臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

對醫院來說，其正處於一個具高度競爭性的知識基礎經濟市場內，在這樣的經營環境下，醫院唯有有效整合各種專業知識、積極進行組織創新，才能有效增強其競爭優勢。此外，近來策略聯盟已成為釵h醫院所經常利用的策略性工具，隨著策略聯盟日趨盛行，醫院的聯盟網絡亦趨多元，因此本研究試圖針對醫院所具有的聯盟網絡多元性，對其組織創新的影響進行深入的探討，而本研究認為這樣的影響性，應是透過聯盟網絡所產生的知識利益與限制所造成，因此乃採用知識基礎觀點來進行探討。

透過知識基礎觀點，本研究共發展出組織間關係知識庫（以下統稱IOR知識庫）、潛在性吸收能力、實現性吸收能力與外部知識獲取等四項研究構念，而針對上述構念，共推導出八大項研究假設。在實證的部份，乃以郵寄問卷的方式，針對460家地區醫院級以上醫院之高階主管或聯盟管理者進行問卷調查，有效問卷回收率為35.45%，扣除掉24家未參與聯盟的醫院，共得138家樣本資料。在檢驗樣本資料之代表性後，本研究進一步以驗證性因素分析來檢驗研究構念的建構效度，以及採用階層迴歸來進行研究假設的驗證。

研究結果發現，醫院策略聯盟網絡的發展確實已相當多元化，聯盟夥伴數平均有21.42個，而平均夥伴產業類別數與地區類別數則分別為4.93與3.75。而階層迴歸分析結果顯示，聯盟網絡多元性對醫院組織創新確實有顯著的倒U型關係，除直接性影響外，其亦會透過外部知識獲取的部份中介來影響組織創新。此外，潛在性吸收能力與IOR知識庫在聯盟網絡多元性對外部知識獲取的影響路徑上，乃具有完全中介的效果，而非調節效果。至於實現性吸收能力，結果發現實現吸收能力在外部知識獲取對組織創新的影響路徑上，亦扮演中介性的角色。而本研究另發現醫院自聯盟網絡所進行的外部知識獲取，對於醫院管理創新的強化較具有影響力，在提昇技術創新程度上的影響性則較有限。

綜合上述研究結果，本研究證實聯盟網絡多元性，確實會透過各種直接性以及間接性的路徑，來影響醫院的組織創新表現，而管理者與研究者在探討如何透過聯盟網絡多元性來提升組織創新的表現時，知識基礎觀點確實為重要的理論邏輯。

Hospitals have existed in highly competitive market based on knowledge economy. Under this business environment, hospitals should integrate several kinds of specialties efficiently and drive organizational innovation aggressively to enhance competitive advantage. More recently, strategic alliances have been frequently employed by hospitals as strategic tools. With the increasing usage of strategic alliances, alliance networks of hospitals have become more diverse. Therefore, we attempted to address the impact of alliance network diversity on organizational innovation. Since we argued the influence of alliance diversity would originate from knowledge benefits and limits, we hence adopted knowledge-based view (KBV) to analyze it.

Four research constructs generated by the knowledge-based view included inter-organization relationship knowledge store (IOR knowledge store), potential absorptive capability (PACAP), realized absorptive capability (RACAP), and external knowledge acquisition. Based on these constructs, we built up eight research hypotheses. The self-administered mail survey was employed to collect data. Questionnaires were mailed to 460 hospitals accredited as district hospitals and above. The informants were the top managers or alliance managers of these hospitals. The overall valid response rate was 35.45%. We finally obtained 138 samples excluding hospitals not joining any alliance. After testing sample representativeness, we adopted confirmatory factor analysis to test the construct validity of each research construct and hierarchical multiple regression to test our hypotheses.

Our findings indicated alliance networks of hospitals actually appeared diverse; the number of partners, unique local partners, and unique industries of partners were 21.24, 4.93, and 3.75. Alliance network diversity would affect organizational innovation directly, and the relationship between these two constructs exhibited an inverse-U curve. External knowledge acquisition would partially mediate this relationship in addition to direct effect. Further, PACAP and IOR knowledge store would fully mediate the relationship between alliance network diversity and external knowledge acquisition. RACAP would also play the mediating role in explaining the influence of external knowledge acquisition on organizational innovation. There was one other thing that is important for us. We found that the impact of knowledge gathered by hospitals from alliance networks on management innovation is greater than technological innovation.

According to the above research findings, we testified that alliance network diversity would direct and indirect affect organizational innovation of the hospital. Besides, KBV actually was a vital theoretical logic while managers and researchers discussed how to enhance organizational innovation by alliance network diversity.

圖 目 錄 viii
表 目 錄 ix
附 錄 目 錄 x
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 預期研究貢獻 3
第三節 研究目的 4
第二章 文獻回顧 5
第一節 組織創新 5
壹、 組織創新的定義 5
貳、 組織創新的類別 8
參、 醫院組織創新的內涵 9
肆、 小結 10
第二節 不同理論觀點對策略聯盟的探討 11
壹、 聯盟形成 11
貳、 聯盟管理結構 13
參、 聯盟績效 15
肆、 小結 20
第三節 聯盟網絡多元性 20
壹、 網絡理論 21
貳、 網絡理論下的策略聯盟 25
參、 聯盟網絡多元性的本質與重要性 27
肆、 小結 29
第四節 知識基礎觀點 30
壹、 知識的定義與類別 30
貳、 知識基礎觀點的源起與核心概念 33
參、 知識基礎觀點下的策略聯盟 34
肆、 小結 37
第五節 吸收能力 37
第六節 組織間關係知識庫 40
第三章 研究方法 43
第一節 研究假設 43
壹、 聯盟網絡多元性對醫院組織創新的直接效果 43
貳、 外部知識獲取的中介效果 44
參、 聯盟網絡多元性對外部知識獲取的直接效果 44
肆、 外部知識獲取對醫院組織創新的直接效果 46
伍、 吸收能力的調節效果 47
陸、 組織間關係知識庫的調節效果 49
第二節 研究架構 51
第三節 研究樣本與資料收集 51
第四節 研究構念之定義與衡量 53
壹、 聯盟網絡多元性 53
貳、 醫院組織創新 55
參、 外部知識獲取 56
肆、 吸收能力 57
伍、 組織間關係知識庫 58
第五節 問卷效度與信度 59
第六節 控制變數 59
第七節 分析方法 63
第四章 研究結果 65
第一節 樣本特性 65
第二節 研究構念之測量模式 68
壹、 吸收能力之測量模式 68
貳、 組織間關係知識庫之測量模式 70
參、 組織創新之測量模式 72
肆、 整體研究構念之測量模式 74
第三節 階層迴歸分析結果 80
壹、 外部知識獲取之分析結果 80
貳、 組織創新之分析結果 81
第五章 討論 94
第一節 醫院之策略聯盟網絡現況 94
第二節 聯盟網絡多元性對組織創新的影響 95
第三節 吸收能力與組織間關係知識庫的調節性角色 96
第四節 整體研究模式之修正 98
第六章 結論與建議 100
第一節 結論 100
第二節 實務意涵與建議 101
第三節 理論意涵與貢獻 103
第四節 研究限制與未來研究建議 104
參考文獻 106

1.Abernathy, W. J., and B. Clark, 1985. Innovation: Mapping the winds of creative destruction, Research Policy, 14(1): 3-22.
2.Acemoglu, D., and J. Linn, 2004. Market Size in Innovation: Theory and Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Industry, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119(3): 1049-1090.
3.Adler, S. P., 2003. Learning from Hospitals:An Introduction, California Management Review, 45(2): 6-11.
4.Ahuja, G., 2000. Collaboration Networks, Structural Holes, and Innovation: A Longitudinal Study, Administrative Science Quarterly, 45: 425-455.
5.Aiken, L. S., and S. G. West, 1991. Multiple Regression: Testing andinterpreting interactions, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
6.Almeida, P., and B. Kougt, 1999. Localization of Knowledge and the Mobility of Engineers in Regional Networks, Management Scinece, 45(7): 905-907.
7.Almeida, P., and A. Phene, 2004. Subsidiaries and Knowledge Creation: The Influence of the MNC and Host Country on Innovation, Strategic Management Journal, 25(8-9): 847-864.
8.Amabile, T. M., 1988. A Model of Creativity and Innovation in Organization, Research in Organizational Behavior, 10: 123-167.
9.Amabile, T. M., R. Conti, H. Coon, J. Lazenby, and M. Herron, 1996. Assessing the Work Environment for Creativity, Academy of Management Journal, 39(5): 1154-1184.
10.Anderson, J. C., and D. W. Gerbing, 1988. Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach, Psychological Bulletin, 103(3): 411-423.
11.Annen, K., 2002. Social capital, inclusive networks, and economic performance, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 50(4): 449-463.
12.Aranda, D. A., and L. M. Molina-Fernandez, 2002. Determinants of innovation through a knowledge-based theory lens, Industrial Management + Data Systems, 102(5/6): 289-296.
13.Armstrong, J. S., and T. S. Overton, 1977. Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys, Journal of Marketing Research, 14: 396-402.
14.Astley, W. G., and C. J. Fombrun, 1983. Collective Strategy: Social Ecology of Organizational Environments, Academy of Management Review, 8(4): 576-587.
15.Atuahene-Gima, K., and H. Li, 2004. Strategic Decision Comprehensiveness and New Product Development Outcomes in New Technology Ventures, Academy of Management Journal, 47(4): 583-597.
16.Autio, E., H. J. Sapienza, and J. Almeida, 2000. Effects of age at entry, knowledge intensity and imitability on international growth, Academy of Management Journal, 43(5): 909-924.
17.Badaracco, J. L., 1991. The knowledge links: How firms compete throgh strategic alliances, Boston, MA.: Harvard Business School Press.
18.Bagozzi, R. P., and Y. Yi, 1988. On theEvaluation of Structure EquationsModels, Academic of MarketingScience, 16(3): 76∼94.
19.Bain, J. S., 1968. Industrial Organzoation, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
20.Banaszak-Holl, J., J. S. Zinn, and V. Mor, 1996. The Impact of Market and Organizational Characteristics on Nursing Care Facility Service Innovation: A Resource Dependency Perspective, Health Services Research, 31(1): 97-117.
21.Baranson, J., 1990. The Essence Of Transnational Alliances, Industrial Management, 32(2): 31-32.
22.Barney, J., 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage, Journal of Management, 17: 99-120.
23.Barney, J. B., 2001. Resource-based theories of competitive advantage: A ten-year retrospective on the resource-based view, Journal of Management, 27(6): 643-650.
24.Baron, R. M., and D. A. Kenny, 1986. The Moderator-Mediator Variable Dstinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic and Statistical Considerations, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6): 1173-1182.
25.Barringer, B. R., and J. S. Harrison, 2000. Walking a tightrope: Creating value through interorganizational relationships, Journal of Management, 26(3): 367-403.
26.Baum, J. A. C., T. Calabrese, and B. S. Silverman, 2000. Don't Go it alone: Alliance Network Composition and Startups' Performance in Canadian Biotechnology, Strategic Management Journal, 21(3): 267-294.
27.Baum, J. A. C., and C. Oliver, 1991. Institutional linkages and organizational mortality, Adminstrative Science Quarterly, 36: 187-218.
28.Beckmann, C., and P. Haunschild, 2002. Network Learning: The Effect of Parnter's Heterogeneity of Experience on Coporate Acquisitions, Administrative Science Quarterly, 47(1): 92-124.
29.Bell, G. G., 2005. Clusters, Networks, and Firm Innovativeness, Strategic Management Journal, 26(3): 287-295.
30.Berwick, D. M., 2003. Disseminating Innovations in Health Care, JAMA, 289(15): 1969-1975.
31.Blau, J. R., and W. McKinley, 1979. Ideas, Complexity, and Innovation, Administrative Science Quarterly, 24: 200-219.
32.Blau, P. M., 1964. Exchange and power in socail life, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
33.Boissevain, J., and J. C. Mitchell, 1973. Network analysis: Studies in Human Interaction, Hague: Mouton.
34.Bollen, K. A., 1989. Structural equations with latent variables, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
35.Borgatti, S. P., and P. C. Foster, 2003. The network paradigm in organizational research: A review and typology, Journal of Management, 29(6): 991-1013.
36.Boyd, B., 1990. Corporate Linkages and Organizational Environment: A Test of the Resource Dependence Model, Strategic Management Journal, 11(6): 419-430.
37.Boynton, A., R. Zmud, and G. Jacobs, 1994. The Influence of IT Management Practice on IT Use in Large Organizations, MIT Quarterly, 18: 299-320.
38.Bresser, R. K., and J. Harl, 1986. Collective Strategy: Vice or Virtue, Academy of Management Review, 11(2): 408-427.
39.Burgess, G. H., 1989. Industrial Organization, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
40.Burt, R. S., 1992. Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
41.Burt, R. S., 1997. The Contingent Value of Social Capital, Administrative Science Quarterly, 42: 339-365.
42.Byers, J. F., and C. L. Beaudin, 2002. The relationship between continuous quality improvement and research, Journal for Healthcare Quality, 24(1): 4-8.
43.Camison-Zornoza, C., R. Lapiedra-Alcami, M. Segarra-Cipres, and M. Boronat-Navarro, 2004. A Meta-Analysis of Innovation and Organizational Size, Organization Studies, 25(3): 331-361.
44.Chen, C. J., 2004. The Effects of Knowledge Attribute, Alliance Characteristics, and Absorptive Capacity on Knowledge Transfer Performance, R & D Management, 34(3): 311-321.
45.Chen, H., and T.-J. Chen, 2002. Asymmetric Strategic Alliance: A Network View, Journal of Business Research, 55(12): 1007-1013.
46.Chen, H., and T. J. Chen, 2003. Governance structures in strategic alliances: transcation cost versus resource-based perspectives, Journal of World Business, 38: 1-14.
47.Chien, C.-C., and C. Horng, 2003. A Study of External Knowledge Transfer: An Example for Manufacturing Companies Listed on Taiwan Stock Exchange and Over-the-Counter Markets, Journal of Management, 21(5): 929-964(in Chinese).
48.Child, J., 2001. Learning through Strategic Alliances. In Dierkes, M., Berthoin Antal A., Child J., & Nonaka I. (Eds.), Handbook of Organizational Learning and Knowledge: 657-680. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
49.Chuang, L.-M., 2005. An empirical study of the construction of measuring model for organizational innovation in Taiwanese high-tech enterprises, Journal of American Academy of Business, 6(1): 299-304.
50.Chung, S. A., H. Singh, and K. Lee, 2000. Complementarity, status similarity and social capital as drivers of alliance formation, Strategic Management Journal, 21(1): 1-22.
51.Cockburn, I., and R. Henderson, 1998. Absorptive capacity, coauthor behavior and the organization of research in drug discovery, Journal of Industrial Economics, 46: 157-183.
52.Coff, R. W., 2003. The emergent knowledge-based theory of competitive advantage: An evolutionary approach to integrating economics and management, Managerial and Decision Economics, 24(4): 245-254.
53.Cohen, J., and P. Cohen, 1983. Applied Multiple Regression for Behavioral Science(2 nd ed.), NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum: Hillsdale.
54.Cohen, W. M., and D. A. Levinthal, 1990. Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation., Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1): 128-152.
55.Collins, H. M., 1993. The structure of knowledge, Social Research, 60(1): 95-116.
56.Cooper, D. R., and P. S. Schindler, 2003. Business Reseach Methods (Eigth ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
57.Counte, M. A., and G. L. Glandon, 1988. Managerial Innovation in the hospital: An analysis of the diffusion of hospital cost-account systems, Hospital & Health Services Administration, 33(3): 371-374.
58.Crosby, L. A., K. R. Evans, and D. Cowles, 1990. Relationship Quality in Services Selling: An Interpersonal Influence Perspective, Journal of Marketing, 54(July): 68-81.
59.Crow, G., 2002. The Relationship Between Trust, Social Capital, and Organizational Success, Nursing Administration Quarterly, 26(3): 1-11.
60.Daft, R. L., 1978. A Dual-Core Model of Organization Innovation, Academy of Management Journal, 21: 193-210.
61.Damanpour, F., 1987. The Adoption of Technological, Administrative, and Ancillary Innovations: Impact of Organizational Factors, Journal of Management, 13: 675-688.
62.Damanpour, F., 1991. Organizational Innovation: A Meta-Analysis of Effects of Determinants and Moderators, Academy of Management Journal, 34(3): 555-590.
63.Damanpour, F., 1996. Organizational Complexity and Innovation: Developing and Testing Multiple Contingency Models, Management Science, 42(5): 693-716.
64.Damanpour, F., and W. M. Evan, 1984. Organizational Innovation and Performance: The Problem of 'Organizational Lag', Administrative Science Quarterly, 29(3): 392-409.
65.Darr, E., and T. Kuetzberg, 2000. An Investigation of Partner Similarity Dimensions on Knowledge Transfer, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 82(1): 28-44.
66.Das, S., P. K. Sen, and S. Sengupta, 1998. Impact of Strategic Alliances on Firm Valuation, Academy of Management Journal, 41(1): 27-41.
67.Das, T. K., and B.-S. Teng, 2001. Trust, Control, and Risk in Strategic Alliances: An Integrated Framework, Organization Studies, 22(2): 251-283.
68.Das, T. K., and B.-S. Teng, 2002. Alliance Constellations: A Social Exchange Perspective, Academy of Management Review, 27(3): 445-456.
69.Das, T. K., and B. S. Teng, 2000. A resource-based theory of strategic alliance, Journal of Management, 26(1): 31-61.
70.Davenport, T. H., and L. Prusak, 1998. Working knowledge: How organizations manage what they know, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
71.Day, G. S., 1994. The Capabilities of Market-Driven Organizations, Journal of Marketing, 54(July): 68-81.
72.Delios, A., and P. W. Beamish, 1999. Ownership strategy of Japanese firms: transactional, institutional, and experience influences, Strategic Management Journal, 20(10): 915-933.
73.Deniz-Deniz, M. D. L. C., and P. D. Saa-Perez, 2003. A resource-based view of corporate responsiveness toward employees, Organization Studies, 24(2): 299-319.
74.DiMaggio, P. J., and W. W. Powell, 1983. The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields, American Sociological Review, 48: 147-160.
75.Dougherty, D., and E. H. Bowman, 1995. The Effects of Organizational Downsizing of Product Innovation, California Management Review, 37(4): 28-44.
76.Douma, M. U., J. Bilderbeek, P. J. Idenburg, and J. K. Looise, 2000. Strategic alliances: Managing the dynamics of fit, Long Range Planning, 33(4): 579-598.
77.Downs, T. J., 2000. Changing the Culture of Underdevelopment and Unsustainability, Journal of Environment Planning and Management, 43(5): 601-621.
78.Drucker, P. F., 1954. The Pratice of Management. New York: Happer & Row.
79.Dwyer, F. R., P. H. Schurr, and S. Oh, 1987. Developing buyer-seller relationships, Journal of Marketing, 51(2): 11-27.
80.Dyer, J. H., and K. Nobeoka, 2000. Creating and Managing a High-Performance Knowledge-Sharing Network: the Toyota Case, Strategic Management Journal, 21(3): 345-367.
81.Dyer, J. H., and H. Singh, 1998. The Relational View: Copperative Strategy and Sources of Inter-Organizational Competitive Advantage, Academy of Management Review, 23(4): 660-679.
82.Earley, P. C., 1993. East meets West meets Mideast: Further explorations of collectivistic and individualistic work groups, Academy of Management Journal, 36(2): 319-348.
83.Eisenhardt, K. M., and C. B. Schoonhoven, 1996. Resource-Based View of Strategic Alliance Formation:Strategic and Social Effect in Entrepreneurial Firm, Organization Science, 7(2): 136-150.
84.Elberfeld, W., and G. Gotz, 2002. Market Size, Technology Choice, and Market Structure, German Economic Review, 3(1): 25-41.
85.Emirbayer, M., and J. Goodwin, 1994. Network analysis, culture, and the problem agency, American Journal of Sociology, 99: 1411-1454.
86.Ettlie, J. E., W. P. Bridges, and R. D. O’Keefe, 1984. Organization strategy and structural differences for radical versus incremental innovation, Management Science, 30(6): 682-695.
87.Fauconnier, G., and M. Turner, 1998. Conceptual Integration Networks, Cognitive Science, 22(2): 133-187.
88.Fornell, C., and D. F. Larcker, 1981. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservablevariables and measurement error, Journal of Marketing Research, 48: 39-50.
89.Frambach, R. T., and N. c. Schillewaertb, 2002. Organizational Innovation Adoption: A Multi-Level Framework of Determinants and Opportunities for Future Research, Journal of Business Research, 55(2): 163-176.
90.Freeman, J., and M. T. Hannan, 1983. Niche width and the dynamics of organizational populations, American Journal of Sociology, 88: 1116-1145.
91.Gambardella, A., 1992. Competitive Advantages from In-House Scientific Research: The U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry in the 1980s, Research Policy, 21: 391-407.
92.Gargiulo, M., and M. Benassi, 1999. The Dark Side of Social Capital. In Leenders, R., & Gabbay S. (Eds.), Corporate Social Capital and Liability: 298-322. Boston: Kluwer.
93.Gatignon, H., and T. S. Robertson, 1989. Technology Diffusion: An Empirical Test of Competitive Effects, Journal of Marketing, 53(January): 35-49.
94.Gemunden, H. G., T. Ritter, and P. Heydebreck, 1996. Network Configuration and Innovation Success: An Empirical Analysis in German High-Tech Industries, International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13(5): 449-462.
95.George, G., S. A. Zahra, and K. K. W. a. R. Khan, 2001. The Effects of Alliance Portfolio Characteristics and Absorptive Capacity on Performance: A Study of Biotechnology Firms, The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 12(2): 205-226.
96.Gift, T., R. Arnould, and L. Debrock, 2002. Is healthy competition healthy? New evidence of the impact of hospital competition, Inquiry, 39(1): 45-55.
97.Ginter, P. M., L. M. Swayne, and D. W.J., 1998. Strategic Management of Health Care Management (3 ed.), Malden: Blackwell Business.
98.Glazer, R., 1991. Marketing in and information-intensive environment: Strategic implications of knowledge as an asset, Journal of Marketing, 55(October): 1-19.
99.Gobeli, D. H., and D. J. Brown, 1987. Analyzing Product Innovations, Research Management Science, 30(4): 25-31.
100.Goerzen, A., and P. W. Beamish, 2005. The Effect of Alliance Network Diversity on Multinational Enterprise Performance, Strategic Management Journal, 26(4): 333-354.
101.Goes, J. B., and S. H. Park, 1997. Interorganizational Links and Innovation: The Case of Hospital Services, Academy of Management Journal, 40(3): 673-696.
102.Goody, B., 1993. Defining rural hospital markets, Health Services Research, 28(2): 183-200.
103.Gopalakrishnan, 1997. A Review of Innovation Research in Economics, Sociology and Technology Management, Omega- International Journal of Management Science, 25(1): 15-28.
104.Gopalakrishnan, S., P. Bierly, and E. H. Kessler, 1999. A reexamination of product and process innovations using a knowledge-based view, Journal of High Technology Management Research, 10(1): 147-166.
105.Granovetter, M., 1973. The Strength of Weak Tie, American Journal of Sociology, 78: 1360-1380.
106.Granovetter, M., 1985. Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embededness, American Journal of Sociology, 91: 481-510.
107.Granovetter, M., 1992. Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action: Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
108.Grant, R. M., 1991. The Resource-Based Theory of Competitive Advantage: Implications for Strategy Formulation, California Management Review, 33(3): 114-135.
109.Grant, R. M., 1996. Toward a Knowledge-Based Theory of the Firm, Strategic Management Journal, 17(Special Issue): 109-122.
110.Grant, R. M., 1997. The Knowledge-Based View of the firm: Implications for Management Practice, Long Range Planning, 30(3): 450-454.
111.Grant, R. M., and C. Baden-Fuller, 1995. A Knowledge-Based Theory of Inter-Firm Collaboration, Academy of Management Journal(Best Papers Proceedings): 17-21.
112.Grant, R. M., and C. Baden-Fuller, 2004. A Knowledge Accessing Theory of Strategic Alliances, Journal of Management Studies, 41(1): 61-84.
113.Gulati, R., 1995. Does Familiarity Breed Trust? The Implication of Repeated Ties for Contractual Choice in Alliances, Academy of Management Journal, 38(1): 85-112.
114.Gulati, R., 1998. Alliances and Networks, Strategic Management Journal, 19(4): 293-317.
115.Gulati, R., 1999. Network Location and leaning: The Influence of Network Resources and Firm Capabilities on Alliance Formation, Strategic Management Journal, 20(5): 397-420.
116.Gulati, R., and M. Gargiulo, 1999. Where Do Interorganizational Networks Come from? American Journal of Sociology, 104(5): 1429-1493.
117.Gulati, R., T. Khanna, and N. Nohria, 1994. Unilateral Commitments and The Importance of Process in Alliances, Sloan Management Review, 35(3): 61-69.
118.Gulati, R., N. Nohria, and A. Zaheer, 2000. Strategic Networks, Strategic Management Journal, 21(3): 203-215.
119.Gulati, R., and H. Singh, 1998. The Architecture of Cooperation: Managing Coordination Costs and Appropriation Concerns in Strategic Alliances, Administrative Science Quarterly, 43(4): 781-794.
120.Hagedoorn, J., 1993. Understanding the Rationale of Strategic Technology Partnering: Inter-organizational Modes of Cooperation and Sectoral Differences, Strategic Management Journal, 14(7): 371-385.
121.Hair, J. F., R. E. Anderson, R. L. Tatham, and W. C. Black, 1998. Multivariate Data Analysis (5th ed.), New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
122.Hamel, G., 1991. Competition for competence and inter-partner learning within international strategic alliances, Strategic Management Journal, 12(Special Issue): 83-103.
123.Hamel, G., C. K. Prahalad, H. Thomas, and D. O'Neal, 1999. Strategic Flexibility: Managing in a Turbulent Environment, New York: John Wiley.
124.Hannan, M. T., and J. Freeman, 1977. The Population Ecology of Organizations, American Journal of Sociology, 82: 929-964.
125.Hansen, M., N. Nohria, and T. Tierney, 1998. What's Your Strategy for Managing Knowledge, Harvard Business Review, 77(2): 106-116.
126.Hardy, C., N. Phillips, and B. T. Lawrence, 2003. Resource, Knowledge and Influence: The Organizational Effects of Interorganizational Collaboration, Journal of Management Studies, 40(2): 321-347.
127.Harrigan, K., 1988. Joint Ventures and International Strategic Alliances, Strategic Management Journal, 12: 83-103.
128.Hedelund, G., 1994. A model of knowledge management and the N-form corporation, Strategic Management Journal, 15: 73-90.
129.Helleoid, D., and B. Simonin, 1994. Organisational Learning and a Firm's Core Competence. In Hamel, G., & Heene A. (Eds.), Competence Based Competition: 213-239. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
130.Henderson, R., and I. Cockburn, 1996. Scale, Scope and Spillovers: The Determinants of Research Productivity in Drug Discovery, Rand Journal of Economics, 27(1): 32-60.
131.Henderson, R. M., and K. B. Clark, 1990. Architectural Innovation: The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Technologies and the Failure of Established Firms, Administrative Science Quarterly, 35: 9-30.
132.Hennart, J. F., 1988. A Transaction Cost Theory of Equity Joint Ventures, Strategic Management Journal, 9: 361-374.
133.Hill, R. C., and D. Hellriegel, 1994. Critical Contingencies in Joint Venture Management: Some Lessons from Managers, Organization Science, 5(4): 594-607.
134.Hite, J. M., and W. S. Hesterly, 2001. The evolution of firm networks: from emergence to early growth of the firm, Strategic Management Journal, 22(3): 275-286.
135.Hong, W. H., T. L. Chiang, and R. E. Chang, 2005. The Effect of Market Structure and Organizational Characteristics on Hospital Operating Efficiency, Journal of Management, 22(2): 191-204 (in Chinese).
136.Housel, T., and H. Arthur, Bell, 2001. Measuring and Managing Knowledge, New York: McGraw-Hill.
137.Howells, J., 1996. Tacit Knowledge, Innovation and Technology Transfer, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 8(2): 91-106.
138.Human, S. E., and K. G. Provan, 2000. Legitimacy building in the evolution of small-firm multilateral networks: A comparative study of success and demise, Administrative Science Quarterly, 45: 327-365.
139.Hurley, R. F., and G. T. M. Hult, 1998. Innovation, Market Orientation, and Organizational Learning: An Integration and Empirical Examination, Journal of Marketing, 62(3): 42-54.
140.Inkpen, A. C., 1996. Creating Knowledge Through Collaboration., California Management Review, 39(1): 123-140.
141.Inkpen, A. C., 1997. An Examination of Knowledge Management in International Joint Ventures. In Beamish, P. W., & Killing J. P. (Eds.), Cooperative Strategies: North American Perspectives: 337-369. San Francisco: New Lexington Press.
142.Inkpen, A. C., 1998. Learning and Knowledge Acquisition through International Strategic Alliances., Academy of Management Executive, 12(4): 69-80.
143.Inkpen, A. C., 2000. Learning Through Joint Ventures: A Framework Of Knowledge Acquisition, Journal of Management Studies, 37(7): 1019-1044.
144.Inkpen, A. C., and A. Dinur, 1998. Knowledge Management Processes and International Joint Ventures., Organization Science, 9(4): 454-468.
145.Inkpen, A. C., and E. W. K. Tsang, 2005. Social Capital, Network, and Knowledge Transfer, Academy of Management Review, 30(1): 146-165.
146.Ireland, R. D., M. A. Hitt, and D. Vaidyanath, 2002. Alliance Management as a Source of Competitive Advantage, Journal of Management, 28(3): 413-446.
147.Jarillo, J. C., 1988. On Strategic Networks, Strategic Management Journal, 9: 31-41.
148.Johannessen, J. A., and J. O. Dolva, 1994. Competence and Innovation: Identifying Critical Innovation Factors, Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Change, 3(3): 209-222.
149.Johanson, L., and L. G. Mattsson, 1987. Interorganizational Relation in Industrial System:A Network Approach Compared with Transactional-Cost Approach, International Studies of Management and Organization, 17: 34-48.
150.Johnson, J. L., R. S. Sohi, and R. Grewal, 2004. The Role of Relational Knowledge Stores in Interfirm Partnering, Journal of Marketing, 68(July): 1-36.
151.Kale, P., J. H. Dyer, and H. Singh, 2002. Alliance Capability, Stock Market Response and Long-Term Alliance Success: The Role of the Alliance Function, Strategic Management Journal, 23(8): 747-767.
152.Kale, P., H. Singh, and H. Perlmutter, 2000. Learning and Protection of Proprietary Assets in Strategic Alliances: Building Relational Capital, Strategic Management Journal, 21(3): 217-237.
153.Kanter, R. M., 1983. Innovation-The Only Hope for Time Ahead? Sloan Management Review, 25(4): 51-55.
154.Kanter, R. M., 1988. When a Thousand Flowers Bloom: Structural, Collective, and Social Conditions for Innovation in Organization, Research in Organizational Behavior, 10: 169-211.
155.Keller, W., 1996. Absorptive Capacity: On the Creation and Acquisition of Technology in Development, Journal of Developmental Economic, 49: 199-210.
156.Kelm, K. M., V. K. Narayanan, and G. E. Pinches, 1995. Shareholder Value Creation During R&D Innovation and Commercialization Stages, Academy of Management Journal, 38(3): 770-786.
157.Kenis, P., and D. Knoke, 2002. How Organizational Field Networks Shape Interorganizational Tie-Formation Rates, Academy of Management Review, 27(2): 275-293.
158.Khanna, T., R. Gulati, and N. Nohria, 1998. The Dynamics of Learning Alliances: Competition, Cooperation, and Relative Scope, Strategic Management Journal, 19(3): 193-210.
159.Kilduff, M., and W. Tsai, 2003. Social Networks and Organizations, London: SAGE.
160.Kim, L., 1998. Crisis Construction and Organizational Learning: Capability Building in Catching-up at Hyundai Motor, Organization Science, 9(4): 506-521.
161.Kimberly, J. R., and M. Evanisko, 1981. Organizational Innovation: The Influence of Individual, Organizational, and Contextual Factors on Hospital Adoption of Technological and Administrative Innovations, Academy of Management Journal, 24(4): 689-713.
162.King, A. W., and C. P. Zeithaml, 2003. Measuring organizational knowledge: A conceptual and methodological framework, Strategic Management Journal, 24(8): 763-772.
163.Knoke, D., and J. H. Kuklinski, 1982. Network Analysis, Newbury Park: Sage.
164.Kogut, B., 1988. Joint Venture: The Theorical and Empirical Perspectives, Strategic Management Journal, 9: 319-332.
165.Kogut, B., and U. Zander, 1992. Knowledge of the Firm, Combinative Capabilities, and the Replication of Technology, Organization Science, 3(3): 383-397.
166.Kogut, B., and U. Zander, 1996. What Firms Do? Coordination, Identity, and Learning, Organization Science, 7(5): 502-518.
167.Koka, B. R., and J. E. Prescott, 2002. Strategic Alliances as Social Capital: A Multidimensional View, Strategic Management Journal, 23(9): 795-816.
168.Koza, M. P., and A. Y. Lewin, 1998. The Coevolution of Strategic Alliance, Organization Science, 9(3): 255-264.
169.Kraatz, M. S., 1998. Learning by Association? Interorganizational Networks and Adaptation to Environmental Change, Academy of Management Journal, 41(6): 621-643.
170.Lam, A., 2000. Tacit knowledge, organizational learning and societal institutions, Organization Studies, 21(3): 487-513.
171.Lance, C. E., 1988. Residual centering, exploratory and confirmatory. moderator analysis, and decomposition of effects in path models. containing interactions, Applied Psychological Measurement, 12(2): 163-175.
172.Lane, P. J., and M. Lubatkin, 1998. Relative Absorptive Capacity and Interorganizational Learning, Strategic Management Journal, 19(5): 461-477.
173.Lane, P. J., J. E. Salk, and M. A. Lyles, 2001. Absorptive Capacity, Learning, and Performance in International Joint Ventures, Strategic Management Journal, 20(12): 1139-1161.
174.Langfred, C. W., 2004. Too much of a good thing? The negative effects of high trust and autonomy in self-managing teams, Academy of Management Journal, 47(3): 385-399.
175.Larson, A., 1992. Network Dyads in Entrepreneurial Settings: A Study of Governance Exchange Relationships, Administrative Science Quarterly, 37(1): 76-104.
176.Laumann, E., J. Galaskiewicz, and P. V. Marsden, 1978. Community Structure as Interorganizational Linkages, Annual Review of Sociology, 4: 455-484.
177.Lechner, C., and M. Dowling, 2003. Firm Networks: External Relationships as Sources for the Growth and Competitiveness of Entrepreneurial Firms, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 15(1): 1-26.
178.Lenox, M., and A. King, 2004. Prospects for developing absorptive ca-pacity through internal information provision, Strategic Management Journal, 25 (4): 331-334.
179.Leonard-Barton, D., 1992. Core Capabilities and Core Rigidities: A Paradox in Managing New Product Development, Strategic Management Journal, 13(5): 111-125.
180.Leonard-Barton, D., 1995. Wellsprings of Knowledge, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
181.Lewis, J. D., 1990. Partnerships for Profits: Structuring and Managing Strategic Alliances, New York: Free Press.
182.Liebeskind, J., 1996. Knowledge, Strategy and the Theory of the Firm, Strategic Management Journal, 17(Special Issue): 93-107.
183.Lin, Y. P., J. Y. Huang, and Y. C. Tung, 2004. How Organizational Learning and Organizational Innovations Mediate Market Orientation and Organizational Performance: An Empirical Study of the Information Technology Industry in Scientific Industry, Management Review, 23(1): 101-134 (in Chinese).
184.Lipparini, A., and L. Fratocchi, 1999. The Capabilities of the Transnational Firm: Accessing Knowledge and Leveraging Inter-Firm Relationships, European Management Journal, 17(6): 655-667.
185.Liu, X., and R. S. White, 1997. The Relative Contributions of Foreign Technology and Domestic Inputs to Innovation in Chinese Manufacturing, Technovation, 17: 119-125.
186.Lorenzoni, G., and A. Lipparini, 1999. The Leveraging of Interfirm Relationships as a Distinctive Organizational Capability: A Longitudinal Study, Strategic Management Journal, 20(4): 317-338.
187.Lumpkin, G. T., and G. G. Dess, 1996. Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking it to Performance, Academy of Management Review, 21(1): 135-172.
188.Luo, Y., 2002. Contract, Cooperation and Performance in International Joint Ventures, Strategic Management Journal, 23(10): 903-919.
189.Lyles, M. A., and J. E. Salk, 1996. Knowledge Acquisition from Foreign Parents in International Joint Ventures: An Empirical in the Hungarian Context, Journal of International Business Studies, 27(5): 877-903.
190.Lynk, W., 1995. Nonprofit hospital mergers and the exercise of market power, Journal of Law and Economics, 38(2): 437-461.
191.Lynn, G. S., and A. E. Akgun, 1998. Innovation Strategies Under Uncertainty: A Contingency Approach for New Product Development, Engineering Management Journal, 10(3): 11-17.
192.Mahoney, J. T., and J. R. Pandian, 1992. The resource-based view within the conversation of strategic management, Strategic Management Journal, 13(5): 363-380.
193.Maidque, M. A., and R. H. Hayes, 1984. The Art of High Technology Management, Sloan Management Review, 25(2): 17-31.
194.Marsh, H. W., and D. Hocevar, 1985. Application of confirmatory factor analysis to the study of self-concept: First-and higher-order factor models and their invariance across groups, Psychological Bulletin, 97(3): 562-582.
195.Mayer, R. C., J. H. Davis, and F. D. Schoorman, 1995. An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust, Academy of Management Review, 20(3): 709-734.
196.McCue, M. J., J. P. Clement, and R. D. Luke, 1999. Strategic Hospital Alliances: Do the Type and Market Structure of Strategic Hospital Alliances Matter? Med Care, 37(10): 1013-1022.
197.McDonald, R. E., and N. Srinivasan, 2004. Technological Innovations in Hospitals: What Kind of Competitive Advantage Does Adoption Lead to? International Journal of Technology Management, 28(1): 103-117.
198.McEvily, B., and A. Zaheer, 1999. Bridging Ties: A Source of Firm Heterogeneity in Competitive Capabilities, Strategic Management Journal, 20(12): 1133-1156.
199.McGrath, R. G., M. H. Tsai, S. Venkataraman, and I. C. MacMillan, 1996. Innovation, Competitive Advantage and Rent: A Model and test, Management Science, 423(3): 389-403.
200.Meyer, A. D., and J. B. Goes, 1988. Organizational assimilation of innovations: A multilevel contextual analysis, Academy of Management Journal, 31(4): 897-923.
201.Miller, D., and J. Shamsie, 1996. The Resource-Based View of the Firm in Two Environments: The Hollywood Film Studios from 1936 to 1965, Academy of Management Journal, 39(3): 519-543.
202.Mohr, J., and R. Spekman, 1994. Characteristics of Partnership Success: Partnership Attributes, Communication Behavior, and Conflict Resolution Techniques, Strategic Management Journal, 15(2): 135-152.
203.Monge, P. R., J. Fulk, M. E. Kalman, and A. J. Flanagin, 1998. Production of Collective Action in Alliance-. Based Interorganizational Communication and Information Systems, Organization Science, 9(3): 411-433.
204.Morgan, R. M., and S. D. Hunt, 1994. The Commitment-trust Theory of Relationship Marketing, Journal of Marketing, 58(July): 21-38.
205.Mowery, D. C., and J. E. Oxley, 1995. Inward technology transfer and competetivenss: The role of national innovation systems, Cambridge Journal of Economic, 19: 67-93.
206.Mowery, D. C., J. E. Oxley, and B. S. Silverman, 1996. Strategic Alliances and Interfirm Knowledge Transfer, Strategic Management Journal, 17(Special Issure): 77-91.
207.Muthusamy, S., and M. White, 2005. Learning and Knowledge Transfer in Strategic Alliances: A Social Exchange View, Organization Studies, 26(3): 415-441.
208.Nahapiet, J., and S. Ghoshal, 1998. Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organization Advantage, Academy of Management Review, 23(2): 242-266.
209.Nickerson, J. A., and T. R. Zenger, 2004. A Knowledge-Based Theory of the Firm-the Problem-Solving Perspective, Organization Science, 15(6): 617-632.
210.Niederkofler, M., 1991. The Evolution of Strategic Alliances: Opportunities for Managerial Influence, Journal of Business Venturing, 6(4): 237-257.
211.Nielsen, B. B., 2005. The Role of Knowledge Embeddedness in the Creation of Synergies in Strategic Alliances, Journal of Business Research, 58(9): 1194-1204.
212.Nonaka, I., and H. Takeuchi, 1995. The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation, New York: Oxford University Press.
213.Nonaka, I., and R. Toyama, 2003. The Knowledge-Creating Theory Revisited: Knowledge Creation as a Synthesizing Process, Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 1(1): 2-10.
214.Nonaka, I., R. Toyama, and A. Nagata, 2000. A firm as a knowledge-creating entity: A new perspective on the theory of the firm, Industrial and Corporate Change., 9(1): 1-20.
215.Nooteboom, B., 2000. Institutions and Forms of Co-ordination in Innovation Systems, Organization Studies, 21(5): 915-939.
216.Nord, W. R., and S. Tucker, 1987. Implementing Routine and Radical Innovation, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
217.Norman, P. M., 2004. Knowledge acquisition, knowledge loss, and satisfaction in high technology alliances, Journal of Business Research, 57(6): 610-619.
218.Olden, P. C., S. D. Roggenkamp, and R. D. Luke, 2002. A Post-1990s Assessment of Strategic Hospital Alliances and Their Marketplace Orientations: Time to Refocus., Health Care Management Review, 27(2): 33-49.
219.Oliver, C., 1990. Determinants of interorganizational relationships：Integration and future Directions, Academy of Management Review, 15(2): 241-265.
220.Oliver, C., 1991. Strategic responses to institutional processes, Academy of Management Review, 16(1): 145-179.
221.Orru, M., N. W. Biggart, and G. G. Hamilton, 1996. The Economic Organization of East Asian Capitalism, SAGE: London.
222.Osborn, R. N., and J. Hagedoorn, 1997. The Institutionalization and Evolutionary Dynamics of Interorganizational Alliances and Networks, Academy of Management Journal, 40(2): 261-278.
223.Owen-Smith, J., and W. W. Powell, 2004. Konwledge Network as Channels and Conduit: The Effects of Spillovers in the Boston Biotechnology Community, Organization Science, 15(1): 5-21.
224.Park, S. H., and D. Kim, 1997. Market Valuation of Joint Ventures: Joint Venture Characteristics and Wealth Gains, Journal of Business Venturing, 12(2): 83-108.
225.Parkhe, A., 1993. Strategic Alliance Structuring: A Game Theoretic and Transaction Cost Examination of Interfirm Cooperation, Academy of Management Journal, 36(4): 794-829.
226.Parsons, A. L., 2002. What Determines Buyer-Seller Relationship Quality? An Investigation from the Buyer's Perspective, Journal of Supply Chain Management, 38(2): 4-12.
227.Peng, T. J., D. H. Seetoo, and C. M. Yu, 2000. Inter-organizational Cooperation and Management Mechanisms in Health Care Industry, Journal of Management, 17(2): 221-268 (in Chinese).
228.Petersen, M., and R. Rajan, 1994. The benefits of lending relationships: evidence from small business data, Journal of Fiance, 49(1): 3-37.
229.Petroni, A., 1998. The Analysis of Dynamic Capabilities in a Competence-Oriented Organization, Technovation, 18(3): 179-189.
230.Phan, P. H., and T. Peridis, 2000. Knowledge Creation in Strategic Alliances: Another Look at Organizational Learning, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 17(2): 201-222.
231.Pheffer, J., and G. Salanccik, 1978. The external control of organizations: A resource-dependence perspective, New York, NY: Happer and Row.
232.Podsakoff, P., and D. Organ, 1986. Self-Reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects, Journal of Management, 12(4): 531-544.
233.Polanyi, M., 1967. The tacit dimension, New York: Sharp Inc.
234.Poter, M. E., 1981. The Contribution of Industrial Organization to Strategy Management, Academy of Management Review, 6: 609-620.
235.Powell, W. W., K. W. Koput, and L. Smith-Doerr, 1996. Interorganizational Collaboration and the Locus of Innovation: Networks of Learning in Biotechnology, Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(1): 116-145.
236.Price, C., 1992. Health Care Innovation and Venture Trends, Albany, N.Y.: Delmar.
237.Propper, C., D. Wilson, and N. Söderlund, 1998. The effects of regulation and competition in the NHS internal market: the case of general practice fundholder prices, Journal of Health Economics, 17(6): 645-673.
238.Quinn, J. B., A. P., and S. Finkelstein, 1996. Managing Professional Intellect: Making the Most of The Best, Harvard Business Review, 74(2): 71-81.
239.Reagans, R., and B. McEvily, 2003. Network Structure and Knowledge Transfer: The Effects of Cohesion and Range, Administrative Science Quarterly, 48(2): 240-267.
240.Robbins, S. P., and M. Coulter, 2003. Management, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
241.Robinson, D. F., G. T. Savage, and K. S. Campbell, 2003. Organizational learning, diffusion of innovation, and international collaboration in telemedicine, Health Care Management Review, 28(1): 68-78.
242.Rodan, S., and G. Charles, 2004. More than Network Structure: How Knowledge Heterogeneity Influences Managerial Performance and Innovativeness, Strategic Management Journal, 25(6): 541-562.
243.Rogers, E. M., 1995. Diffusion of innovation, New York: The Free Press.
244.Rowley, T., D. Berhrens, and D. Krackhardt, 2000. Redundant Governance Structures: An Analysis of Structural and Relational Embeddedness in the Steel and Semiconductor Industries, Strategic Management Journal, 21(3): 369-386.
245.Rugman, A. M., and A. Verbeke, 2002. Edith Penrose's contribution to the resource-based view of strategic management, Strategic Management Journal, 23(8): 769 -780.
246.Russell, R. D., 1995. An Investigation of Some Organizational Correlates of Corporate Entrepreneurship: Toward a Systems Model of Organizational Innovation, Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Change, 4(4): 295-314.
247.Sakakibara, M., 2002. Formation of R&D Consortia: Industry and Company Effects, Strategic Management Journal, 23(11): 1033-1050.
248.Saxenian, A., 1994. Regional Advantage, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
249.Saxton, T., 1997. The Effects of Partner and Relationship Characteristics on Alliance Outcomes, Academy of Management Journal, 40(2): 443 -461.
250.Scott, R. W., 1987. The Adolescence of Institutional Theory, Administrative Science Quarterly, 32(4): 493-511.
251.Scott, S. G., and R. A. Burce, 1994. Determinates of Innovative Behavior. A Path Model of Individual Innovation in the Workplace, Academy of Management Joumal, 37(3): 580-607.
252.Scott, W. R., 2001. The Corporate Practice of Medicine: Competition and Innovation in Health Care, Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 26(3): 655-657.
253.Shariff, M. N., 1998. Basis of Techno-Economic Policy Analysis, Science and Public Policy, 15(4): 217-229.
254.Shortell, S. M., and A. D. Kaluzny, 2005. Health Care Management: Organization Design and Behavior (fifth ed.), New York: Thomson Learning Inc.
255.Shrader, R. C., 2001. Collaboration and Performance in Foreign Markets: The Case of Young High-Technology Manufacturing Firms, Academy of Management Journal, 44(1): 45-60.
256.Simonin, B. L., 1999. Ambiguity and the Process of Knowledge Transfer in Strategic Alliances, Strategic Management Journal, 20(7): 595-623.
257.Sinkula, J. M., W. E. Baker, and T. Noordewier., 1997. A Framework for Market-Based Organizational Learning: Linking Values, Knowledge, and Behavior, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 25(4): 305-318.
258.Sisk, J. E., 1984. Effects of Increased Competition in Health Care on the Use and Innovation of Medical Technology, Health Care Management Review, 9(3): 21-34.
259.Sivadas, E., and F. R. Dwyer, 2000. An Examination of Organizational Factors Influencing New Product Success in Internal and Alliance-Based Processes, Journal of Marketing, 64(1): 31-49.
260.Smith, J. B., and D. W. Barclay, 1997. The Effects of Organizational Differences and Trust on the Effectiveness of Selling Partner Relationships, Journal of Marketing, 61(January): 3-22.
261.Smith, K. G., G. J. Collins, and K. D. Clark, 2005. Existing Knowledge, Knowledge Creation Capability, and the Rate of New Product Introduction in High-Technology Firms, Academy of Management Journal, 48(2): 346-357.
262.Song, Y. I., 1995. Strategic Alliances in the Hospital Industry: A Fusion of Institutional and Resource Dependence Views, Academy of Management Journal, Best Papers Proceedings: 271-275.
263.Sorensen, J. B., and T. E. Stuart, 2000. Aging, Obsolescence, and Organizational Innovation, Administrative Science Quarterly, 45(1): 81-112.
264.Srivastava, R. K., T. A. Shervani, and L. Fahey, 1999. Marketing, Business Processes, and Shareholder Value: An Organizationally Embedded View of Marketing Activities and the Discipline of Marketing, Journal of Marketing, 63(Special Issue): 168-179.
265.Stasser, G., and W. Titus, 1987. Effects of Information Load and Percentage of Shared Information on the Dissemination of Unshared Information during Group Discussion, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(1): 81-93.
266.Stata, R., 1989. Organizational learning: The key to management innovation, Sloan Management Review, 30(3): 63-74.
267.Stuart, T. E., 1998. Network Positions and Propensities to Collaborate：Investigation of Strategic Alliance Formation in a High-Technology Industry, Administrative Science Quarterly, 43: 668-698.
268.Stuart, T. E., 2000. Interorganizational Alliances and the Performance of Firms: A Study of Growth and Innovation Rates in a High-Technology Industry, Strategic Management Journal, 21(8): 791-811.
269.Subramaniam, M., and M. A. Youndt, 2005. THE INFLUENCE OF INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL ON THE TYPESOF INNOVATIVE CAPABILITIES, Academy of Management Journal, 48(3): 450-463.
270.Szulanski, G., 1996. Exploring Internal Stickness: Impediments to the Transfer of Best Practice within the Firm, Strategic Management Journal, 17(Special Issue): 27-43.
271.Teece, D. J., G. Pisano, and A. Shuen, 1997. Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management, Strategic Management Journal, 18(7): 509-533.
272.Teplensky, J. D., M. V. Pauly, J. R. Kimberly, A. L. Hillman, and J. S. Schwartz, 1995. Hospital Adoption of Medical Technology: An Empirical Test of Alternative Models, Health Services Research, 30(2): 437-465.
273.Thorelli, H. B., 1986. Networks: Between Markets and Hierarchies, Strategic Management Journal, 7: 37-51.
274.Tichy, N., M. Tushman, and C. Fombrun, 1979. Social network analysis for organization, Academy of Management Review, 4(4): 507-519.
275.Tiwana, A., 2001. Essential guide to knowledge management: The e-business and CRM applications, Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
276.Tolbert, P. S., 1985. Institutional Environments and Resource Dependence: Sources of Administrative Structure in Institutions of Higher Education, Administrative Science Quarterly, 30(1): 1-13.
277.Tornatzky, L. G., and K. J. Klein, 1982. Innovation characteristics and innovation adoption-implementation: A meta-analysis of findings, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 29: 28-45.
278.Tsai, C. T., K. L. Huang, and C. F. Kao, 2001. The Relationships among Organizataional Factors, Creativity of Organizational Members and Organizational Innovation, Journal of Management, 18(4): 527-566 (in Chinese).
279.Tsai, W., 2000. Social Capital, Strategic Relatedness and the Formation of Intraorganizational Linkages, Strategic Management Journal, 21(9): 925-939.
280.Tsai, W., 2001. Knowledge Transfer in Intraorganizational Network: Effect of Network Position and Absorptive Capacity on Business Unit Innovation and Performance, Academy of Management Journal, 44(5): 996-1004.
281.Tsai, W., and S. Ghoshal, 1998. Social capital and value creation: The role of intrafirm networks., Academy of Management Journal, 41(4): 464-476.
282.Tushman, M. L., and D. A. Nadler, 1986. Organizing for Innovation, California Management Review, 28(3): 74-92.
283.Tushman, M. L., and C. A. O’Reilly, 1996. Ambidextrous Organizations: Managing Evolutionary and Revolutionary Change, California Management Review, 38(4): 8-30.
284.Uzzi, B., 1996. The Sources and Consequences of Embeddedness for the Economic Performance of Organizations: The network Effect, American Sociological Review, 61: 674- 698.
285.Uzzi, B., 1997. Social structure and competition in interfirm network: the paradox of embededness, Administrative Science Quarterly, 42: 35-67.
286.Uzzi, B., 1999. Social embeddedness in the creation of fiancail capital, American Sociological Review, 64: 481-505.
287.Uzzi, B., and J. J. Gillespie, 2002. Knowledge spillover in corporate financing networks: embeddedness and the firm's debt performance, Strategic Management Journal, 23: 595-618.
288.Vanhaverbeke, W., G. Duysters, and N. Noorderhaven, 2002. External technology sourcing through alliances or acquisitions: An analysis of the application-specific integrated circuits industry, Organization Science, 13(6): 714-733.
289.Veugelers, R., 1997. Internal R&D Expenditures and External Technology Sourcing, Research Policy, 26(3): 303-316.
290.Virany, B., M. L. Tushman, and E. Romanelli, 1992. Executive Succession and Organization Outcomes in Turbulent Environments:An Organization Learning Approach, Organization Science, 3(1): 72-91.
291.Walker, G., B. Kogut, and W. Shan, 1997. Social Capital, Structure Holes and an Formation of Industry Network, Organization Science, 8: 109-125.
292.Walsh, J. P., and G. R. Ungson, 1991. Organizational memory, Academy of Management Review, 16(1): 57-91.
293.Walston, S. L., J. R. Kimberly, and L. R. Burns, 2001. Institutional and economic influences on the adoption and extensiveness of managerial innovation in hospitals: The case of reengineering, Medical Care Research and Review, 58(2): 194-228.
294.Walter, A., T. A. Muller, G. Helfert, and T. Ritter, 2003. Functions of Industrial Supplier Relationships and their Impact on Relationship Quality, Industrial Marketing Management, 32(2): 159-169.
295.Wang, B. B., T. T. H. Wan, D. E. Burke, G. J. Bazzoli, and B. Y. J. Lin, 2005. Factors Influencing Health Information System Adoption in American Hospitals, Health Care Management Review, 30(1): 44-51.
296.Wasserman, S., and K. Faust, 1994. Social network analysis: Methods and applications, New York: Cambridge University Press.
297.Watkins, K. E., A. D. Ellinger, and T. Valentine, 1999. Understanding Support for Innovation in a Large-Scale Change Effort: The Manager-as-Instructor Approach, Human Resource Development Quarterly, 10(1): 63-79.
298.Wholey, D. R., and J. W. Brittain, 1986. Organizational ecology: findings and implications, Academy of Management Review, 11(3): 513-533.
299.Williamson, O. E., 1985. The Economic Institutions of capitalism, New York: Free Press.
300.Winter, S. G., 2000. The Satisfying Principle in Capability Learning, Strategic Management Journal, 21(10-11): 981-996.
301.Wolfe, R. A., 1994. Organizational Innovation: Review, Critique and Suggested Research Directions, Journal of Management Studies, 31(3): 405-431.
302.Yli-Renko, H., E. Autio, and H. J. Sapienza, 2001. Social capital, knowledge acquisition, and knowledge exploitation in young technology-based firms, Strategic Management Journal, 22(6-7): 587-613.
303.Yoshino, M. Y., and U. S. Rangan, 1995. Strategic alliances: An entrepreneurial approach to globalization, Boston: MA: Harvard Business School Press.
304.Young, G. J., M. P. Charns, and S. M. Shortell, 2001. Top Manager and Network Effects on the Adoption of Innovative Management Practices: A Study of TQM in a Public Hospital System, Strategic Management Journal, 22(10): 935-951.
305.Zahee, A., and G. G. Bell, 2005. Benefiting from Network Position: Firm Capabilities, Structural Holes, and Performance, Strategic Management Journal, 26: 809-825.
306.Zaheer, A., B. McEvily, and V. Perrone, 1998. Does trust matter? Exploring the effectsof interorganizational and interpersonal trust on performance, Organization Science, 9(2): 141-159.
307.Zaheer, A., and S. Zaheer, 1997. Catching the Wave: Alertness, Responsiveness, and Market Influence in Global Electronic Networks, Management Science, 43(11): 1493-1509.
308.Zahra, S. A., and G. George, 2002. Absorptive Capacity: A Review Reconceptualization, and Extension, Academy of Management Review, 27(2): 185-203.
309.Zahra, S. A., R. D. Ireland, and M. A. Hitt, 2000. International Expansion by New Venture Firms: International Diversity,Mode of Market Entry, Technological Learning and Performance, Academy of Management Journal, 43(5): 925-950.
310.Zinn, J. S., J. Proenca, and M. D. Rosko, 1997. Organizational and Environmental Factors in Hospital Alliance Membership and Contract Management: A Resource-Dependence Perspective, Hospital & Health Services Administration, 42(1): 67-86.
311.Zuckerman, H. S., and T. A. D'Aunno, 1991. Hosptial alliances: Cooperative strategy in a competitive environment, Health Care Management Review, 15(2): 21-30.
312.陳明晃, 張煥禎, and 陳誠仁, 2004. 醫院策略聯盟的實務運作-以環台醫療策略聯盟為例, 醫院, 37(1): 43-52.
313.黃松共, 2002. 醫院策略管理, 台北: 台灣醫務管理學會.
314.財團法人醫院評鑑暨醫療品質策進會,2006/3/7.行政院衛生署90-94年度醫院評鑑暨教學醫院評鑑合格名單, http://www.tjcha.org.tw/inspect/inspect02org.asp.