臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究將無線通訊技術與自動量測技術作一整合，設計出具RF傳輸方式之無線傳輸胎壓監測系統(Tire Pressure Monitoring System-TPMS)，並提出改善TPMS之穩定性與精確性之方式，以及如何增加系統功能於解決生產問題。例如於量產時如何讓系統自動設定識別碼與警告值，以及減少TPMS生產製造時所產生的問題。最後提出雙向TPMS之設計，此系統包括四個無線感測器、四個低頻觸發器與中央接收器，此系統利用感測器之因壓力變化造成電容值的改變與溫度變化造成電阻值的改變特性，來量測輪胎內壓力及溫度，並透過無線傳輸的方式將量測值傳送至中央接收模組，經由微處理器處理後，並顯示輪胎溫度及壓力值在顯示板上。因為本系統的無線感測器之電源來自於電池，所以無線感測器之電能管理成為本系統之技術關鍵，在本研究裡將在四個輪胎外部分別加裝四個低頻觸發器作為控制無線感測器電能消耗的機制 。

In this research, we will integrate the wireless communication technique and automatic measuring technique to design and construct the wireless tire pressure monitoring system–TPMS. Advancing the ways of improving the stability and accuracy of wireless transmission TPMS and enhancing the function of TPMS to solve the problem on manufacturing. For example, automatically setting the identification codes of transmitters and warning value. We can also use these ways to decrease these problems on manufacturing TPMS. In final, this research provides the design of bi-directional TPMS. This system consists of four wireless sensors, four low frequency triggers and one central receiver. Tire pressure and temperature in tires are measured by the sensor’s characteristics of the variation of capacitance for varying pressure on other hand resistance for varying temperature. By using the wireless transmission sends the measuring signal to the central receiver. It’s processed by micro- controller and display on an instrument panel. The power of wireless sensor is provide by battery, so the power management of wireless sensor is an important technology of TPMS. In this research, we will install low frequency triggers external tires to control the power consumption of the wireless sensors.

目錄
誌謝……………………………………………………………………………………...i
中文摘要……………………………………………………………………………......ii
Abstract……………………………………………………………………..…………iii
目錄…………………………………………………………………………………….iv
圖目錄………………………………………………………………………………….vi
表目錄……………………………………………………………………………..........x
第一章 緒論..……………………………………………………………………......…1
1.1研究背景與動機…………………………………………….……….………..1
1.2研究目的及其重要性………………………………….…………….…...…...4
1.3國內外相關研究……………….…………………………………….………..5
第二章 研究理論分析…………………………………………….……………….....16
2.1無線通訊原理…………………….…..………………………………..…….16
2.1.1資料編碼技術….…………...……..…………………………...........16
2.1.2類比調變與解調變技術…………………...………….…………….17
2.1.3數位調變與解調變技術………………....………………………….21
2.1.4 超外差接收器………………………………..……………………….23
2.1.5史密斯圓圖與天線阻抗匹配之設計………….…………...……….25
2.2系統運作模式設計…………….………..………...……………………...….28
2.3無線傳輸晶片設定….…………………………………………………….....32
2.4無線傳輸及資料格式設定……………….……………...………………......35
第三章 系統軟硬體之架構設計………………………………………………...…...38
3.1發射端之硬體架構及發射端之軟體控制流程……………………..……....38
3.2接收端之硬體架構及接收端之軟體控制流程……………………………...42
3.3系統Flash 記憶功能與監控電壓機制之設計…………………...……….....43
3.4雙向TPMS系統之軟硬體設計…………………………………………........45
第四章 系統性能結果分析………………………………...……...…………………50
4.1發射與接收頻率之測試………………………………………………….......50
4.2壓力與溫度量測………………………………………………………….......53
4.3系統天線之阻抗匹配設計……………………………………………….......55
4.4改善後發射端電池壽命之估計……………………………………………...57
第五章 結論與未來展望…………………………………………………......…..…..62
5.1結論…………………………………………………………………………...62
5.2未來研究方向………………………………………………………………...62
參考文獻……………………………………………………………...…………….....64
附錄A Motorola MCU MCHC908RF2 Data sheet……………….…………........68
附錄B Motorola MCU MCHC908JL8 Data sheet……………….…………...…..69
附錄C Motorola Sensor MPXY8020 Data sheet……………….………………....70
附錄D Motorola Receiver MC33594 Data sheet…………………….………........71
附錄E GE NPX Series Data sheet…………………………….…..………........….72
附錄F Infineon SP12 Data sheet…………..…………….……………………..…..73







圖目錄
圖1.1 胎壓不足對輪胎使用壽命之關係圖……………………………………….2
圖1.2 胎壓不足情況示意圖……………………………………….……...……….2
圖1.3 胎壓過高情況示意圖……………………………………….……...……….2
圖1.4 本實驗所開發胎壓監控系統原型機種之示意圖………….……...……….6
圖1.5 Tire Unit和Control Unit構成元件方塊圖………………….……...……...6
圖1.6 Tire Unit之組成元件方塊圖………………………………….….…...…....7
圖1.7 Tire Unit之裝置於輪胎實體圖……………………………….………...….7
圖1.8 離心開關外觀與結構示意圖………………………………….………....…8
圖1.9 離心開關動作示意圖………………………………………….………...….8
圖1.10 利用霍爾元件監測車速系統架構圖………………………….………....…9
圖1.11 ABS速度偵測方式圖………………………………………….……....….10
圖1.12 以ABS為架構之胎壓量測系統圖…………………………….……...….10
圖1.13 轉速與前進速度關係圖…………………………………………………...10
圖1.14 電容變化趨勢圖…………………………………………………...……....12
圖1.15 置於輪胎內之感測系統架構圖……………………………………...…....13
圖1.16 以SAW元件組成之TPMS系統架構圖….………………………...…....13
圖1.17 SAW元件通訊傳輸與量測應用方式圖…………………………...……..14
圖1.18 用SAW量測胎壓方式圖………………………………...……………….14
圖2.1 曼徹斯特編碼格式圖……………………………………………...……....17
圖2.2 原信號m(t)與振幅調變訊號u(t)之時域對照圖……...…………………..18
圖2.3 原信號m(t)與振幅調變訊號u(t) 經傅利葉轉換後於頻域對照圖.……..19
圖2.4 原信號m(t)與SDB-AM訊號 於域對照圖頻域對照圖……...…...19

圖2.5 SSB-AM解調變架構圖……………………………………………….......20
圖2.6 與 經傅利葉轉換後於頻域之對照圖………………...……....21

圖2.7 ASK調變訊號波形圖…………………………………………...….……..22
圖2.8 FSK調變訊號波形圖…………………………………………….………..23
圖2.9 超外差接收器之基本架構圖……………………………………….……..24
圖2.10 MC33594之內部超外差式接收電路方塊圖…………………….……….24
圖2.11 匹配網路之等效電路圖………………………………………….………..25
圖2.12 Smith Chart之示意圖……………………………………………….……..27
圖2.13 Smith Chart阻抗圓圖………………………………………………….…..27
圖2.14 Smith Chart導納圓圖……………………………………………………...27
圖2.15 串並聯物件其阻抗於Smith Chart裡行走方向圖………………………..28
圖2.16 MPXY8020A外部封裝示意圖…………………………………………...29
圖2.17 MPXY8020A內部構造圖………………………………………………...29
圖2.18 Sensor IC壓力與A/D輸出值之特性曲線圖…………………………….30
圖2.19 Sensor IC溫度與A/D輸出值之特性曲線圖…………………………….30
圖2.20 MPXY8020A進入測定壓力模式示意圖…………………………………31
圖2.21 MPXY8020A進入測定溫度模式示意圖…………………………………32
圖2.22 RF晶片腳位圖…………………………………………………………….33
圖2.23 低頻-125 kHz接收電路圖………………………………………………...36
圖2.24 考畢茲晶體振盪器電路圖………………………………………………...37
圖2.25 考畢茲振盪器之等效電路圖……………………………………………...37
圖3.1 本實驗第二代TPMS之RF感測端之方塊電路圖………………………39
圖3.2 RC振盪源會產生嚴重跳動漂移現象圖…………………………………39
圖3.3 第二代TPMS之功率頻譜圖……………………………………………...39
圖3.4 日韓法規制訂之功率頻譜圖……………………………………………...39
圖3.5 改良型TPMS之RF感測端電路方塊圖…………………………………40
圖3.6 換胎模式時傳輸鮑率1200bps....................................................................40
圖3.7 監測模式時傳輸鮑率圖9600bps…………………………………………40
圖3.8 資料格式圖………………………………………………………………...41
圖3.9 壓差達到 時快速作業之流程圖…………………………..……...42

圖3.10 改良型TPMS之接收端方塊電路圖……………………………………...43
圖3.11 MC68HC908JL8之Flash燒錄流程圖……………………………………44
圖3.12 MC68HC908JL8之監控電壓之邏輯電路………………………………..45
圖3.13 單向無線傳輸TPMS架構圖……………………………………………...46
圖3.14 雙向無線傳輸TPMS架構圖……………………………………………...46
圖3.15 雙向TPMS無線感測器方塊圖電路圖…………………………………...46
圖3.16 雙向TPMS接收端方塊電路圖…………………………………………...47
圖3.17 雙向無線傳輸胎壓監測系統動作流程圖….……………………………..48
圖3.18 雙向TPMS之ID Code設定動作流程圖………………………………...49
圖4.1 第二代TPMS 315 MHz之頻譜…………………………………………...51
圖4.2 第二代TPMS 434 MHz之頻譜…………………………………………...51
圖4.3 改良型TPMS之434 MHz之頻譜………………………………………..52
圖4.4 改良型TPMS之447 MHz之頻譜……………………………………….52
圖4.5 Lutron PS-9302 精密壓力錶……………………………………………...53
圖4.6 壓力測試設備圖…………………………………………………………...53
圖4.7 熱風烤箱圖用於TPMS之溫度檢測……………………………………...53
圖4.8 發射器之網路匹配示意圖………………………………………………...55
圖4.9 L型匹配網型式圖…………………………………………………………55
圖4.10 先並聯再串聯匹配圖……………………………………………………...56
圖4.11 先串聯再並聯匹配圖……………………………………………………...56
圖4.12 並聯電容再串聯電感匹配方式圖………………………………………...56
圖4.13 並聯電感再串聯電容匹配方式圖………………………………………...56
圖4.14 串聯電容再並聯電感匹配方式圖………………………………………...57
圖4.15 串聯電感再並聯電容匹配方式圖………………………………………...57
圖4.16 第二代TPMS發射端電能消耗流圖……………………………………...58
圖4.17 雙向TPMS發射感測端之工作流程圖…………………………………...60
圖5.1 Roadmap of Development TPMS………………………………………….63















表目錄
表1.1 胎壓不足對行車燃油消耗之影響關係表……….…………………………2
表1.2 美國NHTSA公佈的最後法規進度表………….………………...……….4
表1.3 ABS系統分析胎壓狀況表………………………………………………..11
表1.4 直接量測與間接量測TPMS系統優缺點比較表……….………………..15
表2.1 MPXY8020A的四種工作模式表…………………………………………31
表2.2 頻率選擇表………………………………………………………………...33
表2.3 M68HC08RF2無線發射器設定範例表…………………………………..34
表2.4 發射與接收模組傳輸資料內容…………………………………………...35
表2.5 125 kHz電路之L 與C 之相對應匹配值……………………………….36

表4.1 改良型TPMS所測得壓力數值與精密壓力表比較……………………...54
表4.2 改良型TPMS所測得溫度數值與熱風烤箱設定溫度之較……………...54
表4.3 第二代TPMS發射端之工作模式及電能消耗…………………………...59
表4.4 雙向TPMS發射端之工作模式及電能消耗……………………………...61

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