L. G., D. L. Vyszenski-Moher and M. S. Morgan (2003). "Mite and mite allergen removal during machine washing of laundry." J Allergy Clin Immunol 111(6): 1269-73.

Asher, M. I. and S. K. Weiland (1998). "The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). ISAAC Steeriing Committee." Clin Exp Allergy 28 Suppl 5: 52-66; discussion 90-1.

Bauman, A. (1993). "Has the prevalence of asthma symptoms increased in Australian children?" J Paediatr Child Health 29(6): 424-8.

Beasley, R., J. Crane, C. Lai and N. Pearce (2000). "Prevalence and etiology of asthma." J Allergy Clin Immunol. 105(2 Pt 2): S466-472.

Becker, A., W. Watson, A. Ferguson, H. Dimich-Ward and M. Chan-Yeung (2004). "The Canadian asthma primary prevention study: outcomes at 2 years of age." J Allergy Clin Immunol 113(4): 650-6.

Beguin, H. and N. Nolard (1996). "Prevalence of fungi in carpeted floor environment: analysis of dust samples from living-rooms, bedrooms, offices and school classrooms." Aerobiologia 12: 113-20.

Bischoff, E. R., A. Fischer, B. Liebenberg and F. M. Kniest (1996). "Mite control with low temperature washing. I. Elimination of living mites on carpet pieces." Clin Exp Allergy 26(8): 945-52.

Bischoff, E. R., A. Fischer, B. Liebenberg and F. M. Kniest (1998). "Mite control with low temperature washing-II. Elimination of living mites on clothing." Clin Exp Allergy 28(1): 60-5.

Brunekreef, B., J. Smit, J. de Jongste, H. Neijens, J. Gerritsen, D. Postma, R. Aalberse, L. Koopman, M. Kerkhof, A. Wilga and R. van Strien (2002). "The prevention and incidence of asthma and mite allergy (PIAMA) birth cohort study: design and first results." Pediatr Allergy Immunol 13(Suppl 15): 55-60.

Burr, M. L., E. S. Limb, S. Andrae, D. M. Barry and F. Nagel (1994). "Childhood asthma in four countries: a comparative survey." Int J Epidemiol 23(2): 341-7.

Buzzini, P., A. Martini, F. Cappelli, U. M. Pagnoni and P. Davoli (2003). "A study on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by tropical ascomycetous yeasts." Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 84(4): 301-11.

Chang, Y. C. and K. H. Hsieh (1989). "The study of house dust mites in Taiwan." Annals of Allergy 62(2): 101-6.

Chao, H. J., D. K. Milton, J. Schwartz and H. A. Burge (2002). "Dustborne Fungi in Large Office Buildings." Mycopathologia 154(2): 93-106.

Chao, H. J., J. Schwartz, D. K. Milton and H. A. Burge (2002). "Populations and determinants of airborne fungi in large office buildings." Environmental Health Perspectives 110(8): 777-782.

Chao, H. J., J. Schwartz, D. K. Milton and H. A. Burge (2003). "The work environment and workers' health in four large office buildings." Environmental Health Perspectives 111(9): 1242-8.

Chen, C. Y. and C. Y. Chuang (1973). "The significance of fungi in the etiology of bronchial asthma in Taiwan." Taiwan i Hsueh Hui Tsa Chih - Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 72(1): 47-56.

Chen, C. Y. and C. Y. Chuang (1975). "Fungi isolated from asthmatic homes in the Taipei area." Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Xue Za Zhi 8(4): 253-8.

Chen, W. Y., H. I. Tseng, M. T. Wu, H. C. Hung, H. T. Wu, H. L. Chen and C. C. Lu (2003). "Synergistic effect of multiple indoor allergen sources on atopic symptoms in primary school children." Environ Res 93(1): 1-8.

Chew, G. L. (1997). Exposure Assessment of Allergens and Culturable Fungi in Residential Environments. Environmental Health. Boston, Massachusetts, Harvard School of Public Health: 147.

Chew, G. L., H. A. Burge, D. W. Dockery, M. L. Muilenberg, S. T. Weiss and D. R. Gold (1998). "Limitations of a home characteristics questionnaire as a predictor of indoor allergen levels." Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157(5 Pt 1): 1536-41.

Chew, G. L., J. Douwes, G. Doekes, K. M. Higgins, R. van Strien, J. Spithoven and B. Brunekreef (2001). "Fungal extracellular polysaccharides, beta (1-->3)-glucans and culturable fungi in repeated sampling of house dust." Indoor Air 11(3): 171-8.

Chew, G. L., K. M. Higgins, D. R. Gold, M. L. Muilenberg and H. A. Burge (1999). "Monthly measurements of indoor allergens and the influence of housing type in a northeastern US city." Allergy 54(10): 1058-66.

Chew, G. L., K. M. Higgins, D. K. Milton and H. A. Burge (1999). "The effects of carpet fresheners and other additives on the behaviour of indoor allergen assays." Clin Exp Allergy 29(4): 470-7.

Chew, G. L., M. S. Perzanowski, R. L. Miller, J. C. Correa, L. A. Hoepner, C. M. Jusino, M. G. Becker and P. L. Kinney (2003). "Distribution and determinants of mouse allergen exposure in low-income New York City apartments." Environ Health Perspect 111(10): 1348-51.


Chew, G. L., C. Rogers, H. A. Burge, M. L. Muilenberg and D. R. Gold (2003). "Dustborne and airborne fungal propagules represent a different spectrum of fungi with differing relations to home characteristics." Allergy 58(1): 13-20.

Couper, D., A. L. Ponsonby and T. Dwyer (1998). "Determinants of dust mite allergen concentrations in infant bedrooms in Tasmania." Clin Exp Allergy 28(6): 715-23.

Custovic, A., A. Simpson and A. Woodcock (1998). "Importance of indoor allergens in the induction of allergy and elicitation of allergic disease." Allergy 53(48 Suppl): 115-20.

Dharmage, S., M. Bailey, J. Raven, A. Cheng, J. Rolland, F. Thien, A. Forbes, M. Abramson and E. H. Walters (1999). "Residential characteristics influence Der p 1 levels in homes in Melbourne, Australia." Clin Exp Allergy 29(4): 461-9.

Douwes, J., P. Thorne, N. Pearce and D. Heederik (2003). "Bioaerosol health effects and exposure assessment: progress and prospects." Ann Occup Hyg 47(3): 187-200.

Ehnert, B., S. Lau-Schadendorf, A. Weber, P. Buettner, C. Schou and U. Wahn (1992). "Reducing domestic exposure to dust mite allergen reduces bronchial hyperreactivity in sensitive children with asthma." J Allergy Clin Immunol 90(1): 135-8.

Ehrlich, R. I., D. Du Toit, E. Jordaan, J. A. Volmink, E. G. Weinberg and M. Zwarenstein (1995). "Prevalence and reliability of asthma symptoms in primary school children in Cape Town." Int J Epidemiol 24(6): 1138-45.

Faniran, A. O., J. K. Peat and A. J. Woolcock (1999). "Prevalence of atopy, asthma symptoms and diagnosis, and the management of asthma: comparison of an affluent and a non-affluent country." Thorax 54(7): 606-10.

Flodin, U. and P. Jonsson (2004). "Non-sensitising air pollution at workplaces and adult onset asthma." Int Arch Occup Environ Health 77(1): 17-22. Epub 2003 Sep 23.
Fransman, W., D. McLean, J. Douwes, P. A. Demers, V. Leung and N. Pearce (2003). "Respiratory symptoms and occupational exposures in New Zealand plywood mill workers." Ann Occup Hyg 47(4): 287-95.

Gehring, U., J. Heinrich, B. Jacob, K. Richter, B. Fahlbusch, G. Schlenvoigt, W. Bischof and H. E. Wichmann (2001). "Respiratory symptoms in relation to indoor exposure to mite and cat allergens and endotoxins. Indoor Factors and Genetics in Asthma (INGA) Study Group." Eur Respir J 18(3): 555-63.

Graudenz, G. S., C. H. Oliveira, A. Tribess, C. Mendes, Jr., M. R. Latorre and J. Kalil (2005). "Association of air-conditioning with respiratory symptoms in office workers in tropical climate." Indoor Air 15(1): 62-6.

Gross, I., J. Heinrich, B. Fahlbusch, L. Jager, W. Bischof and H. E. Wichmann (2000). "Indoor determinants of Der p 1 and Der f 1 concentrations in house dust are different." Clin Exp Allergy 30(3): 376-82.

Hallas, T. E., D. Gislason, U. S. Bjornsdottir, K. B. Jorundsdottir, C. Janson, C. M. Luczynska and T. Gislason (2004). "Sensitization to house dust mites in Reykjavik, Iceland, in the absence of domestic exposure to mites." Allergy 59(5): 515-9.

Halmerbauer, G., C. Gartner, M. Schier, H. Arshad, T. Dean, D. Y. Koller, W. Karmaus, J. Kuehr, J. Forster, R. Urbanek and T. Frischer (2002). "Study on the prevention of allergy in Children in Europe (SPACE): allergic sensitization in children at 1 year of age in a controlled trial of allergen avoidance from birth." Pediatr Allergy Immunol 13 Suppl 15: 47-54.

Halonen, M., D. A. Stern, A. L. Wright, L. M. Taussig and F. D. Martinez (1997). "Alternaria as a major allergen for asthma in children raised in a desert environment." Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155(4): 1356-61.

Harving, H., J. Korsgaard and R. Dahl (1994). "Clinical efficacy of reduction in house-dust mite exposure in specially designed, mechanically ventilated "healthy" homes." Allergy 49(10): 866-70.

Hayden, M. L., M. Perzanowski, L. Matheson, P. Scott, R. S. Call and T. A. Platts-Mills (1997). "Dust mite allergen avoidance in the treatment of hospitalized children with asthma." Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 79(5): 437-42.

Hesselmar, B., B. Aberg, B. Eriksson, B. Bjorksten and N. Aberg (2005). "Building characteristics affect the risk of allergy development." Pediatr Allergy Immunol 16(2): 126-31.

Horak, F., Jr., S. Matthews, G. Ihorst, S. H. Arshad, T. Frischer, J. Kuehr, A. Schwieger and J. Forster (2004). "Effect of mite-impermeable mattress encasings and an educational package on the development of allergies in a multinational randomized, controlled birth-cohort study -- 24 months results of the Study of Prevention of Allergy in Children in Europe." Clin Exp Allergy 34(8): 1220-5.

Horner, W. E., A. G. Worthan and P. R. Morey (2004). "Air- and dustborne mycoflora in houses free of water damage and fungal growth." Appl Environ Microbiol 70(11): 6394-400.

Host, A. and S. Halken (2000). "The role of allergy in childhood asthma." Allergy 55(7): 600-608.

Howard, T., D. Meyers and E. Bleecker (2000). "Mapping susceptibility genes for asthma and allergy." J Allergy Clin Immunol 105(2 Pt 2): S477-481.

Hsieh, K. H. and J. J. Shen (1988). "Prevalence of childhood asthma in Taipei, Taiwan, and other Asian Pacific countries." J Asthma 25(2): 73-82.

Htut, T., T. W. Higenbottam, G. W. Gill, R. Darwin, P. B. Anderson and N. Syed (2001). "Eradication of house dust mite from homes of atopic asthmatic subjects: a double-blind trial." J Allergy Clin Immunol 107(1): 55-60.

Jacob, B., B. Ritz, U. Gehring, A. Koch, W. Bischof, H. E. Wichmann and J. Heinrich (2002). "Indoor exposure to molds and allergic sensitization." Environ Health Perspect 110(7): 647-53.

Jan, I. S., W. H. Chou, J. D. Wang and S. H. Kuo (2004). "Prevalence of and major risk factors for adult bronchial asthma in Taipei City." J Formos Med Assoc 103(4): 259-63.
Johansson, S. G., J. O. Hourihane, J. Bousquet, C. Bruijnzeel-Koomen, S. Dreborg, T. Haahtela, M. L. Kowalski, N. Mygind, J. Ring, P. van Cauwenberge, M. van Hage-Hamsten and B. Wuthrich (2001). "A revised nomenclature for allergy. An EAACI position statement from the EAACI nomenclature task force." Allergy 56(9): 813-24.

Jovanovic, S., A. Felder-Kennel, T. Gabrio, B. Kouros, B. Link, V. Maisner, I. Piechotowski, K. H. Schick, M. Schrimpf, U. Weidner, I. Zollner and M. Schwenk (2004). "Indoor fungi levels in homes of children with and without allergy history." Int J Hyg Environ Health 207(4): 369-78.

Jovanovic, S., I. Piechotowski, T. Gabrio, U. Weidner, I. Zollner and M. Schwenk (2001). "[Assessment of mould pollution in residences in southwest Germany]." Gesundheitswesen 63(6): 404-11.

Kheradmand, F., K. Rishi and D. B. Corry (2002). "Environmental contributions to the allergic asthma epidemic." Environmental Health Perspectives 4: 553-6.

Korpi, A., A. L. Pasanen and P. Pasanen (1998). "Volatile compounds originating from mixed microbial cultures on building materials under various humidity conditions." Appl Environ Microbiol 64(8): 2914-9.

Kuehr, J., T. Frischer, W. Karmaus, R. Meinert, R. Barth, S. Schraub, A. Daschner, R. Urbanek and J. Forster (1994). "Natural variation in mite antigen density in house dust and relationship to residential factors." Clin Exp Allergy 24(3): 229-37.

Lai, C. L., S. D. Shyur, C. Y. Wu, C. L. Chang and S. H. Chu (2002). "Specific IgE to 5 different major house dust mites among asthmatic children." Acta Paediatr Taiwan 43(5): 265-70.

Lau, S., S. Illi, C. Sommerfeld, B. Niggemann, R. Bergmann, E. von Mutius and U. Wahn (2000). "Early exposure to house-dust mite and cat allergens and development of childhood asthma: a cohort study." Lancet 356(9239): 1392-7.


Lau, S., S. Illi, C. Sommerfeld, B. Niggemann, R. Bergmann, E. von Mutius and U. Wahn (2000). "Early exposure to house-dust mite and cat allergens and development of childhood asthma: a cohort study. Multicentre Allergy Study Group." Lancet 356(9239): 1392-7.

Leaderer, B. P., K. Belanger, E. Triche, T. Holford, D. R. Gold, Y. Kim, T. Jankun, P. Ren, J. E. McSharry Je, T. A. Platts-Mills, M. D. Chapman and M. B. Bracken (2002). "Dust mite, cockroach, cat, and dog allergen concentrations in homes of asthmatic children in the northeastern United States: impact of socioeconomic factors and population density." Environ Health Perspect 110(4): 419-25.

Lee, C. S., R. B. Tang and R. L. Chung (2000). "The evaluation of allergens and allergic diseases in children." J Microbiol Immunol Infect 33(4): 227-32.

Li, C. S., C. W. Hsu and R. H. Lin (1997). "House dust mite allergens (Der p I and Der p V) within domestic environments of atopic and control children." Archives of Environmental Health 52(3): 208-12.

Li, C. S., L. Y. Hsu, C. C. Chou and K. H. Hsieh (1995). "Fungus allergens inside and outside the residences of atopic and control children." Arch Environ Health 50(1): 38-43.

Li, C. S. and Y. M. Kuo (1994a). "Characteristics of airborne microfungi in subtropical homes." Science of the Total Environment 155(3): 267-71.

Li, C. S., G. H. Wan, K. H. Hsieh, K. Y. Chua and R. H. Lin (1994b). "Seasonal variation of house dust mite allergen (Der p I) in a subtropical climate." Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 94(1): 131-4.

Luczynska, C., J. Sterne, J. Bond, H. Azima and P. Burney (1998). "Indoor factors associated with concentrations of house dust mite allergen, Der p 1, in a random sample of houses in Norwich, UK." Clin Exp Allergy 28(10): 1201-9.

Lundblad, F. P. (1991). "House Dust Mite Allergy in an Office Building." Appl. Occup. Environ 6: 94-96.
Macher, J. (1999). CHAPTER 19 : Fungi. Bioaerosols: Assessment and Control. ACGIH, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH): 19-1~19-13.

Macher, J. (1999). Chapter 22 : House Dust Mite. Bioaerosols: Assessment and Control, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH): 22-1~22-14.

Mahmic, A., E. R. Tovey, C. A. Molloy and L. Young (1998). "House dust mite allergen exposure in infancy." Clin Exp Allergy 28(12): 1487-92.

Marraccini, P., L. Farioli, A. Pagani, L. Rossi, D. Russignaga and S. Parmiani (2004). "[Indoor allergens in office. Evaluation of the work station]." G Ital Med Lav Ergon 26(2): 97-101.

Martin, I. R., J. L. Henwood, F. Wilson, M. M. Koning, A. J. Pike, S. Smith and G. I. Town (1997). "House dust mite and cat allergen levels in domestic dwellings in Christchurch." N Z Med J 110(1046): 229-31.

McDonald, L. G. and E. Tovey (1992). "The role of water temperature and laundry procedures in reducing house dust mite populations and allergen content of bedding." J Allergy Clin Immunol 90(4 Pt 1): 599-608.

McDonald, L. G. and E. Tovey (1993). "The effectiveness of benzyl benzoate and some essential plant oils as laundry additives for killing house dust mites." J Allergy Clin Immunol 92(5): 771-2.

Mendell, M. J., W. J. Fisk, M. R. Petersen, C. J. Hines, M. Dong, D. Faulkner, J. A. Deddens, A. M. Ruder, D. Sullivan and M. F. Boeniger (2002). "Indoor particles and symptoms among office workers: results from a double-blind cross-over study." Epidemiology 13(3): 296-304.

Meyer, H. W., H. Wurtz, P. Suadicani, O. Valbjorn, T. Sigsgaard and F. Gyntelberg (2004). "Molds in floor dust and building-related symptoms in adolescent school children." Indoor Air 14(1): 65-72.

Mihrshahi, S., G. Marks, C. Vanlaar, E. Tovey and J. Peat (2002). "Predictors of high house dust mite allergen concentrations in residential homes in Sydney." Allergy 57(2): 137-42.

Mihrshahi, S., G. B. Marks, S. Criss, E. R. Tovey, C. H. Vanlaar, J. K. Peat and C. Team (2003). "Effectiveness of an intervention to reduce house dust mite allergen levels in children's beds." Allergy. 58(8): 784-9.

Milian, E. and A. M. Diaz (2004). "Allergy to house dust mites and asthma." P R Health Sci J 23(1): 47-57.

Miller, R. L., G. L. Chew, C. A. Bell, S. A. Biedermann, M. Aggarwal, P. L. Kinney, W. Y. Tsai, R. M. Whyatt, F. P. Perera and J. G. Ford (2001). "Prenatal exposure, maternal sensitization, and sensitization in utero to indoor allergens in an inner-city cohort." Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164(6): 995-1001.

Monso, E. (2004). "Occupational asthma in greenhouse workers." Curr Opin Pulm Med 10(2): 147-50.

Munir, A. K., B. Bjorksten, R. Einarsson, A. Ekstrand-Tobin, C. Moller, A. Warner and N. I. Kjellman (1995). "Mite allergens in relation to home conditions and sensitization of asthmatic children from three climatic regions." Allergy 50(1): 55-64.

Murray, A. B. and A. C. Ferguson (1983). "Dust-free bedrooms in the treatment of asthmatic children with house dust or house dust mite allergy: a controlled trial." Pediatrics 71(3): 418-22.

Niven, R., A. M. Fletcher, A. C. Pickering, A. Custovic, J. B. Sivour, A. R. Preece, L. A. Oldham and H. C. Francis (1999). "Attempting to control mite allergens with mechanical ventilation and dehumidification in British houses." J Allergy Clin Immunol 103(5 Pt 1): 756-62.

Oosting, A. J., M. S. de Bruin-Weller, I. Terreehorst, Z. Tempels-Pavlica, R. C. Aalberse, J. G. de Monchy, R. G. van Wijk and C. A. Bruijnzeel-Koomen (2002). "Effect of mattress encasings on atopic dermatitis outcome measures in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study: the Dutch mite avoidance study." J Allergy Clin Immunol 110(3): 500-6.

Ostro, B., M. Lipsett, J. Mann, H. Braxton-Owens and M. White (2001). "Air pollution and exacerbation of asthma in African-American children in Los Angeles." Epidemiology 12(2): 200-8.

Park, J. H., D. L. Spiegelman, H. A. Burge, D. R. Gold, G. L. Chew and D. K. Milton (2000). "Longitudinal study of dust and airborne endotoxin in the home." Environ Health Perspect 108(11): 1023-8.

Peat, J. and B. Bjorksten (1998). "Primary and secondary prevention of allergic asthma." Eur Respir J Suppl 27: 28s-34s.

Peat, J. K., E. Tovey, C. M. Mellis, S. R. Leeder and A. J. Woolcock (1993). "Importance of house dust mite and Alternaria allergens in childhood asthma: an epidemiological study in two climatic regions of Australia." Clin Exp Allergy 23(10): 812-20.

Platts-Mills, T. A., W. R. Thomas, R. C. Aalberse, D. Vervloet and M. D. Champman (1992). "Dust mite allergens and asthma: report of a second international workshop." J Allergy Clin Immunol 89(5): 1046-60.

Popplewell, E. J., V. A. Innes, S. Lloyd-Hughes, E. L. Jenkins, K. Khdir, T. N. Bryant, J. O. Warner and J. A. Warner (2000). "The effect of high-efficiency and standard vacuum-cleaners on mite, cat and dog allergen levels and clinical progress." Pediatr Allergy Immunol 11(3): 142-8.

Ren, P., T. M. Jankun, K. Belanger, M. B. Bracken and B. P. Leaderer (2001). "The relation between fungal propagules in indoor air and home characteristics." Allergy 56(5): 419-24.

Ren, P., T. M. Jankun, K. Belanger, M. B. Bracken and B. P. Leaderer (2001). "The relation between fungal propagules in indoor air and home characteristics." Allergy 56(5): 419-24.

Reynolds, S. J., D. W. Black, S. S. Borin, G. Breuer, L. F. Burmeister, L. J. Fuortes, T. F. Smith, M. A. Stein, P. Subramanian, P. S. Thorne and P. Whitten (2001). "Indoor environmental quality in six commercial office buildings in the midwest United States." Appl Occup Environ Hyg 16(11): 1065-77.
Rosenman, K. D., M. J. Reilly, D. P. Schill, D. Valiante, J. Flattery, R. Harrison, F. Reinisch, E. Pechter, L. Davis, C. M. Tumpowsky and M. Filios (2003). "Cleaning products and work-related asthma." J Occup Environ Med 45(5): 556-63.

Rusznak, C., J. L. Devalia and R. J. Davies (1994). "The impact of pollution on allergic disease." Allergy 49(18 Suppl): 21-7.

Sidenius, K. E., T. E. Hallas, T. Brygge, L. K. Poulsen and H. Mosbech (2002). "House dust mites and their allergens at selected locations in the homes of house dust mite-allergic patients." Clin Exp Allergy 32(9): 1299-304.

Sidenius, K. E., T. E. Hallas, L. K. Poulsen and H. Mosbech (2002). "A controlled intervention study concerning the effect of intended temperature rise on house dust mite load." Ann Agric Environ Med 9(2): 163-8.

Siebers, R., H. S. Nam and J. Crane (2004). "Permeability of synthetic and feather pillows to live house dust mites and house dust." Clin Exp Allergy 34(6): 888-90.

Simpson, A., B. Simpson, A. Custovic, G. Cain, M. Craven and A. Woodcock (2002). "Household characteristics and mite allergen levels in Manchester,UK." Clin Exp Allergy 32(10): 1413-9.

Skulberg, K. R., K. Skyberg, K. Kruse, W. Eduard, P. Djupesland, F. Levy and H. Kjuus (2004). "The effect of cleaning on dust and the health of office workers: an intervention study." Epidemiology 15(1): 71-8.

Sly, R. M. (1999). "Changing prevalence of allergic rhinitis and asthma." Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 82(3): 233-48; quiz 248-52.

Stark, P. C., H. A. Burge, L. M. Ryan, D. K. Milton and D. R. Gold (2003). "Fungal levels in the home and lower respiratory tract illnesses in the first year of life." Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168(2): 232-7. Epub 2003 Apr 30.

Stein, R. T. and F. D. Martinez (2004). "Asthma phenotypes in childhood: lessons from an epidemiological approach." Paediatr Respir Rev 5(2): 155-61.
Su, H. J., P. C. Wu, H. L. Chen, F. C. Lee and L. L. Lin (2001). "Exposure assessment of indoor allergens, endotoxin, and airborne fungi for homes in southern Taiwan." Environmental Research 85(2): 135-44.

Sun, H. L. and K. H. Lue (2000). "Household distribution of house dust mite in central Taiwan." Journal of Microbiology, Immunology & Infection 33(4): 233-6.

Takatori, K., A. Saito, H. Yasueda and K. Akiyama (2001). "The effect of house design and environment on fungal movement in homes of bronchial asthma patients." Mycopathologia 152(1): 41-9.

Tovey, E. R., M. D. Chapman and T. A. Platts-Mills (1981). "Mite faeces are a major source of house dust allergens." Nature 289(5798): 592-3.

Trautmann, C., T. Gabrio, I. Dill and U. Weidner (2005). "[Background concentrations of molds in house dust. Determination of mold concentrations in dwellings without known mold infestations in three parts of Germany]." Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 48(1): 29-35.

van Strien, R. T., U. Gehring, K. Belanger, E. Triche, J. Gent, M. B. Bracken and B. P. Leaderer (2004). "The influence of air conditioning, humidity, temperature and other household characteristics on mite allergen concentrations in the northeastern United States." Allergy 59(6): 645-52.

van Strien, R. T., L. P. Koopman, M. Kerkhof, M. Oldenwening, J. C. de Jongste, J. Gerritsen, H. J. Neijens, R. C. Aalberse, H. A. Smit and B. Brunekreef (2003). "Mattress encasings and mite allergen levels in the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy study." Clin Exp Allergy 33(4): 490-5.

van Strien, R. T., L. P. Koopman, M. Kerkhof, J. Spithoven, J. C. de Jongste, J. Gerritsen, H. J. Neijens, R. C. Aalberse, H. A. Smit and B. Brunekreef (2002). "Mite and pet allergen levels in homes of children born to allergic and nonallergic parents: the PIAMA study." Environ Health Perspect 110(11): A693-8.

Van Strien, R. T., A. P. Verhoeff, B. Brunekreef and J. H. Van Wijnen (1994). "Mite antigen in house dust: relationship with different housing characteristics in The Netherlands." Clin Exp Allergy 24(9): 843-53.

van Strien, R. T., A. P. Verhoeff, J. H. van Wijnen, G. Doekes, G. E. de Meer and B. Brunekreef (1995). "Der p I concentrations in mattress surface and floor dust collected from infants' bedrooms." Clin Exp Allergy 25(12): 1184-9.

van Wijk, R. G. (2002). "Allergy: a global problem. Quality of life." Allergy 57: 1097-1110.

Vanlaar, C. H., S. H. Downs, T. Z. Mitakakis, J. D. Leuppi, N. G. Car, J. K. Peat and G. B. Marks (2001). "Predictors of house-dust-mite allergen concentrations in dry regions in Australia." Allergy 56(12): 1211-5.

Vanlaar, C. H., J. K. Peat, G. B. Marks, J. Rimmer and E. R. Tovey (2000). "Domestic control of house dust mite allergen in children's beds." J Allergy Clin Immunol 105(6 Pt 1): 1130-3.

Verhoeff, A. P., E. S. van Reenen-Hoekstra, R. A. Samson, B. Brunekreef and J. H. van Wijnen (1994). "Fungal propagules in house dust. I. Comparison of analytic methods and their value as estimators of potential exposure." Allergy 49(7): 533-9.

Walshaw, M. J. and C. C. Evans (1986). "Allergen avoidance in house dust mite sensitive adult asthma." Q J Med 58(226): 199-215.

Wickens, K., R. Siebers, I. Ellis, S. Lewis, G. Sawyer, S. Tohill, L. Stone, R. Kent, J. Kennedy, T. Slater, A. Crothall, H. Trethowen, N. Pearce, P. Fitzharris and J. Crane (1997). "Determinants of house dust mite allergen in homes in Wellington, New Zealand." Clin Exp Allergy 27(9): 1077-85.

Wickman, M., S. L. Nordvall, G. Pershagen, J. Sundell and B. Schwartz (1991). "House dust mite sensitization in children and residential characteristics in a temperate region." J Allergy Clin Immunol 88(1): 89-95.


Woodcock, A. and A. Custovic (1998). "Role of the indoor environment in determining the severity of asthma." Thorax 53 Suppl 2: S47-51.

Wu, P. C., H. J. Su and C. Y. Lin (2000). "Characteristics of indoor and outdoor airborne fungi at suburban and urban homes in two seasons." Science of the Total Environment 253(1-3): 111-118.

Yang, K. D. (2000). "Childhood asthma: aspects of global environment, genetics and management." Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi 23(11): 641-61.

衛生署統計處(1998).衛生統計資訊網www.doh.gov.tw/statistic/index.htm

吳懷慧 (1999). "台灣家塵中常見的蟎類." 中華昆蟲 特刊第十二號: 179-191.

徐爾烈,吳懷慧. (1996). "歐洲室塵蟎與美洲室塵蟎之兩性生活史與兩性生命表." 中華昆蟲 16: 77-93.