本研究之目的主要是在探討正式及非正式的體制環境，資訊不對稱，風險與機會，組織支援及國際創業家精神等變數對於台商到大陸投資時，對市場進入模式的影響，以及這些變數對於在中國大陸子公司管理控制的影響程度。本研究同時採用質化與量化的研究方式來驗證假設。本研究首先訪問六位高階主管或創業家本人，所任職的公司有到中國大陸投資並且本身也有參與相關投資經驗，以取得更詳細關於進入大陸投資初期所可能遇到的問題。隨後進行量化研究以驗證假設。
本研究的508家樣本資料是由中華國貨推廣中心所發行的大陸台商名錄隨機抽樣而來的。經催收後有120家回覆，經篩選後有10家因為遺漏值太多而刪除，最終的樣本數為110家，問卷回覆率為23％。
本研究的主要發現為，非正式的體制環境限制會對企業進入模式的選擇造成影響，組織支援對於企業進入模式的選擇有正相關的影響，組織支援會影響企業在中國大陸子公司設立控制機制的掌控度，創業家個人特質、經驗及商業相關能力對於中國大陸子公司在管理控制上的掌控度會產生影響。

This study attempts to identify the influences of those variables, such as formal and informal institutional constraints, information asymmetry, risks and opportunities, organizational support, network relationship, and international entrepreneurship on enterprise’s entry mode selection and management control over foreign subsidiary. This study uses both qualitative and quantitative methods. Interviews have been conducted with 6 experienced senior managers/entrepreneurs who have participated the activities or decision making on the initial entry mode selection to acquire more specific information. Then empirical study has been proceeded.
The sampling data is 508 Taiwanese firms which were randomly selected from the list of “Taiwanese Investment in Mainland China.” This survey yields responses from 120 firms, generating a response rate of 23%. 10 of the 120 questionnaires have been excluded because of many questions unanswered, resulting in a final sample of 110 respondents.
The major findings of this study include:
1. Informal constraints might create impact on enterprise’s entry mode selection.
2. Organizational support has positive influences on enterprise’s entry mode selection.
3. Organizational support may shape the degree of control of parent firms on setting up control mechanism over their foreign subsidiaries.
4. Personal traits and experiences have certain influences on the focus of control over foreign subsidiary.
5. Personal traits and experiences have impact on setting up the control mechanism over foreign subsidiary.
6. Business related capacity has certain influences on shaping the focus of control over foreign subsidiary.

Table of Contents
Chapter One Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.1 Research Background ------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.2 Motivation -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1.3 Research Question ----------------------------------------------------------------- 3
1.4 Research Process ------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
1.5 Organization of this Study -------------------------------------------------------- 6
Chapter Two Literature Review ------------------------------------------------------ 8
2.1 Entrepreneurship ------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
2.2 The intersecting of Entrepreneurship and International Business ----------- 14
2.3 The Definition of Transnational Entrepreneurship ---------------------------- 15
2.4 Entrepreneurial Endowments and Resources ---------------------------------- 18
2.5 Institutional Perspective on Transnational Entrepreneurship ---------------- 24
2.5.1 Institutionalism --------------------------------------------------------------- 24
2.5.2 Institutional Profile ----------------------------------------------------------- 26
2.6 Internationalization ---------------------------------------------------------------- 30
2.6.1 Entry Mode -------------------------------------------------------------------- 30
2.6.2 Entry Mode Selection -------------------------------------------------------- 31
2.6.3 Environment Factor and Entry Mode Selection -------------------------- 33
2.7 Management Control -------------------------------------------------------------- 36
Chapter Three Methodology ---------------------------------------------------------- 41
3.1 Research Methods ----------------------------------------------------------------- 41
3.2 Hypotheses Proposed -------------------------------------------------------------- 44
3.3 Research Framework -------------------------------------------------------------- 48
3.4 Data Collection --------------------------------------------------------------------- 49
3.5 Data Analysis ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 51
3.5.1 Validity and Reliability ------------------------------------------------------ 52
3.5.1.1 Validity --------------------------------------------------------------------- 52
3.5.1.2 Reliability ------------------------------------------------------------------ 52
Chapter Four Analysis of Empirical Study ----------------------------------------- 54
4.1 Descriptive Statistics of Each Variables ---------------------------------------- 54
4.2 Principle Component Analysis --------------------------------------------------- 56
4.3 Correlation Coefficients ---------------------------------------------------------- 61
4.4 Logistic Regression --------------------------------------------------------------- 63
4.5 Path Analysis ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 65
4.6 The Results of Each Hypothesis ------------------------------------------------- 69
Chapter Five Conclusion -------------------------------------------------------------- 71
5.1 Research Conclusion -------------------------------------------------------------- 71
5.2 Contribution and Implication ---------------------------------------------------- 74
5.2.1 Contribution for Research -------------------------------------------------- 75
5.2.2 Implication for Practice ------------------------------------------------------ 75
5.3 Limitation of this Study ----------------------------------------------------------- 77
5.4 Suggestions for Future Research ------------------------------------------------ 77
References List ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 79
Appendix 1 Case Study ---------------------------------------------------------------- 91
Appendix 2 Questionnaire ------------------------------------------------------------ 103

Albert, M. (1991), Capitalisme contre capitalisme. Paris: Editions Du Seuil.

Alon, I. (2004), “International Market Selection for a Small Enterprise: A Case Study in International Entrepreneurship,” S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal 69 (1), 25-33.

Andersen, O. (1993), “On the Internationalization Process of the Firms: A Critical Analysis,” Journal of International Business Studies 24 (2), 209-231.

Andersen, O. (1997), “Internationalization and Market Entry Mode: A Review of Theories and Conceptual Framework,” Management International Review 37 (2), 27-42.

Anderson, E. and Hubert G. (1986), “Modes of Foreign Entry: A Transaction Cost Analysis and Propositions,” Journal of International Business Studies 17 (Fall), 1-26

Anderson, E. and T. Coughlan (1987), “International Market Entry and Expansion Via Independent or Integrated Channels of Distribution,” Journal of Marketing 51 (January), 71-82

Aronson, R. L. (1991), Self-employment: A Labor Market Perspective. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press.

Beamish, P. W. “Joint Venture Performance in Developing Countries,” Ph. D. diss., University of Western Ontario, 1984.

Beamish, P. W. “The Characteristics of Joint Ventures in the People’s Republic of China,” Journal of International Marketing 1 (2), 29-48.

Beechler, S. (1992), “International Management Control in Multinational Corporations: The Case of Japanese Consumer Electronics Firms in Asia,” ASEAN Economic Bulletin 9 (2), 148-168.


Bennis, W. and Burt N. (1985), Leaders: The Strategies for Taking Charge. New York: Harper and Row, 110-151.

Birkinshaw, J. (1997), “Entrepreneurship in Multinational Corporations: The Characteristics of Subsidiary Initiatives,” Strategic Management Journal 18 (3), 207-229.

Birley, S. and Macmillan, I. C. (1997), Entrepreneurship in a Global Context. London: Routledge.

Bjorkman, L and Forsgren, M. (2000), “Nordic International Business Research: A Review of Its Development,” International Studies of Management and Organization 30, 6-25.

Busenitz, L. W., Gómez, C. and Spencer, J. W. (2000), “Country Institutional Profiles: Unlocking entrepreneurial Phenomena,” Academy of Management Journal 43 (5), 994-1003.

Busenitz, L. W. and Barney, J. B. (1997), “Biases and Heuristics in Strategic Decision Making: Differences Between Entrepreneurs and Managers in Large Organizations,” Journal of Business Venturing 12, 9-30.

Busenitz, L. W. and Lau, C. M. (1996), “A Cross-Cultural Cognitive Model of New Venture Creation,” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice 20 (4), 25-39.

Bouchikhi, H. (1993), “A Constructivist Framework for Understanding Entrepreneurship Performance,” Organization Studies 14 (4), 549-570.

Cantwell, J (1995), “The Globalization of Technology: What Remains of the Product Cycle Model?” Cambridge Journal of Economics 19 (1), 155-174.

Carland, J. W., F. Hoy, W. R. Boulton, and J.C. Carland (1984), “Differentiating Entrepreneurs from Small Business Owners: A Conceptualization,” Academy of Management Review 9 (2), 354-359.
Carsrud, A. L., C. M. Gaglio, and K. W. Olm (1986), “Entrepreneurs-Mentors, Networks, and Successful New Venture Development: An Exploration,” Frontiers of entrepreneurial Research, ed. Robert Ronstadt, John A. Hornaday, and Karl H. Vesper, 229-235.

Casson, M. (1982), The Entrepreneur: An Economic Theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Casson, M. (1987), The Firm and the Market. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.

Casson, M. (1990), Enterprise and Competitiveness. New York: Oxford University Press.

Coviello, N. E. and Martin, K. A. M. (1999), “Internationalization of Service SMEs: An Integrated Perspective from the Engineering Consulting Sector,” Journal of International Marketing 7 (4), 42-66.

Coviello, N. E. and McAuley, A. (1999), “Internationalization and the Smaller Firm: A Review of Contemporary Empirical Research,” Management International Review 39 (3), 223-256.

Covin, J. G. and Slevin, D. P. (1991), “A Conceptual Model of Entrepreneurship as Firm Behavior,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 16, 7-19.

Cunningham, J. B. and Lischeron, J. (1991), “Defining Entrepreneurship,” Journal of Small Business Management 29, 45-61.

Davidson, W. and Philippe H. (1982), “Shaping a Global Product Organization,” Harvard Business Review 60, 124-132.

Ding, D. Z. (1996), “Control, Conflict, and Performance: A Study of U.S.-Chinese Joint Ventures,” Journal of International Marketing 5 (3), 31-45


Doz, Y. and C.K. Prahalad. (1984), “Patterns of Strategic Control Within Multinational Corporations,” Journal of International Business Studies 15, 55-72.

Dunning, J. H. (1995), “Reappraising the Eclectic Paradigm in an Age of Alliance capitalism,” Journal of International Business Studies 26 (3), 461-491.

Echert, L. A., J. D. Ryan, R. J. Ray, and R. J. Brace (1987), Candian Small Business: An Entrepreneur’s Plan. Toronto: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 211-228. (This is based on John Geier, n.d., Personal Profile System, Minneapolis, Minn.: Performax Systems International.)

Erramilli, M. and Sharma, V. (2004), “Resource-Based Explanation of Entry Mode Choice,” Journal of Marketing, 1-18.

Erramilli, M. and Rao, C. P. (1993), “Service Firms’ International Entry Mode Choice: A Modified Transaction Cost Approach,” Journal of Marketing 57, 19-38.

Etzioni, A. (1961), A comparative Analysis of Complex Organizations: On Power, Involvement, and their Correlates. New York: The Free Press

Etzioni, A. (1988), The Moral Dimension: Toward a New Economics. New York: The Free Press

Frederking, L. C. (2004), “A Cross-National Study of Culture, Organization and Entrepreneurship in Three Neighborhoods,” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 197-215.

Garfield, C. (1986), Peak Performers: The New Heroes of American Business. New York: Avon Books.

Gartner, W. B. (1985), “A Conceptual Framework for Describing the Phenomena of New Venture Creation,” Academy of Management Review 10, 696-706


Gatignon, H. and Anderson, E. (1988), “The Multinational Corporation’s Degree of Control Over Foreign Subsidiaries: An empirical Test of a Transaction Cost Perspective,” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 4 (Fall), 305-336

Geringer, J. M., and Hebert, L. (1989), “Control and Performance of International Joint Ventures.” Journal of International Business Studies 20(2), 235-254.

Gerlach, M. L. (1992), Alliance Capitalism: The Social Organization of Japanese Business. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Giamartino, G. A., McDougall, P. P. and Bird, B. J. (1993), “International Entrepreneurship: The State of the Field,” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice 18 (1), 37-42.

Graham, B. M. (1976), “Transnational Investment by Multinational Firms: A Rivalistic Phenomenon,” Journal of Post-Keynesian Economics 1 (1), 82-99.

Gulati, R. (1995), “Does Familiarity Breed Trust? The Implications of Repeated ties for Contractual Choice in Alliances,” Academy of Management Journal 38 (1), 85-112

Gulati, R. (1998), “Alliances and Networks,” Strategic Management Journal 19 (4), 293-317.

Gulati, R. and Gargiulo, M. (1999), “Where do Interorganizational Networks Come From?” American Journal of Sociology 104 (5), 1439-1493.

Hill, C. W. (2003), International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace – 4th ed. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 480-489.

Hill, C. W., Hwang, P. and Kim, W. C. (1990), “An Eclectic Theory of the Choice of International Entry Mode,” Strategic Management Journal 11 (2), 117-28.



Hitt, M. A., M. T. Dacin, B. B. Tyler, and D. Park (1997), “Understanding the Differences in Korean and U.S. Executives Strategic Orientations,” Strategic Management Journal, 18 (2), 159-167.

Hofstede, G. (1980), Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

Hofstede, G. (1991), Cultures and Organizations-Software of the Mind: Intercultural Cooperation and Its Importance for Survival. London: McGraw-Hill.

Hofestede, G. (1994), “The Business of International Business is Culture,” International Business Review, 3 (1), 1-14.

Hughes, J. R. T. (1986), The Vital Few: American Economic Progress and Its Protagonists. New York: Oxford University Press.

Hunt, S. D. (2002), Foundations of Marketing Theory. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.

Hymer, S. H. (1976), The International Operations of National Firms: A Study of Direct Foreign Investment. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.

Ill, L. G. Th. And G. Waring (1999), “Competing Capitalisms: Capital Investment in American, German, and Japanese Firms,” Strategic Management Journal, 20 (8), 729-748.

Johanson, J. and Vahlne, J. E. (1990), “The Mechanism of Internationalization,” International Marketing Review 7 (4), 11-24.

Jones, M. V. (1999), “The Internationalization of Small High-Technology Firms,” Journal of International Marketing 7 (4), 15-41.

Killing, J. P. (1983), Strategies for Joint Venture Success. New York: Praeger.


Knickerbocker, F. T. (1973), Oligopolistic Reaction and Multinational Enterprise. Boston: Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration.

Knight, G.. A. (1997), “Cross-Cultural reliability and Validity of a Scale to measure Firm Entrepreneurial orientation,” Journal of Business Venturing 12, 213-225.

Kostova, T. (1997), “Country Institutional Profiles: Concept and Measurement,” Academy of Management Proceedings, 180-184.

Kwon, Y.C. and Konopa, L. J. (1993), “Impact of Host Country Market
Characteristics on the Choice of Foreign Market Entry Mode,” International Marketing Review 10 (2), 60-76.

Lachman, R. (1980), “Toward Measurement of Entrepreneurial Tendencies,” Management International Review 20 (2), 108-116

Lau, C. M. and Woodman, R. W. (1995), “Understanding Organizational Change: A Schematic Perspective,” Academy of Management Journal 38, 537-554.

Madhok, A. (1997), “Cost, Value, and Foreign Market Entry Mode: The Transaction and the Firm,” Strategic Management Journal 18 (1), 39-61.

Malhotra, N. K., Agarwal, J., and Ulgado, F. M. (2003), “Internationalization and Entry Modes: A Multitheoretical Framework and Research Propositions,” Journal of International Marketing 11 (4), 1-31.

March, J. and Herbert, S. (1958), Organizations. New York: Wiley

Markus, H. and Zajonc, R. B. (1995), The Cognitive Perspective in Social Psychology. In Lindzey, G. and Aronson, E. (Eds). Handbook of Social Psychology (3rd. ed.) 1, 137-230. New York: Random House.



Mayer, A. and Rowan, B. (1991), Institutional Organizatons: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony. In Powel and DiMaggio (Eds). The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. ChicagoⅡ: The University of Chicago Press.

Mayrhofer, U. (2004), “International Market Entry: Does the Home Country Affect Entry-Mode Decisions?” Journal of International Marketing 12, 71-96.

McClelland, D. C. (1965), The Achieving Society. Princeton: D. Van Nostrand.

McDougall, P. P. (1989),” International vs. Domestic Entrepreneurship: A Comparison of New Venture Behavior and Industry Structure in the Computer and Communications Industries,” Journal of Business Venturing 4, 387-400.

McDougall, P. P. and Oviatt, B. M. (1997),“International Entrepreneurship Literature in the 1990s and Directions for Future Research,” In D. L. Sexton & R. W. Smilor (Eds.), Entrepreneurship 2000: 291-320. Chicago: Upstart Publishing.

McDougall, P. P. and Oviatt, B. M. (2000), “International Entrepreneurship: The Intersection of Two Research Paths,“ Academy of Management Journal 43 (5), 902-906.

Mill, J. S. (1984), Principles of Political Economy with Some Applications to Social Philosophy. London: John W. Parker, 32.

Meyer, K. E. (2001), “Brownfield Entry in Emerging Markets,” Journal of International Business Studies 32 (3), 575-584.

Meyer, K. E. (2004), “Institutions, Transaction Costs, and Entry Mode Choice in Eastern Europe,” Journal of International Business Studies 32 (2), 357-367.

Nelson, R. R. (1982), Government and Technical progress: A Cross-Industry Analysis. New York: Pergamon.

North, D. (1990), Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ohmae, K. (1989), “The Global Logic of Strategic Alliances,“ Harvard Business Review, 67 (March-April), 143-153.

Onkvisit, S. and Shaw, J. J. (1983), “An Examination of the International Product Life Cycle and Its Application Within Marketing,” Columbia Journal of World Business 18, 73-79.

Oviatt, B. and McDougall, P. P. (1994), “Toward a Theory of International New Ventures,” Journal of International Business Studies 25, 45-63.

Peterson, R. (1985), “Raising Risktakers,“ Metropolitan Toronto Business Journal 75 (7), 30-34

Porter, M. E. (1990), The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: The Free Press.

Prahalad,C. K. and Hamel, G. (1990), “The Core Competence of the Corporation,” Harvard Business Review 63 (3), 79-91.

Rasheed, H. S. (2005), “Foreign Entry Mode and Performance: The Moderating Effects of Environment,” Journal of Small Business Management 43 (1), 41-45.

Rondinelli, D. A. and Kasarda, J. D. (1992), “Foreign Trade Potential, Small Enterprise Development and Job Creation in Developing Countries,” Small Business Economics 4, 253-265.

Root, F. R. (1983), Foreign Market Entry Strate4gies. New York: Amacon

Root, R. R. (1994), Entry Strategies for International Markets. MA: D. C. Heath and Company

Scaperlanda, A. (1994), “Schumpeterian Entrepreneurship and Multinational Enterprises: Implications for Social Economics,” Review of Social Economy 52 (4), 338-352.

Schaan, J. l. (1983), “Parent Control and Joint Ventures Success: The Case of Mexico.” Ph.D. diss., University of Western Ontario.

Schneider, S.C. and A. de Meyer (1991), “Interpreting and Responding to Strategic Issues: The Impact of National Culture,” Strategic Management Journal, 12 (4), 307-320.

Schumpeter, J. A. (1934), The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Scott, W. R. (1987), “The Adolescence of Institutional Theory,” Administrative Science Quarterly 32, 493-511.

Scott, W. R. (1995), Institutions and Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Sharma, V. M. and Erramilli, M. K. (2004), “Resource-based Explanation of Entry Mode Choice,” Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice Winter, 1-18

Silver, D. A. (1985), Entrepreneurial Megabucks: The 100 Greatest Entrepreneurs of the Last Twenty-five Years. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Simon, H. (1996), Hidden champions: Lessons from 500 of the world’s best unknown companies. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Simonin, B.L. (1991), Knowledge Transfer in International Strategic Alliances. Unpublished PhD Thesis, The University of Michigan, USA.

Tannenbaum, A. (1968), Control in Organization. New York: McGraw-Hill

Tiessen, J. H. (1987), “Individualism, Collectivism, and Entrepreneurship: A Framework for International Comparative Research,” Journal of Business Venturing 12, 367-384.

Tomer, J. F. (1998a), “Beyond the Machine Model of the Firm: Toward a Holistic Human Model,” Journal of Socio-Economics 27 (3), 323-340.

Tomer, J. F. (1998b), “Beyond Transaction Markets, Toward Relationship Marketing in the Human Firm: A Socio-Economic Model,” Journal of Socio-Economics 27 (2), 207-228.

Toyne, B. and Walters, P. G.. P. (1993), Global Marketing Management: A Strategic Perspective, 2rd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2002), World Investment Report. Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.

Vernon, R. (1966), “International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 80, 190-207.

Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (1966). Chicago: Rand McNally and Sons.

Williamson, O. E. (1975), Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications. New York: The Free Press.

Williamson, O. E. (1985), The Economic Institution of Capitalism. New York: The Free Press.

Wortman, M. S. (1987), “Entrepreneurship: An Integrating Typology and Evaluation of the Empirical Research in the Field,“ Journal of Management 13, 259-279.

Wright, R. W., and Ricks, D. A. (1994), “Trends in International Business Research: Twenty-Five Years Later,” Journal of International Business Studies 25, 687-701

Yan, A., and Gray, B. (1994), “Bargaining Power, Management Control, Performance in United Sates-China Joint Ventures: A Comparative Case Study,” Academy of Management Journal 37(6), 1478-1517.

Yeung, H. W. C. (2000), “Entrepreneurship in International Business: An Institutional Perspective,” Asia Pacific Journal of Management 19, 29-61.

Yip, G. S., P. M. Loewe, and M. Yoshino (1988), “How to Take Your Company to the Global Market,” Columbia Journal of World Business, 23 (Winter), 37-48.

Yu, T. F. L. (2000), “Hong Kong’s Entrepreneurship: Behaviors and Determinants,” Entrepreneurship & Regional development, 179-194.

Zucker, L. (1991), Postscript: Microfoundations of Institutional Thought. In Powell and DiMaggio (Eds). The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. ChicagoⅡ: The University of Chicago Press, 105-106.

王躍生，新制度主義。台北市：揚智文化事業股份有限公司，1997

李重輝，大陸台商名錄，台北市：中華國貨推廣中心，2004

吳明隆，SPSS統計應用學習實務：問卷分析與應用統計。台北市：知城數位科技，2003