臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

知識經濟時代，企業不僅在環境與策略上面對新的挑戰，組織領導者的風格與管理哲學也應有所調整，才能配合知識工作與知識工作者的期望和需求。組織學習是組織一個基本的策略過程，是組織策略更新的主要工具，也是組織永續競爭的一種優勢。讓組織能學習端賴組織中有效的領導，在組織中領導者積極參與組織學習，他們以身作則示範開放性，承擔風險，並且展現出學習的必要性。領導者支持及投入組織學習文化和活動的程度是組織績效提昇的關鍵。本研究主要探討策略領導、組織學習和組織績效之關聯性，國內外有關這類的研究尚屬起步階段，實証研究很少，因此，本研究目的為：（1）探討策略領導、組織學習與組織績效個別彼此之間的關聯性。（2）探討組織學習對於策略領導與組織績效間關聯性是否具有中介的效果。（3）透過目前電影休閒娛樂產業裡所屬的電影影城公司，驗證策略領導、組織學習及組織績效的關係。本研究以電影產業為研究對象，問卷發放與施測對象為各公司之全部管理階層經理人與實際營運管理人員，總共發出252份問卷，而回收之有效問卷總計有242份，有效問卷回收率高達96％。研究發現，在高度競爭的電影休閒娛樂產業環境中，策略領導、組織學習與組織績效彼此間具有顯著的正向關係，且組織學習扮演中介的效果。

In the age of a knowledge-based economy, not only do businesses have to face new challenges in an environmental and strategic aspect, but the style and managerial philosophies of organizational leaders should also be adjusted in order to accommodate the expectations and demands of the knowledge work as well as the knowledge workers. Organizational learning is a fundamental strategic process, the main instrument through which organizational strategies are updated; it is also an advantage that facilitates an organization’s “business continuity management” (BCM). An organization needs to learn to depend on effective leadership and the leaders need to actively participate in organizational learning and setting an example of being open, able to take risks, and able to manifest the necessity of learning. The degree of support from organizational leaders for and their involvement in the culture and activity of organizational learning is crucial to the enhancement of organizational performance. This study mainly discusses the correlations between strategic leadership, organizational learning, and organizational performance; related research in Taiwan and other nations has just begun with a limited number of experimental studies. Therefore, the purposes of this study are to: (1) discuss the correlations between strategic leadership, organizational learning, and organizational performance; (2) discuss whether organizational learning has a mediating effect on the correlation between strategic leadership and organiziatonal performance; (3) evaluate the correlation between strategic leadership, organizational learning, and organizaitonal performance by looking at film studios in the current movie, leisure, and entertainment industry. The research subject of this study is the movie industry, and 242 copies out of 252 questionnaires sent out to the managers and actual operational personnel of all levels in different companies were retrieved (a 96% retrieval rate of valid questionnaires). The findings show that positive correlations exist between strategic leadership, organizational learning, and organizational performance in the highly competitive movie, leisure, and entertainment industry; in addition, the findings show that organizational learning has a mediating effect.

中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
誌謝 iv
目錄 v
表目錄 vii
圖目錄 viii
第一章 緒 論 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 研究目的 3
1.3 研究流程 3
第二章 文獻探討 5
2.1 電影休閒娛樂產業 5
2.1.1 發展沿革 5
2.1.2 產業定義 8
2.2 策略領導 14
2.3 組織學習 22
2.4 組織績效 29
2.5 策略領導、組織學習與組織績效的關係 31
2.5.1 策略領導與組織績效的關係 31
2.5.2 組織學習與組織績效的關係 34
2.5.3 策略領導與組織學習的關係 35
第三章 研究設計 37
3.1 觀念性架構與研究假說 37
3.2 變數的衡量構面與操作性定義 39
3.3 問卷設計 43
3.4 樣本結構及研究調查對象 45
3.4.1 樣本結構 45
3.4.2 樣本的選取及研究對象 45
3.5 資料處理與統計分析方法 47
第四章 研究分析結果 48
4.1 樣本結構與敘述統計分析 48
4.2 驗證性因素分析 50
4.3 效度分析 57
4.4 各因素間之相關性分析 57
4.5 線性結構方程式 58
第五章 結論與建議 63
5.1 學術意涵 63
5.2 實務貢獻 64
5.3 限制與建議 65
參考文獻 66
附錄：問卷 75
作者簡歷 81

表2.1 電影事業概況 5
表2.2 台北地區電影院年表 6
表2.3 政府各部門負責文化創意產業的範圍 9
表2.4 台北地區主要影城市場佔有率 10
表2.5 各家影城優劣勢比較 12
表2.6 有效的策略領導要素 17
表2.7 策略領導過程 19
表2.8 一般領導者的特質與策略領導者的特質之比較 20
表2.9 策略領導者應具備的領袖氣質 21
表2.10 歷年各家學者對組織學習的定義 23
表2.11 組織學習的類型 24
表2.12 組織學習程序 26
表2.13 組織學習與學習型組織關係 28
表2.14 組織績效相關研究 30
表2.15 策略領導趨勢 31
表2.16 卓越團體領導觀特性 32
表2.17 Turner and Crawford指出維持組織成功的必要條件 33
表2.18 Willcoxson分析高績效的主要架構 33
表2.19 組織學習與組織績效的關係相關研究 34
表2.20 策略領導與組織學習的關係相關研究 35
表3.1 問卷結構 43
表3.2 多因子領導問卷 (MLQ-6S) 44
表3.3 2005年台北市主要戲院市場佔有率 46
表4.1 本研究問卷調查發放結構 48
表4.2 本研究問卷調查性別結構 48
表4.3 本研究問卷調查學歷結構 49
表4.4 本研究問卷調查職稱結構 49
表4.5 本研究問卷調查地區結構 50
表4.6 策略領導修正後模式的配適度檢定 51
表4.7 策略領導修正模式後之路徑係數分析表 52
表4.8 組織學習修正後模式的配適度檢定 53
表4.9 組織學習修正模式後之路徑係數分析表 54
表4.10 組織學習修正後模式的配適度檢定 55
表4.11組織績效修正模式路徑係數分析表 56
表4.12 各重要因素之相關係數及信度分析 57
表4.13 本研究整體模式配適度指標 59
表4.14 各觀察變項SMC指標 59
表4.15 研究模式各變數之信度分析表 60
表4.16 本研究路徑係數分析表 60
表4.17 本研究路徑效果分析 61
表4.18 研究假說檢定結果 62

圖1.1 研究流程圖 4
圖2.1 各大影城市場佔有率及品牌形象之定位圖 11
圖2.2 轉換型領導與交易型領導的組成要素 15
圖2.3 組織學習方式 25
圖2.4 組織學習的循環 27
圖3.1 觀念性架構 38
圖4.1 策略領導模式修正後之路徑圖 52
圖4.2 組織學習修正模式後之路徑圖 54
圖4.3 組織績效修正模式後之路徑圖 56
圖4.4 本研究線性結構關係模式 58

1.王東昇，「台北地區電影影城消費行為之研究」，銘傳大學，碩士論文，民國九十年。
2.王紹羽，「創新與組織學習的協同作用對組織績效之影響：以臺灣電子產業為例」，真理大學，碩士論文，民國九十三年。
3.司徒達賢，策略管理新論，智勝文化事業有限公司，台北市，民國九十年。
4.江正信，「高階經營團隊與企業策略決策模式、組織學習傾向、創新能力及經營績效之關係研究」，國立成功大學，碩士論文，民國八十九年。
5.行政院新聞局全球資訊網電影事業服務。
6.余朝權，組織行為學，五南圖書出版股份有限公司，台北，民國九十四年。
7.吳桂林，「組織學習、組織創新與組織績效關聯性之研究－以台灣土地銀行為例」，國立屏東科技大學，碩士論文，民國九十二年。
8.吳惠君，「半導體公司的組織學習機制對其組織學習表現的影響」，國立交通大學，碩士論文，民國八十九年。
9.呂明錚，「社會教育機構主管轉型領導與組織學習關係之研究」，國立中正大，碩士論文，民國九十二年。
10.李欣穎，「線上學習、知識管理與學習型組織間關係之探討」，私立逢甲大學，碩士論文，民國九十一年。
11.汪昭芬，「組織學習、知識創造、知識蘊蓄與創新績效之關聯性研究，科技製造業、一般製造業及服務業之實證」，成功大學，碩士論文，民國八十九年。
12.林文寶、吳萬益，「以組織學習觀點探討知識整合及運作特性對核心能力影響之研究」，臺大管理論叢，165~197頁，民國九十四年一月。
13.林芳怡，進城看電影，影城來也，元尊文化，臺北市，民國八十七 年。
14.林義屏，「市場導向、組織學習、組織創新與組織績效間關係之研究─以科學園區資訊電子產業為例」，國立中山大學，博士論文，民國九十年。
15.林維林，轉換型、交易型領導行為與領導效能關係之研究，東海大學，碩士論文，民國八十五年。
16.洪良浩，「教學相長」，管理雜誌，４頁，民國九十四年六月。
17.張春興，心理學，台北：東華書局，民國六十六年。
18.張昭仁，「國小校長轉型領導、互易導與學校組織學習能力關係之研究」，國立臺灣師範大學，碩士論文，民國九十年。
19.張笠雲，組織社會學，台北：三民書局，民國七十五年。
20.曹建文，「組織學習理論的模式及其重要論辯議題之探討」，研習論壇月刊，第十六期，36~44頁，民國九十一年。
21.連雅慧，「學習型組織構面與組織績效—以台灣一科技公司為例」，國立中正大學，碩士論文，民國九十一年。
22.郭幼龍，「民眾對台灣電影的評價與電影消費行為之關係研究」，世新大學，碩士論文，民國八十七年。
23.郭莉真，「策略領導對組織績效之影響－以學習型組織為中介變數」，國立台北大學，碩士論文，民國九十三年。
24.陳坤河，戲院安全一籮筐，1991電影年鑑，電影資料館，台北市，民國八十年。
25.陳尚蓉，「農業產銷班組織學習、組織創新與組織績效關係之研究」，國立台灣大學，博士論文，民國九十二年。
26.陳忠仁、蔡淑茹，「知識創造來源、知識管理能力及知識屬性對創新績效影響之研究－組織學習理論觀點」，中山管理評論，389~416頁，民國九十五年六月。
27.陳順宇，多變量分析，華泰文化事業股份有限公司，台北市，民國九十四年。
28.陳銘薰、郭莉真，「策略領導對組織績效之影響－以學習型組織為中介變數」，企業管理學報，第六十三期，27~66頁，民國九十三年十二月。
29.湯昇玉，「增進組織績效因素之分析」，研考雙月刊，第十五 期第四卷，51~57頁，民國八十年。
30.楊國安、何永福，1999，人力資源策略管理，台北：三民。
31.劉家鴻，「如何促使組織學習」，人力資源發展月刊，一五一期，4~5頁，民國九十一年。
32.邁克佛利曼、班哲明崔格著，林宜萱譯，「策略領導實戰指南」，初版，美商麥格羅.希爾國際股份有限公司　台灣分公司，台北市，民國九十二年。
33.蘇文炫，「企業員工的組織學習因素認知與管理效能關係之研究─以金融業為例」，碩士論文，私立朝陽科技大學。
34.Ansoff, I. , “The New Corporate Strategy”, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1988.
35.Argyris, C. & Schon, D. A., “Organizational learning II：theory , method , and pratice”,Addison─Wesley Publishing Company, 1978.
36.Argyris, C. ,　”On Organizational learning, Cambrige”, Blackwell Publishers, 1993.
37.Baer, M. and M. Frese, ”Innovation is not enough: Climates for initiative and psychological safety, process innovations, and firm performance”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, pp.45-68, 2003.
38.Bagözzi, R. P., & Yi, Y., “On the evaluation of structural equation models”, Academy of Marketing Science, 27, pp.50-57, 1998.
39.Bagshaw, M. & C. Bagshaw, “Leadership in the Twenty-first Century,” Industrial and Commercial Training, 31, No. 6, pp. 236-239, 1999.
40.Baker, W. E. and J. M. Sinkula, ”The synergistic effect of market orientation and learning orientation on organizational performance”, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27, pp.411-427, 1999.
41.Barney, Jay, ”Special Theory Forum: The Resource-Based Model of the Firm: Origins, Implications, and Prospects”, Journal of Management, 17, pp.97-99, 1991.
42.Bass, B. and B. Avolio, ”Improving Organizational Effectiveness through Transformational Leadership”, Newbury Park: Sage, 1994.
43.Bass, B. M. ＆ B. J. Avolio, ”The Implications of Transactional and Transformational Leadership for Individual, Team and Organizational Development,” Research in Organizational Change and Development, 4, pp.231-272, 1990.
44.Bass, B. M., “Concepts of Leadership,” in Bass, B. M. and R. M. Stogdill (eds.), Handbook of Leadership: A Survey of Theory and Research, 3rd edition, New York: Free Press, 1990.
45.Bass, B. M., “Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations”, New York: Free Press, 1985.
46.Bennis, W. G. and Nanus, B., ”Leaders: The Startegies for Taking Charge”, New York: Harper and Row, 1985.
47.Bontis, N., Crossan, M. M. and Hulland, J. , ”Managing an Organizational Learning System by Aligning Stocks and Flows”, Journal of Management Studies, 39, pp.437-469, 2002.
48.Burns, J. M., ”Leadership”, New York: Hamper & Row, 1978.
49.Cannella Jr., Albert A.; Monroe, Martin J., ”Contrasting Perspectives on Strategic Leaders: Toward a More Realistic View of Top Managers”, Journal of Management, 23, pp.213, 1997.
50.Carmines, E. G., & Zeller, R. A., ”Reliability and validity assessment”, Stage, CA: Beverly Hills, 1979.
51.Chou, S. W., ”Computer system to facilitating organizational learning: IT and organizational context”, Expert Systems with Applications, 24, pp.273-280, 2003.
52.Cyert, R. & March, J., ”A behavior theory of the firm”, New York :Prentice—Hall, 1963.
53.Damanpour, F. and W. M. Evan, ”Organizational innovation and performance:The problem of Organizational lag”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 29, pp.392-409, 1984.
54.Dowd, R. P., ”Organizational learning and the learning Organization in health care”, Hospital Management Quarterly, 21, pp.1-3, 2000.
55.Drucker, P. F., “The Discipline of Innovation”, in F. Hesselbein and P. M.Cohen (eds.), Leader to Leader, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, pp.53-56, 1999.
56.Drucker, P. F., ”Innovation and entrepreneurship : practice and Principles”, London: Heinemann, 1985.
57.Duncan, R. & Weiss, A., ”Organizational learning : implications for Organizational design”, Research in Organization Behavior, 1, pp.75-123, 1979.
58.Dyer, J. H. and Nobeoka, K., ”Creating and Managing A High-Performance Knowledge-Sharing Network: The Toyota Case”, Strategic Management Journal, 21, pp.345-367, 2000.
59.Edmondson, A. & Moingeon, J., ”From Organizational learning to the Learning Organization”, Management Learning, 29, 1, pp.5-20, 1998.
60.Edmondson, A.C., ”The Local and Variegated Nature of Learning in Organizations: A Group-Level Perspective”, Organization Science, 13, pp.128-146, 2002.
61.Fornell, C. and Larcker, D. F. (1981), “Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservables and Measurement Error,” Journal of Marketing Research, (19), pp.39-50.
62.Fiol, C. M. & Lyles, M. A., ” Organizational Learning”, Academy of Management Review, 10, pp. 803-813, 1985.
63.Fiol, C. M. & Lyles, M. A., ” Organizational Learning”, Academy of Management Review, 10, pp.803-813, 1985.
64.Fleishman, E. A., M. D. Mumford, S. J. Zaccaro, K. Y. Levin, A. L. Korotkin, and M. B. Hein, “Taxonomic Efforts in the Description of Leader Behavior: A Synthesis and Functional Interpretation”, Leadership Quarterly, 2, pp.245-287, 1991.
65.Fleishman, E. A., M. D. Mumford, S. J. Zaccaro, K. Y. Levin, A. L. Korotkin, and M. B. Hein, ”Taxonomic Efforts in the Description of Leader Behavior: A Synthesis and Functional Interpretation”, Leadership Quarterly, 2, pp.245-287, 1991.
66.Garvin, D. A., ”Building a Learning Organization”, Academy of Management Review, 10, pp. 803-813, 1993.
67.Gaski, J. F. and J. R. Nevin , “The Differential Effects of Exercised and Unexercised Power Sources in a Marketing Channel”, Journal of Marketing Research, 22, pp.130-142, 1985.
68.Geomez, M., ”The influence of environmental, organizational, and HRM factors on employee behaviors in subsidiaries: A Mexican case study of organizational learning”, Journal of World Business, 39, pp.1-11, 2004.
69.Gomes, M, ”The influence of environmental, organizational, and HRM factors on employee behaviors in subsidiaries: A Mexican case study of organizational learning”, Journal of World Business, 39, pp.1-11, 2004.
70.Gopalakrishnan, S., ”Unraveling the links between dimensions of innovation and organizational performance”,The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 11, pp.137-153, 2000.
71.Greve, Henrich R.; Park, Douglas Y.; Barnett, William P, ”An Evolutionary Model of Organizational Performance”, Working Papers (Faculty) -- Stanford Graduate School of Business, p1-2, 1994.
72.Hambrick, D. C., “Putting Top Managers Back in the Strategy Picture”, Strategic Management Journal, 10, pp.5-15, 1989.
73.Hambrick, Donald C; Mason, Phyllis A., ”Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers”, Academy of Management Review, pp.193-207, 1984.
74.Hamel, G. & Prahalod, C. K. , ”Competing for the Future”, Harvard Business School Press, 1991.
75.Heijden, K. V. D., ”Can internally generated futures accelerate organizational learning?”, Futures, 35, pp.145-159, 2004.
76.Heller, T. and J. Van Til , “Leadership and Followership: Some Summary Propositions”, Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 18, pp. 405-414, 1983.
77.Hewson, R. , “New Dimensions in Strategic Leadership”, Strategy andLeadership, 25, pp. 42-47, 1997.
78.Hill, C. W. L. and G. R. Jones, ”Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach”, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1998.
79.Hilmer, F., ”Coming to Grips with competitiveness and Productive”, Economic Planning Advisory Council Paper 91/01, Australia, 1991.
80.Holmqvist, M., ”A Dynamic Model of Intra- and Interorganization Learning”, Organization Studies, 24, pp.95-123, 2003.
81.Huber, G. P., ” Organizational Learning ： The contributing processes and the literatures”, Organization Science, 2, pp. 88-115, 1991.
82.Hult, G., Ferrell, O., and Hurley, R.F., ”Global organizational learning effects on cycle time performance”, Journal of Business Research, 55, pp.377-387, 2002.
83.Huseman, R. and J. Goodman, ”Leading with Knowledge: The Nature of Competition in the 21st Century”, London: Sage, 1999.
84.Ireland, R. D. and M. A. Hitt, “Achieving and Maintaining Strategic Competitiveness in the 21st Century: The Role of Strategy Leadership”, The Academy of Management Executive, 13, pp.43-57, 1999.
85.Jago, A. G. , “Leadership: Perspectives in Theory and Research,” Management Science, 28, pp.315-336, 1982.
86.Jöreskog, K.G., and Sörbom, D.,”LISREL8 User's Reference Guide Chicago”, Scientific Software, 1993.
87.Kaplan R. W. & Saccuzzzo, D. P., ”Psychological testing : Principles, applications and issues”, CA : Brooks / Cole, 1982.
88.Kim, D. H., ”The link between individual and Organizational learning”, Sloan Management Review, Fall, pp.37-50, 1993.
89.Kuratko, Donald F.; Ireland, R. Duane; Hornsby, Jeffrey S., “Improving firm performance through entrepreneurial actions: Acordia's corporate entrepreneurship strategy＂, Academy of Management Executive, 1, p60-71, 2001.
90.Lam, Y. L., ”Defining the effects of transformation leadership on organization learning: A cross-cultural comparison”, School Leadership & Management, 22, pp.439-452, 2002.
91.Leithwood, K., ”Forms and effects of school-based management: A review”, Educational Policy, 12, pp.325-346, 1998.
92.Leithwood, K., Leonard, L., & Sharratt, L., ”Condition forstering organizational learning in school”, Education Administration Quarterly, 34, pp.243-276, 1998.
93.Lenz, R. T., “Strategic Management and Organizational Learning: A Meta-Theory of Executive Leadership”, in J. Hendry et al. (eds.), Strategic Thinking, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1993.
94.Levitt, B. & March, J. G., ”Organizational Learning,”Annual Review of Sociology, 14, PP. 319-340, 1988.
95.Lyes, M. A., ”Learning Among Joint Venture Sophisticated”, MIR Special Issue, pp.85—97, 1988.
96.Marguardt, M. J., ”Building the Learning Organization: A System Approach to Quantum Improvement and Global Success”, London: McGraw-Hill, 1996.
97.McLagan, P. and C. Nel, The Age of Participation, Randburg: Knowledge Resources, 1995.
98.Miller, Gloria E., ”The Frontier, Entrepreneurialism, and Engineers: Women Coping with a Web of Masculinities in an Organizational Culture”, Culture & Organization, 8, p145-161, 2002.
99.Miller, Danny; Toulouse, Jean-Marie, ”Strategy, Structure, CEO Personality and Performance in Small Firms”, American Journal of Small Business, 10, pp.47-62, 1986.
100.Mintzberg, H., “The Strategy Concept I: Five Ps for Strategy”, CaliforniaManagement Review, 30, pp.11-24, 1987.
101.Mintzberg, H., “The Strategy Concept II: Another Look at Why Organizations Need Strategies”, California Management Review, 30, pp.25-32, 1987.
102.Neilson, R. , ”Collaborative technologies & Organizational learning”, Hersey, PA : Idea Group Publishing, 1997.
103.Nevis, E. C., DiBella, A. J. & Gould, J. M., ”Understanding Organizations as Learning Systems”,Sloan management Review, Winter, 36, pp.73-85, 1995.
104.Nordhaug, O., ”Human Capital in Organizations: Competence, Training and Learning”, Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1993.
105.Northouse, P. G., ”Leadership: Theory and Practice”, Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage, 2001.
106.Nunnally, J. C., Psychometric theory, New Yourk: McGraw-Hill, 1978.
107.Ohmae, K., “Strategy in a World Without Borders”, in F. Hesselbein and P. M. Cohen (eds.), Leader to Leader, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, pp.189-199, 1999.
108.Robbins, S. P., ” Organizational Behavior ： Concepts, Controversies, and Applications”, 7 ed. Englewood cliffs, N. J. ：prentice—Hall, 1996.
109.Sandine, Brian, ”Communication and the Learning Organization”, Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association, 1996.
110.Sashkin, M., “Strategic Leadership Competencies”, in R. Phillips and J. Hunt (eds.), Strategic Leadership, Connecticut: Quorum Books, 1992.
111.Schermerhorm, J. R., ”Managerment for productivity”,3 ed. New York ： John Wiley and Sons, 1989.
112.Schulz, M., ”The uncertain relevance of newness: Organization learning and Knowledge flows”, Academy of Management Journal, 44, pp.661-681, 2001.
113.Schumann, P. A., ”Innovate ： Straight path to guality, customer delight and Competitive advantage”, N. J.: McGraw—Hill, 1994.
114.Schwandt, D. R. & Marquardt, H. J., ”From world—Class Theories to global best practices”, Sage publications, Inc, U.S, 2000.
115.Senge, P. M., ”The Fifth Discipline : the Art and Practice of the Learning Organization”, New York : Doubleday Dell Publishing, 1990.
116.Senge, P. M., ”The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization”, Sydney: Random House, 1992.
117.Senge, P. M., ”The leader`s new work : Building learning Organizational”, International Thomson Business Press, pp. 288-315, 1996.
118.Senge, P. M., “The Practice of Innovation”, in F. Hesselbein and P. M. Cohen (eds.), Leader to Leader, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, pp.57-68, 1999.
119.Singer, M. S. and A.E. Singer, “Situational Constraints on Transactional Leadership”, The Journal of Social Psychology, 130, pp.385-396, 1989.
120.Sinkula, J. M., W. E. Baker and T. Noordewier, ＂A framework for maker-based organizational learning: Linking values, knowledge, and behavior”, Academy of Marketing Science, 25, pp.305-317, 1997.
121.Sinkula, J. M., W. E. Baker and T. Noordewier, ”A framework for maker-based organizational learning: Linking values, knowledge, and behavior”, Academy of Marketing Science, 25, pp.305-317, 1997.
122.Snow, C. C. and L. G. Hrebiniak, ”Strategy, distinctive competence, and organizational performance”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 25, pp.317-336, 1980.
123.Stata, R., ”Organizational Learning─The key to Management Innovation”, Sloan Management Review, Spring, pp. 63-74, 1989.
124.Subramanian, A. and S. Nilakanta, ”Organizational innovativeness: Exploring the relationship between organizational determinants of innovation, types of innovations, and measures of organizational performance”, Omega, 24, pp.631-647, 1996.
125.Turner, D. and M. Crawford, ”Change Power: Capabilities that Drive Corporate Renewal, Warriewood”, NSW: Business and Professional Publishing, 1998.
126.Venkatraman, N. & Ramanujam, V., ”Measuremnt of business performance in Strategy research: a Comparison of approaches”, Academy of Management Review, 11, pp.801-814, 1986.
127.Vries, Manfred F. R. Kets; Miller, Danny; Noël, Alain, Understanding the Leader-Strategy Interface: Application of the Strategic Relationship Interview Method”, Human Relations, 46, pp5-22, 1993.
128.Watkins, K. & Marsick, V. S., ”Sculpting the Learning Organization : Lessons in the Art and Science of Systematic Change”, CA : Jossey—Bass Publishers, San Francisco, 1993.
129.Wiley W. Souba, M.D., Sc.D., M.B.A., ”New ways of understanding and accomplishing leadership in academic medicine”, Journal of Surgical Research, 177, pp.177-186, 2004.
130.Willcoxson, L. and B. Millett, “The Management of Organizational Culture”, Australian Journal of Management and Organizational Behavior, 3, pp.91-99, 2000.
131.Willcoxson, L., “Leading Strategically”, International Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2, pp.30-36, 2000.
132.Yamin, S., F. Mavondo, A. Gunasekaran and J. C. Sarros, ”A study of competitive strategy, organizational innovation and organizational performance among Australian manufacturing companies”, International Journal of Production Economics, 52, pp.161-172, 1997.