臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

舌咽神經與迷走神經分別為第九及第十對腦神經，其弁鄏b掌控消化與心血管系統。大鼠的迷走神經與舌咽神經包含傳入（afferent）與傳出（efferent）神經成份，其在顱內進出腦幹的位置，雖有頭尾差異，但其界線仍未曾細分。我們利用大片組織製備法與西洋山奏皝L氧化酶（WGA-HRP）神經追蹤術，把大鼠的迷走神經與舌咽神經的傳入成份在顱內進出腦幹的分佈情形，分別以實物圖譜方式標示出來。迷走神經進入腦幹的路徑追蹤，是注射WGA-HRP到結狀神經節（左側，N = 6；右側，N = 5），而舌咽神經的路徑追蹤則是直接注射其周邊神經束（左側，N = 6；右側，N = 6）。結果顯示，迷走神經主要透過尾端四條神經束，再分成至少五條更細相鄰的神經細索（rootlet）和腦幹相連；舌咽神經則透過一條頭端神經束，再分成兩條更細相鄰的神經細索。依據這個圖譜資料，研究人員可以實施精準顱內迷走神經切斷手術（intracranial vagal rhizotomy），讓真正屬於迷走神經或舌咽神經的感覺(傳入)或運動(傳出)神經的角色弁鈶繸o確認。

The glossopharyngeal and the vagal nerves are the 9th and 10th cranial nerves and involved in the control of the gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems. The rat vagal and glossopharyngeal nerves have afferent and efferent rootlets running into and out off the brainstem rostrally and caudally. However, the rostro-caudal delineation of these two cranial nerves in the brainstem is not clear. We take the advantage of the wholemount tissue preparation and the tract tracing method of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) to differentiate the afferent components of the glossopharyngeal and vagal rootlets in the intracranial cavity. The WGA-HRP (0.3~0.5μl) solution was injected into the nodose ganglion (Left, N = 6; Right, N = 5) to trace the vagal pathway and directly into the glossopharyngeal nerve bundle (Left, N = 6; Right, N = 6) to trace its intracranial pathway. The results indicate that on each side the vagus nerve has four main caudal bundles and the glossopharyngeal nerve has one rostral bundle running between the rostral nodose gnaglion and the brainstem and these bundles can be subdivided into more delicate close rootlets running on the surface of the brainstem. With this mapping, it is feasible to perform a much more specific intracranial vagal rhizotomy that can differentiate the very functional role of the afferent or efferent components of the vagal or glossopharyngeal nerve.

LIST OF FIGURES
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
摘 要
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Subjects
WGA-HRP Injection
Tissue Preparation
RESULTS
Afferent Components of the Vagal Rootlets Connecting to the Brainstem
Afferent Components of the Glossopharyngeal Rootlets Connecting to the
Brainstem
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

1.Berthoud HR and Neuhuber WL. (2000) Functional and chemical anatomy of the afferent vagal system. Auton Neurosci, 85, 1-17.
2.Bieger D and Hopkins DA. (1987) Viscerotopic representation of the upper alimentary tract in the medulla oblongata in the rat: the nucleus ambiguus. J Comp Neurol, 262, 546-562.
3.Cervero F. (1994) Sensoroy innervation of the viscera: Peripheral basis of visceral pain. Physiol Rev, 74, 95-138.
4.Chase MR and Ranson SW. (1914) The structure of the roots, trunk and branches of the vagus nerve. J Comp Neurol, 24, 31-60.
5.Ciriello J, Hrychshyn AW and Calaresu FR. (1981) Glossopharyngeal and vagal afferent projections to the brain stem of the cat: a horseradish peroxidase study. J Auton Nerv Syst, 4, 63-79.
6.Davenport HW. (1989) Gastrointestinal physiology, 1895-1975: Motility. In SG Schulta (Sect. ED.), BB Rauner (Exe. Ed.) and JD Wood (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of Physiology: The Gastointestinal System, Sec. 6, Vol. I (pp. 1-101). Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society.
7.Dubois FS and Foley JO. (1936) Experimental studies on the vagus and spinal accessory nerves in the cat. Anat Rec, 64, 285-307.
8.Foley JO and Dubois FS. (1934) An experimental study of the rootlets of the vagus nerve in the cat. J Comp Neurol, 60, 137-159.
9.Fox EA and Powley TL. (1985) Longitudinal columnar organization within the dorsal motor nucleus represents separate branches of the abdominal vagus. Brain Res, 341, 269-282.
10.Fox EA and Powley TL. (1989) False-positive artifacts of tracer strategies distort autonomic connectivity maps. Brain Res Brain Res Rev, 14, 53-77.
11.Housley GD, Martin- Body RL, Dawson NJ and Sinclair JD. (1987) Brain stem projections of the glossopharyngeal nerve and its carotid sinus branch in the rat. Neuroscience, 22, 1, 237-250.
12.Iggo A. (1986) Afferent C-fibers and visceral sensation. Prog Brain Res, 67, 29-36.
13.Kalia M and Sullivan JM. (1982) Brainstem projections of sensory and motor components ofthe vagus nerve in the rat. J Comp Neurol, 211, 248-265.
14.Ledoux, JE. (1996) The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of the emotional life. New York: Simon and Schuster.
15.McDonald DM. (1983) Morphology of the rat carotid sinus nerve. I. course, connections, dimensions and ultrastructure. J Neurocytol, 12, 345-372.
16.Mesulam MM. (1978) Tetramethyl benzidine for horseradish peroxidase neurohistochemistry: a non-carcinogenic blue reaction-product with superior sensitivity for visualizing neural afferents and efferents. J of Histochem Cytochem, 26, 106-117.
17.Mesulam MM. (1982) Principles of horseradish peroxidase neurohistochemistry ad their applications for tracing neural pathways – Axonal transport, enzyme histochemistry and light microscopic analysis. In: MM Mesulam (Ed.), Tracing Neural Connections with Horseradish Peroxidase (pp.1-151). New York: Wiley & Sons.
18.Moran TH, Salorio CF, Tominack I, McHugh P and Schwartz GJ. (1993) Role of gastric afferent vagus in the mediation of CCK satiety. Soc Neurosci Abstr, 19, 1263.
19.Nagashima K, Nakai S, Tanaka M and Kanosue K. (2000) Neuronal circuitries involved in thermoregulation. Auton Neurosci, 85, 18-25.
20.Norgren R and Smith GP. (1988) Central distribution of subdiaphragmatic vagal branches in the rat. J Comp Neurol, 273, 207-223.
21.Norgren R and Smith GP. (1994) A method for selective section of vagal afferent or efferent axons in the rat. Am J Physiol, 267, R1136-R1141.
22.Paintal AS. (1973) Vagal sensory receptors and their reflex effects. Physiol Rev, 53, 159-227.
23.Paintal AS. (1986) The visceral sensations – some basic mechanisms. Prog Brain Res, 67, 3-19.
24.Powley TL and Phillips RJ. (2005) Advances in neural tracing of vagal afferent nerves and terminals. In: BJ Undem and D Weinreich (Eds.), Advances in vagal afferent neurobiology, Vol. 28 (pp.123-145). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
25.Ritter RC, Brenner L and Yox DP. (1992) Participation of vagal sensory neurons in putative satiety signals from the upper gastrointestinal tract. In S Ritter, RC Ritter and CD Barnes (Eds.), Neuroanatomy and Physiology of Abdominal Vagal Afferents (pp.221-248). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
26.Rossiter JP and Fraher JP. (1990) Intermingling of central and peripheral nervous tissues in rat dorsolateral vagal rootlet transitional zones. J Neurocytol, 19, 385-407.
27.Smith GP, Jerome C and Norgren R. (1985) Afferent axons in abdominal vagus mediate satiety effect of cholecystokinin in rats. Am J Physiol, 249, R638-R641.
28.Walls EK, Wang FB, Phillips RJ, Holst MC, Voreis JS, Perkins AR, Pollard LE and Powley TL. (1995a) Selective vagal rhizotomies: Anew dorsal surgical approach used for intestinal deafferentations. Am J Physiol, 269, R1279-R1288.
29.Walls EK, Phillips RJ, Wang FB, Holst MC and Powley TL. (1995b) Suppression of meal size by intestinal nutrients is eliminated by celiac vagal deafferetation. Am J Physiol, 269, R1410-R1419.
30.Wang FB and Cheng PM. (2004) The superior cervical ganglion: Inputs and axons of passage. Program No. 74.3. 2004 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience. Online.
31.Wang FB and Jen HR. (2005) Paravertebral chains: Distribution of neurons projecting axons bypass celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia in the rat. 中華實驗動物學會 2005年, 第八屆第二次會員大會暨學術研討會, Taipei, Taiwan.
32.Wang FB and Powley TL. (2000) Topographic inventories of vagal afferent in gastrointestinal muscle. J Comp Neurol, 421, 302-324.
33.Wang FB and Powley TL. (2005) Vagal innervation of intestines: Axonal pathways mapped with new in situ HRP adaptation. Program No. 525.7. 2005 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience. Online.