臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在本論文中主要是發展一單相兩線式主動電力濾波器(Active Power Filter : APF)，其可以濾除電流諧波、補償虛旦q流、改善它]和實現部分補償的弁遄A此外，還可以考量濾波電感的非線性特性，和實現一並聯式的主動電力濾波器。
在本論中，是採用一電壓型之全橋式換流器做為本系統的電力級。系統控制器(System Controller)是此系統的控制核心，其主要用來決定電流命令訊號，進而實現系統所需的弁遄C一般而言，為了簡化APF的設計，濾波電感都會被線性化考量。因此，為了縮小系統的體積和降低成本，在本論文中提出一具非線性電感考量之主動電力濾波器。其中，電流估測器(Current Estimator)可以用防止換流器的輸出電流超出開關的額定電流，自我學習演算機制(Self-Learning Algorithm)是用來考量濾波電感的非線性特性，進而增加估測電流的精確度。
為了有效的利用換流器的最大輸出額定，所提出之主動電力濾波器可以動態調整換流器的輸出電流，以防止輸出電流超出開關的額定電流。所以，在本論文中提出一振幅箝制演算機制(Amplitude-Clamping Algorithm : ACA)和一振幅調控演算機制(Amplitude-Scaling Algorithm : ASA)來調整換流器的輸出電流，其不需要複雜的運算。因此，所提出之主動電力濾波器可以達到部份補償的弁遄A進而提升系統的利用卛。
而為了發展一高必v系統，在本論文中提出一具電流分配器(Current Sharing Controller : CSC)和負載路徑控制器(Load-Path Control Center : LPCC)之並聯式主動電力濾波器。在此系統中，每單一APF模組可以直接與市電、負載和連接線並接來擴充系統的額定容量。此外，所有的模組不需要任何的溝通。而經過CSC和LPCC，所有的模組可以根據其額定容量來分配負載的虛必v和諧波必v。如此，根據所提出的控制架構，系統的額定必v可以快速且容易的被擴充。因為，此並聯系統的所有模組不需要額外的溝通，所以，此系統有一較佳的擴充性和可靠度和兼具熱插拔的弁遄C最後，由模擬和實驗結果可以進一步驗證所提出之APF模組和APF並聯系統的可行性。

The objective of this dissertation is to develop single-phase two-wire (1f2W) inverter systems for achieving active power filtering. The proposed active power filters (APFs) can be used to filter harmonic currents, compensate reactive power, improve power factor, and par-tially deal with the reactive and harmonic power. They can take into account the nonlinear ef-fect of a filter inductor, and can be modualized into a parallel-APF system.
In the dissertation, a voltage-source full-bridge inverter is adopted to serve as the power stage of the discussed APFs. In an APF, the system controller is its kernel. It is mainly used to determine current commands to achieve the desired features, and it is realized on a digital signal processor (DSP) chip. In general, an APF with a linear inductor has been widely de-veloped to filter harmonic currents. For reducing the volume and cost, an APF with nonlinear inductor consideration is proposed. To prevent output current from exceeding switch ratings, inverter current is properly controlled through a current estimator. A self-learning algorithm is also proposed to determine nonlinear inductance, which can increase the accuracy of the es-timated current.
For effectively utilizing the maximum capacity of the inverter, the proposed APF can adjust its output current below its switch current ratings dynamically. An amplitude-clamping algorithm (ACA) and an amplitude-scaling algorithm (ASA) are proposed, which can be used to determine current commands without need of complicated calculation. Thus, in the pro-posed APF, partial active-power-filtering can be achieved to increase the filter utilization.
For developing a high power system, a paralleled APF system with current sharing con-troller (CSC) and load-path control center (LPCC) is designed and implemented. In the sys-tem, each APF module is directly tied to the load, source and buses, and there is no commu-nication between modules. Through CSC and LPCC, the modules can share the total reactive and harmonic currents of the load according to their power ratings. With the proposed control scheme, power capacity of the system can be readily and flexibly expanded. Since there is no communication between modules, system expandability and flexibility will increase, and hot-swap feature can be readily achieved. Simulation and experimental results have verified the feasibility and performance of the proposed single APF module and parallel-APF system.

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and Motivation
1.2 Review of Previous Work
1.3 Dissertation Outline
2. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE HARMONIC FILTERS
2.1 Power-Delivery Reliability and Load-Type Compatibility
2.2 Power Loss
2.2.1 Active Power Filter
2.2.2 Power Factor Corrector
2.3 Component Stress
2.4 Summary
3. APF WITH LINEAR INDUCTOR
3.1 Review of Active-Power-Filtering Algorithms
3.2 Filter Configuration
3.3 Filter Controller
3.4 Design of Power Stage
3.4.1 Power Switch
3.4.2 Current Sensor
3.4.3 Filter Inductor
3.4.4 DC-Link Capacitor
3.5 Derivation of Current Commands
3.6 Design of Current Compensator
3.7 Simulated and Experimental Results
3.7.1 Rectifier Load Condition
3.7.2 Linear R-L Load Condition
3.7.3 Linear R-C Load Condition
3.8 Summary
4. APF WITH NONLINEAR INDUCTOR
4.1 Filter Configuration
4.2 Filter Controller
4.2.1 Inverter Current Estimation
4.2.2 Self-Learning Algorithm
4.3 Derivation of the Source Current Command
4.4 Simulated and Experimental Results
4.4.1 Rectifier Load Condition
4.4.2 Linear R-L Load Condition
4.4.3 Mixed Linear and Rectifier Load Condition
4.5 Summary
5. APF WITH PARTIAL FILTERING CONTROL
5.1 Conventional Algorithm for Partial Filtering
5.2 Filter Controller for Partial Filtering
5.3 Derivation of Current Commands
5.4 Load Power Calculation
5.5 Load Type Identification
5.6 Amplitude-Clamping Algorithm
5.7 Amplitude-Scaling Algorithm
5.8 Simulated and Experimental Results
5.8.1 Rectifier Load Condition
5.8.2 Linear R-L Load Condition
5.8.3 Mixed Linear and Rectifier Load Condition
5.9 Summary
6. PARALLEL APF SYSTEM WITHOUT COMMUNICATION
6.1 Conventional Parallel-APF Systems
6.2 Configuration of the Proposed Parallel APF System
6.3 Control Scheme
6.3.1 Current Sharing Controller (CSC)
6.3.2 Load-Path Control Center (LPCC)
6.4 Simulated and Experimental Results
6.4.1 Two Modules with the Current Ratio of 1 : 1
6.4.2 Two Modules with the Current Ratio of 3 : 1
6.4.3 Three Modules with the Current Ratio of 1 : 1 : 1
6.4.4 Three Modules with the Current Ratio of 3 : 1 : 1
6.4.5 Three Modules with the Current Ratio of 3 : 2 : 1
6.5 Summary
7. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH
7.1 Conclusions
7.2 Future Research
REFERENCES
APPENDIX PHOTOGRAPHS OF ACTIVE POWER FILTERS
VITA

[1]IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems, IEEE Std. 519-1992, IEEE, New York, NY, 1993.
[2]P. K. Sen and H. A. Landa, “Derating of Induction Motors Due to Waveform Distortion,” IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 26, pp. 1102-1107, Nov./Dec. 1990.
[3]E.-A. Klingshirm and H. E. Jordan, “Polyphase Induction Motor Performance and Losses on Non-Sinusoidal Voltage Sources,” IEEE Trans. on Power Application System, Vol. PAS-87, pp. 624-631, Mar. 1968.
[4]M. T. Bishop, J. F. Baranowski, D. Heath and S. J. Benna, “Evaluating Har-monic-Induced Transformer Heating,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, pp. 305-311, Jan. 1996.
[5]F. L. Tofoli, S. M. R. Sanhueza and A. de Oliveira, “On the Study of Losses in Cables and Transformers in Nonsinusoidal Conditions,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 21, pp. 971-978, April 2006.
[6]IEC 1000-3-2, “Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC), Part 3: Limits Section 2: Limits for Harmonic Current Emissions (Equipment Input Current 16 A Per Phase),” 1995.
[7]J. C. Das, “Passive Filters - Potentialities and Limitations,” IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 40, pp. 232-241, Jan./Feb. 2004.
[8]H. Akagi, “Active Harmonic Filters,” Proceedings of the IEEE Invited Paper, Vol. 93, pp. 2128-2141, Dec. 2005.
[9]L. A. Moran, I. Pastorini, J. Dixon and R. Wallace, “A Fault Protection Scheme for Se-ries Active Power Filters,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol. 14, pp. 928-938, Sept. 1999.
[10]Z. Wang, Q. Wang, W. Yao and J. Liu, “A Series Active Power Filter Adopting Hybrid Control Approach,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol. 16, pp. 301-310, May 2001.
[11]A. Ramos, I. Nuez and V. Feliu, “Linearisation Method and Control for Series Active Power Filter by Means of Pulse-Width Modulation,” IEE Proceedings of Electric Power Applications, Vol. 153, pp. 337-342, May 2006.
[12]C.-Y. Hsu and H.-Y. Wu, “A New Single-Phase Active Power Filter with Reduced En-ergy Storage Capacitor,” Proceedings of the IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Con-ference, June 1995, pp. 202-208.
[13]H. Akagi, “New Trend in Active Filters for Power Conditioning,” IEEE Trans. on In-dustry Applications, Vol. 32, No. 6, pp.1312-1332, Nov./Dec. 1996.
[14]J.-C. Wu and H.-L. Jou, “Simplified Control Method for the Single-Phase Active Power Filter,” IEE Proceedings of Electric Power Applications, Vol. 143, No. 3, pp. 219-224, May 1996.
[15]H. Akagi, “Active and Hybrid Filters for Power Conditioning,” IEEE Trans. on Indus-trial Electronics, Vol. 1, pp. TU26-TU36, Dec. 2000.
[16]Z. Chen, F. Blaabjerg and J. K. Pedersen , “Hybrid Compensation Arrangement in Dis-persed Generation Systems,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 20, pp. 1719-1727, April 2005.
[17]J. W. Dixon, G. Venegas and L. A. Moran, “A Series Active Power Filter Based on a Si-nusoidal Current-Controlled Voltage-Source Inverter,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Elec-tronics, Vol. 44, pp. 612-620, Oct. 1997.
[18]D. Li, Q. Chen, Z. Jia and J. Ke, “A Novel Active Power Filter with Fundamental Mag-netic Flux Compensation,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 19, pp. 799-805, April 2004.
[19]G.-M. Lee, D.-C. Lee and J.-K. Seok, “Control of Series Active Power Filters Compen-sating for Source Voltage Unbalance and Current Harmonics,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 51, pp. 132-139, Feb. 2004.
[20]Y. S. Kim, J. S. Kim and S. H. Ko, “Three-Phase Three-Wire Series Active Power Filter, Which Compensates for Harmonics and Reactive Power,” IEE Proceedings of Electric Power Applications, Vol. 151, pp. 276-282, May 2004.
[21]F. Kamran and T. G. Habetler, “Combined Deadbeat Control of a Series-Parallel Con-verter Combination Used as a Universal Power Filter,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electron-ics, Vol. 13, pp. 160-168, Jan. 1998.
[22]H. Fujita and H. Akagi, “The Unified Power Quality Conditioner: the Integration of Se-ries and Shunt-Active Filters,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol. 13, pp. 315-322, March 1998.
[23]A. Akdag, H. Minakata and S. Tadakuma, “Simulation Study of a Unified Power Flow Controller via Personal Computer Based Hybrid Simulator,” Proceedings of the IEEE 34th Annual Conference on Industry Applications Society, Vol. 1, 1999, pp. 456-462.
[24]B. Singh, A.-H. Kamal and A. Chandra, “A Review of Active Filters for Power Quality Improvement,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 46, pp. 960-971, Oct. 1999.
[25]M. E. Habrouk, M. K. Darwish and P. Mehta, “Active Power Filters: a Review,” IEE Proceedings of Electric Power Applications, Vol. 147, pp. 403-413, Sept. 2000.
[26]D. W. Hart, Introduction to Power Electronics, Prentice-Hall Publishing Co., 1997.
[27]H. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa and A. Nabae, “Instantaneous Reactive Power Compensators Comprising Switching Devices without Energy Storage Components,” IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. IA-20, No.3, pp. 625-630, May/June 1984.
[28]L. A. Moran, J. W. Dixon and R. R. Wallace, “A Three-Phase Active Power Filter Oper-ating with Fixed Switching Frequency for Reactive Power and Current Harmonic Com-pensation,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp 402 –408, Aug. 1995.
[29]Y. Komatsu and T. Kawabata, “Characteristics of Three Phase Active Power Filter Using Extension p-q Theory,” Proceedings of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Conference., Vol. 2, July 1997, pp. 302-307.
[30]K. Haddad and G. Joos, “Three Phase Active Filter Topology Based on a Reduced Switch Count Voltage Source Inverter,” Proceedings of the IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, June 1999, pp. 236-241.
[31]H. Fujita, T. Yamasaki and H. Akagi, “A Hybrid Active Filter for Damping of Harmonic Resonance in Industrial Power Systems,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol. 15, pp. 215-222, March 2000.
[32]G.-Y. Jeong, T.-J. Park and B.-H. Kwon, “Line-Voltage-Senseless Active Power Filter for Reactive Power Compensation,” IEE Proceedings of Electric Power Applications, Vol. 147, pp. 385-390, Sept. 2000.
[33]Y.-G. Jung, Y.-C. Lim and S.-H. Yang “Single-Phase Active Power Filter Based on Three-Dimensional Current Co-Ordinates,” IEE Proceedings of Electric Power Applica-tions, Vol. 147, pp. 572-578, Nov. 2000.
[34]W. le Roux and J. D. Van Wyk, “Modeling of Distortion Compensation Ineffectivity in Filters for Non-Active Power,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 48, pp. 91-100, Feb. 2001.
[35]C.-Y. Zhao, G.-Y. Li, Z.-Y. Chen and G.-k. Li, “Design and Realization of a New Hybrid Power Filter System Used in Single-Phase Circuit,” Proceedings of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society 27th Annual Conference, Vol. 2, 2001, pp. 1067-1071.
[36]T. E. Nunez-Zuniga and J. A. Pomilio, “Shunt Active Power Filter Synthesizing Resistive Loads,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol. 17, pp. 273-278, March 2002.
[37]D. Shen and P. W. Lehn, “Fixed-Frequency Space-Vector-Modulation Control for Three-Phase Four-Leg Active Power Filters,” IEE Proceedings of Electric Power Appli-cations, Vol. 149, pp. 268-274, July 2002.
[38]J. Barros and E. Perez, “An Adaptive Method for Determining the Reference Compen-sating Current in Single-Phase Shunt Active Power Filters,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 18, pp. 1578-1580, Oct. 2003.
[39]T.-F. Wu, H.-S. Nien, C.-L. Shen and T.-M. Chen, “A Single-Phase Inverter System for PV Power Injection and Active Power Filtering With Nonlinear Inductor Consideration,” IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 1075-1083, 2005.
[40]Sangshin Kwak and H. A. Toliyat, “Design and Rating Comparisons of PWM Voltage Source Rectifiers and Active Power Filters for AC Drives with Unity Power Factor,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol. 20, pp. 1133-1142, Sept. 2005.
[41]H. Komurcugil and O. Kukrer, “A New Control Strategy for Single-Phase Shunt Active Power Filters Using a Lyapunov Function,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 53, pp. 305-312, Dec. 2005.
[42]K. Nishida, M. Rukonuzzman and M. Nakaoka, “Advanced Current Control Implemen-tation with Robust Deadbeat Algorithm for Shunt Single-Phase Voltage-Source Type Ac-tive Power Filter,” IEE Proceedings of Electric Power Applications, Vol. 151, pp. 283-288, May 2004.
[43]H.-L. Jou, J.-C. Wu and H.-Y. Chu, “New Single-Phase Active Power Filter,” IEE Proceedings of Electric Power Applications, Vol. 141, pp. 129-134, May 1994.
[44]L. P. Kunjumuhammed and M. K. Mishra, “A Control Algorithm for Single-Phase Active Power Filter under Non-Stiff Voltage Source,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol. 21, pp. 822-825, May 2006.
[45]M. Karimi-Ghartemani, H. Mokhtari, M. R. Iravani and M. Sedighy, “A Signal Process-ing System for Extraction of Harmonics and Reactive Current of Single-Phase Systems,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 19, pp. 979-986, July 2004.
[46]D. A. Torrey and A. M. A. M. Al-Zamel, “Single-Phase Active Power Filters for Multiple Nonlinear Loads,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol. 10, pp. 263-272, May 1995.
[47]Qiao C., K. M. Smedley and F. Maddaleno, “A Single-Phase Active Power Filter with One-Cycle Control under Unipolar Operation,” IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems, Vol. 51, pp. 1623-1630, Aug. 2004.
[48]E. Dallago and M. Passoni, “Single-Phase Active Power Filter with Only Line Current Sensing,” Electronics Letters, Vol. 36, Jan. 2000, pp. 105-106.
[49]J.-C. Wu and H.-L. Jou, “Simplified Control Method for the Single-Phase Active Power Filter,” IEE Proceedings of Electric Power Applications, Vol. 143, pp. 219-224, May 1996.
[50]R. Costa-Castello, R. Grino and E. Fossas, “Odd-Harmonic Digital Repetitive Control of a Single-Phase Current Active Filter,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol. 19, pp. 1060-1068, July 2004.
[51]J. Arrillaga, D. A. Bradley and P. S. Bodger, Power System Harmonics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1985.
[52]R. D. Middlebrook and S. Cuk, “A General Unified Approach to Modeling Switching Converter Power Stage,” Proceedings of the IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Con-ference, 1976, pp. 18-34.
[53]N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, W. P. Robbins, Power Electronics, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2003.
[54]A. I. Pressman, Switching Power Supply Design, McGraw-Hill Inc., 1992.
[55]L.-G. Alberto, Probability and Random Processes for Electrical Engineering, Second Edition, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1994.
[56]T.-F. Wu, C.-L. Shen, C.-H. Chang and J.-Y. Chiu, “A 1f3W Grid-Connection PV Power Inverter with Partial Active Power Filter,” IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 39, pp. 635-646, April 2003.
[57]S.-J. Chiang and J.-M. Chang, “Design and Implementation of the Parallelable Active Power Filter” Proceedings of the IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1999, pp. 406-411.
[58]L. A. Moran, et al., “A New Current Control Strategy for Active Power Filters Using Three PWM Voltage Source Inverters”, Proceedings of the IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1993, pp. 3-9.
[59]L. A. Moran, et al., “A Simple and Low-Cost Control Strategy for Active Power Filters Connected in Cascade” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 44, pp. 621-629, Oct. 1997.
[60]S.-J. Chiang and J.-M. Chang, “Parallel Operation of Shunt Active Power Filters with Capacity Limitation Control” IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 37, pp. 1312-1320, Oct. 2001.