臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文旨在以阿契貝最為人所知、且最受歡迎，亦是他的第一本小說--分崩離析，來探討、逆寫「帝國」這個概念如何反駁殖民者不真實的刻板印象，和呈現艾波族在帝國主義西方殖民者如英國人來之前與之後的轉變。這本小說的主要人物--奧康渥，因為自己固守傳統價值在面對西方帝國殖民強力壓境，亦無能與帝國妥協以致無法改造傳統艾波族在社會、文化、和宗教組織方面的問題。
第一章說明阿契貝與非洲文學的關係。阿契貝企圖以可以顧及自己本土傳統的一種語言來建構出非洲的形象。他不但以英文來描述傳統艾波族的諺語、傳說和方言，並運用在文本小說留下一些未翻譯成英文的艾波族語字作為混雜書寫手法。
第二章說明阿契貝如何以被殖民者的觀點來顛覆原始西方文本；如何使原本沉默的艾波族角色為自己發聲；如何拋棄與僭越帝國書寫語言--英語。以另一種觀點來闡述一個故事是探討文本隔閡與沉默的一種解構的延伸。因此，若不以英語做為寫作來喚起國家認同與重寫殖民者錯誤的刻板印象—僅存於帝國主義寫作者對於他們的「第三世界」所下的定義與陳述。
第三章討論不可避免的轉變如何造成艾波族的”分崩離析”與”第二次降臨”。在帝國主義的英國人來之前，艾波族視摔角為一種文化傳承與重生的象徵。然而，基督教的傳入導致艾波族傳統最根本的本土律法教條，如：宗教、政治、倫理和文化…等有所改變。 這樣的改變導致他們無法抗拒英國帝國主義和保留他們傳統的習俗。
第四章集中在奧康渥如何以艾波族族群的原型悲劇英雄，呈現出艾波族的抗拒與反霸權。奧康渥原型的特點，即為儀式和習俗的擁護者，反映了非洲人民對殖民者對於艾波族本土傳統文化本質的忽略之抗拒。而悲觀英雄的特點，即固執與不願改變所形成的內心衝突，透露著非洲人對於英國人的到來的排拒與統治方式的反霸權。
阿契比對於英國語言和艾波族語的混雜書寫與使用西方文學模式的表現，使得國家認同清楚地被表現在--分崩離析，也使阿契比成為第一位西方所認同的非洲作家。

This thesis aims to deal with how the concept, ‘Empire writes back’ counters the colonizer’s inaccurate stereotype and presents the Igbo’s transformation before and after the arrival of the British in Chinua Achebe’s first popular and most-read novel, Things Fall Apart. The novel tells the story of the protagonist, Okonkwo failing to recreate the social, cultural and religious fabric of traditional Igbo life due to his inflexible will.
Chapter I focuses on the relationship between Achebe and the African literary world. Achebe attempts to construct an image of Africa in a language represents the national traditions of his native land. He not only uses English to draw on proverbs, tales and idioms of a traditional Igbo culture, but also uses a device which leaves some Igbo indigenous words untranslated in the text.
Chapter II explains how Achebe subverts the source-text with the perspective of the colonized; makes the silent speak for themselves; abrogate and appropriate English language. The telling of a story from another point of view is an extension of the deconstructive project to explore the gaps and silences in a text. Hence, to evoke a national identity and rewrite the colonizers’ false stereotype without writing in English would leave the definition and representation of his society at the mercy of racist colonial writers.
Chapter III discusses how the inevitable change brought on by British colonization causes the Igbo’s disintegration and ‘the second coming’. Before the arrival of the British, the Igbo regarded the tribal wrestling matches as a symbol of their cultural continuation and regeneration. However, the introduction of Christianity leads to a subversion of the Igbo’s most fundamental beliefs, such as religion, politics, ethics and culture, and this subversion in turn leads directly to their inability to resist the incursion of British imperialism and preserve their traditional way of life.
Chapter IV concentrates on how Okonkwo’s archetypal tragic hero presents the Igbo’s resistance and anti-hegemony. Okonkwo’s traits of an archetype, as an upholder of rituals and customs, reflect the African’s resistance to the colonizer’s ‘natural ignorance’. Additionally, his traits of a tragic hero, as well as stubbornness and inner conflict- specifically his unwillingness to compromise, reveal the African’s resistance to the arrival of the British and their ways of ruling.
Achebe’s hybridizing of the English and Igbo languages, and using the Western form of literary expression make national identity clearly voiced out in TFA, also the first significant African novel acclaimed by the Western world.

Introduction 1
Chapter One-- Reading African, Chinua Achebe, and Reading Things Fall Apart
I. African Literary Background 14
II. The Life of Chinua Achebe 18
III. The Summary of TFA 21
Chapter Two-- Empire Writes Back
I. False stereotype 28
II. Jean Rhys’s and Chinua Achebe’s writing back 30
III. Hybridity and Mimicry 42
Chapter Three-- Change and Transformation
I. The Second Coming 51
II. From Chaos to Order: Before the arrival of the British 54
III. From Order to Chaos: After the arrival of the British 55
Chapter Four-- Okonkwo’s resistance and anti-hegemony 65
I. Okonkwo’s archetypal traits and resistance 66
II. Okonkwo’s traits of tragic hero and resistance to hegemony 71
Conclusion 79
Works Consulted 83

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