臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在一個熵編碼視訊串流資料中，傳輸錯誤將會影響目前及接續的視訊資料。為解決此同步問題，對於H.264視訊壓縮資料，我們利用frame交錯以及FMO技術將視訊資料分散到不同的視訊傳輸封包中，在單一或連續視訊傳輸封包中蔓延的錯誤將會被分散到不同的視訊frame，而同步的問題將能較容易的解決。
在解碼時，利用所提之錯誤偵測方法偵測出錯誤封包後，利用所提之錯誤隱蔽方法來隱蔽所有錯誤的blocks。針對I frames所提出的錯誤隱蔽方法將利用像素差補以及快速BNM演算法加以隱蔽。針對P frames的錯誤隱蔽方法，最佳的預測隱蔽block搜尋則是利用所有可能的空間與時間性的運動向量進行預測。空間性的預測運動向量是利用損壞block相鄰的運動向量預測隱蔽的運動向量。時間性的預測運動向量則是利用前一張frame中經運動補償後有覆豪鴠堳e損壞block的所有運動向量作為預測運動向量。為加速搜尋程序，我們提出三種十字搜尋樣式，稱為五點、八點、及十二點十字搜尋，以便對小、中、及大的運動向量作不同搜尋。當所有P frame中損壞的blocks做完初步補償動作後，利用所有已隱蔽blocks的運動向量再做一次運動估測隱蔽，以提升錯誤隱蔽blocks的品質。另外，為提升隱蔽blocks的邊緣匹配量測，我們提出新的匹配方式DBME方法，對不同的匹配方向加以量測可得到更佳的匹配。
實驗結果顯示，與其他方法相比較，所提出的方法在平均PSNR效能上都有不錯的效能以及較佳的視訊品質，這顯示所提方法的可適性。

For an entropy-coded video bitstream, a transmission error in a codeword will not only affect the underlying codeword but may also affect subsequent codewords, resulting in a great degradation of received video frames. To cope with the synchronization problem, a compressed H.264 video bitstream is transformed into transmission video packets by frame interleaving and FMO function enabling, which are transmitted from the encoder to the decoder. Transmission errors in one/consecutive transmission video packet(s) will be distributed into different video frames (slices or blocks) so that the synchronization problem can be solved easily.
In the proposed scheme, corrupted transmission packets are detected under decoding. After all the corrupted slices (block) within transmission video packets are detected by the proposed error detection scheme, the proposed error concealment scheme is used to conceal all the corrupted blocks. In this study, the proposed error concealment scheme for I frames using pixel interpolation and the fast BNM algorithm is used to conceal I frames. In inter-coded P frames, the optimal candidate concealed block for a corrupted block is searched over all the motion-compensated blocks in the previous video frame with their MVs being determined by all the available spatial and temporal information. First, the PMV for a corrupted block is determined by the spatial MVs around the corrupted block and the corresponding temporally motion-projected overlapping MVs in the previous reference frame. To speed up the search process, three kinds of rood search patterns in the previous reference frame, namely, 5-, 8-, and 12-point rood search patterns, for determine the optimal MV of the corrupted block are proposed for small-, medium-, and large-motion blocks, respectively. After all the corrupted blocks in a P frame are initially concealed, error concealment refinement is performed on all the initial concealed blocks to improve the error concealment results. A new fitness function containing the proposed DBME (directional boundary match measure) for error concealment is also proposed.
Based on the simulation results obtained in this study, the performance of the proposed scheme is better than that of the corresponding comparison schemes. Additionally, the proposed scheme can be easily employed in several existing network environments and applicable to many other block-based image/video compression standards, such as MPEG-2, H.263 and MPEG-4, with some necessary modifications. This shows the feasibility of the proposed scheme.

摘 要 i
ABSTRACT iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF TABLES xiii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 Survey of Related Researches 3
1.3 Overview of Proposed Approach 10
1.4 Thesis Organization 11

CHAPTER 2 H.264 VIDEO COMPRESSION STANDARD AND ITS ERROR CONCEALMENT TECHNIQUES 12
2.1 The H.264 Video Compression Standard 12
2.1.1 Overview of H.264 video…………………...……………………...12
2.1.2 H.264 Video Compression Techniques..…...……………………...12
2.1.3 Syntax and data organization of H.264 video……………………...18
2.2 Error Resilient Techniques 26
2.2.1 Flexible Macroblock Ordering (FMO) 26
2.2.2 Resynchronization 27
2.2.3 Data partitioning 28
2.3 Error concealment 29

CHAPTER 3 PROPOSED ERROR CONCEALMENT SCHEME FOR H.264 VIDEO TRANSMISSION 31
3.1 Transforming H.264 compressed video bitstream into wireless transmission video packet 31
3.2 Proposed Error Detection Scheme 33
3.3 Proposed Error Concealment Scheme...…………………………………34
3.3.1 Proposed error concealment scheme for H.264 intra-coded I frames 34
3.3.2 Proposed error concealment scheme for H.264 inter-coded P frames 43

CHAPTER 4 SIMULATION RESULTS 49

CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 71
5.1 Discussions 71
5.2 Conclusions 73

REFERENCES 75

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