臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究旨在針對人工物料搬運之物料箱握把角度設計問題進行研究，並探討物料箱之握把角度對疲勞、握力、手腕偏角、肌電訊號、主觀施力評量與心搏率之影響。實驗徵募3位男性與3位女性受試者進行物料箱之握把角度設計之研究，本實驗設計採用巢狀-分裂設計（Nested-Split Plot Design），實驗因子包含性別、受試者（伏集於性別之下）、握把角度（0°、15°、30°、45°、60°、75°與90°）、箱子寬度（30公分、40公分與50公分）與抬舉高度（膝高與肩高）等因子，每位受試者必須執行42種實驗組合（7種握把角度× 3種箱子寬度×2種抬舉高度），實驗過程中將同時收集各應變項之資料變化，每一實驗組合將進行兩次最大自主收縮力，每次施力持續時間為10秒。應變項有最大自主收縮力、左右手手腕偏角、左右手握力、肌電位訊號、主觀知覺施力評量表與心搏率等。結果分析後發現，握把角度對三角肌與背直肌之NEMG、左右手握力、左右手關節角度有顯著影響；箱子寬度只對背直肌之NEMG有顯著影響。另外，抬舉高度對最大自主收縮力、手腕與全身RPE、屈指淺肌NEMG、橈側屈腕肌NEMG與肱二頭肌NEMG、左右手握力以及手腕偏角有顯著效應（P<0.01）。就交互作用而言， MVC與右手橈偏顯著受到握把角度與抬舉高度影響；性別與抬舉高度之交互作用則對MVC、手腕RPE與全身之RPE、屈指淺肌NEMG、橈側屈腕肌NEMG與三角肌NEMG、左手握力與手腕關節有顯著效應；性別與握把角度之交互作用對手腕與全身RPE、背直肌NEMG、左手握力與手腕偏角有顯著影響（P<0.01）。性別與箱子寬度之交互作用對手腕偏角有明顯的效應；性別、握把角度與抬舉高度之交互作用則對手腕偏角有顯著影響。
進一步結果顯示，握把角度從0°至90°，左/右手握力持續增加，但三角肌與背直肌NEMG呈緩慢下降。握把角度由0°至30°會造成手腕尺偏現象呈遞減趨勢，但握把角度由30°至90°，橈偏呈現增加。手腕與全身RPE最大發生在90°，最小發生在30°。從握把姿勢與握力來看，建議握把角度為30°至45°。
膝高之MVC、屈指淺肌NEMG、橈側屈腕肌NEMG與全身RPE較肩高為大，但膝高之左/右手握力、左/右手腕偏角、三角肌NEMG與手腕RPE較肩高小。箱子寬度之背直肌NEMG以40公分最大，50公分為最小。

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of handle angle design of materiel container on maximum voluntary isometric contaction (MVC), power grip, wrist deviation, electromyography (EMG), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate (HR). In this experiment, six Taiwanese subject (3 male and 3 female) were recruited to participate from Huafan University. A nested-split plot design was employed, in which the independent variables included gender, subject (nested within gender), handle angle (0°,15°,30°,45°,60°,75°and 90°), box width (30cm , 40 cm and 50 cm) and lifting height (knee and shoulder). Each subject needed to perform 42 experiment combination (7 handle angle × 3 box width × 2 lifting height). Dependent variables included MVC, left/right hand wrist deviation, left/right hand power grip, EMG, RPEs and HR. The results showed that deltoid and erector spine NEMG, left/right hand power grip, left/right wrist deviation were significantly affected by handle angle. Box width significantly influenced the erector spine NEMG. In addition, MVC, wrist and whole body RPE, flexor digitorum superficialis NEMG, flexor carpi radialis NEMG, biceps brachii NEMG, left/right hand power grip, wrist deviation were significantly affected by lifting height. The interaction of MVC and right hand radial deviation were significantly affected by handle angle and lifting height. The interaction of gender and lifting height had significant influeace on MVC, wrist RPE and whole body RPE, flexor digitorum superficialis NEMG, flexor carpi radialis NEMG, deltoid NEMG, left hand power grip, left/right hand wrist deviation (P<0.01). The interaction of left/right hand wrist deviation were significantly affected by gender and box width.
Furthermore, with the increase of the handle angle from 0˚ to 90˚, the left/right hand power grip increased gradually, but deltoid and erector spinae NEMG decreased. The handle angle increasing from 0˚ to 30˚ caused the wrist ulnar deviation decreasing; the handle angle increasing over 30˚ to 90˚ induced the wrist radial deviation increasing. For the wrist and whole body RPE, the greatest RPEs appeared at 90˚, the smallest RPEs at 30˚. For improving wrist posture and decreasing the needed power grip, the handle angle from 30˚ to 45˚ was recommended.
The MVC, flexor digitorum superficialis NEMG, flexor carpi radialis NEMG and whole body RPE at knee height were greater than that at shoulder height. On contrary, the lower left/right hand power grip, left/right wrist deviations, deltoid NEMG, appeared at knee height. In addition, the 40-cm container width induced the greatest erector spinae NEMG; the smallest appeared at 50 cm.

目錄
誌謝 i
中文摘要 ii
Abstract iv
目錄 vi
表目錄 ix
圖目錄 x
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究目的 2
1.3 研究架構 4
第二章 文獻探討 7
2.1 人工物料搬運傷害之研究 7
2.1.1 下背痛 7
2.1.2 上肢肌肉骨骼傷害 9
2.2 物料箱握把設計 10
2.2.1 有無使用把手 11
2.2.2 握把大小 12
2.2.3 握把直徑 12
2.3本研究自變項之相關研究 14
2.3.1 性別 14
2.3.2握把角度 15
2.3.3抬舉高度 18
2.3.4 物料箱寬度 21
2.4 本研究應變項之相關研究 22
2.4.1 最大自主收縮力 23
2.4.2 關節角度 23
2.4.3握力 24
2.4.4肌電訊號 26
2.4.5主觀知覺施力評量表 28
2.4.6心搏率 29
第三章 研究方法 31
3.1 受試者徵募 31
3.2 實驗設計 32
3.2.1自變項 33
3.2.2依變項 33
3.2.3控制變項 36
3.3 實驗儀器與設備 40
3.4 實驗流程 46
3.5 分析方法 48
第四章 結果與討論 50
4.1 最大自主收縮力 50
4.1.1 抬舉高度與握把角度之交互作用 50
4.1.2 性別與抬舉高度之交互作用 54
4.2 握力 56
4.2.1 雙手握力 56
4.2.1.1握把角度 56
4.2.1.2 抬舉高度 57
4.2.2 右手握力 58
4.2.2.1 性別與握把角度交互作用 59
4.3 關節角度 62
4.3.1 橈偏與尺偏角度 62
4.3.1.1 握把角度 62
4.3.1.2 性別與握把角度之交互作用 62
4.3.1.3 抬舉高度與握把角度之交互作用 64
4.3.1.4 性別與抬舉高度之交互作用 64
4.3.1.5 性別、抬舉高度與握把角度之交互作用 65
4.3.2 掌屈與背屈角度 67
4.3.2.1 握把角度 67
4.3.2.2 性別與握把角度之交互作用 68
4.4.2.3 性別與抬舉高度之交互作用 69
4.3.2.4 性別、抬舉高度與握把角度之交互作用 69
4.4 正規化肌電訊號 70
4.4.1 屈指淺肌之NEMG 71
4.4.1.1 性別與抬舉高度之交互作用 71
4.4.2 橈側屈腕肌之NEMG 72
4.4.2.1 性別與抬舉高度之交互作用 72
4.4.3 三角肌NEMG 73
4.4.3.1 握把角度 73
4.4.3.2 性別與抬舉高度之交互作用 75
4.4.4 背直肌NEMG 75
4.4.4.1 握把角度 75
4.4.4.2 箱子寬度 77
4.4.4.3 性別與握把角度之交互作用 78
4.5 主觀施力評量表 80
4.5.1手腕RPE 80
4.5.1.1 性別與握把角度之交互作用 80
4.5.1.2 性別與抬舉高度之交互作用 80
4.5.2全身RPE 83
4.5.2.1 性別與握把角度之交互作用 83
4.5.2.2 性別與抬舉高度之交互作用 83
4.6 心搏率 85
第五章 結論與後續研究建議 86
5.1 結論 86
5.2 後續研究方向與建議 89
參考文獻 90
附錄一 物料箱之握把角度設計研究實驗內容 100
附錄二 實驗同意書 101
附錄三 主觀施力知覺評量表（RPE） 102
附錄四 變異數分析表 103

1.全中妤、何汝惠、宋鴻樟、張淑如、陳秋蓉，2003，台灣餐盒/速食/攤販業勞工肌肉骨骼傷病調查研究，勞工安全衛生季刊，第十二卷第三期，第239-249頁。
2.全中妤，2003，台灣餐飲廚房員工肌肉骨骼傷病之RULA人因工程檢核研究，2003年人因工程年會暨研討會，第31-36頁。
3.呂志維、廖漢璋、張國峰、張家宏，2005，勞工肌肉骨骼不適與運動及其他相關危險因子探討，勞工安全衛生季刊，第十三卷第四期，第297-302頁。
4.李正隆、王茂駿、曾永輝、林彥輝，1995，物料搬運工作危害性電腦化系統評估研究，勞工安全衛生研究報告，IOSH84-H327，行政院勞工委員會勞工安全衛生研究所。
5.陳柏州，2001，滑鼠設計與操作之評估研究，大葉大學工業工程研究所碩士論文。
6.陳信仲，1997，把手角度對最大可接受抬舉重量影響評估，國立清華大學工業工程研究所碩士論文。
7.游志雲，1999，手腕部施力值規範研究，IOSH89-H122，行政院勞工委員會勞工安全衛生研究所。
8.許勝雄、彭游、吳水丕，1996，人因工程，第二版，滄海書局，第353-354頁。
9.蔡秉昇，2001，負重移動角度、抬舉高度與頻率對非對稱抬舉能力影響之研究，華梵大學工業管理學系碩士班碩士論文。
10.Amis, A. A., 1987, “Variation of finger forces in maximal isometric grasp tests on a range of cylindrical diameters.” Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 9, 313-320.
11.Armsterong, T. J., Buckle, P., Fine, L. J., Hagberg, M., Jonsson, B., Kilbom, A., Kuorinka, I. A. A., Silverstenin, B. A., Sjogaard, G. and Viikari-Juntura, E. R. A., 1993, “A conceptual model for work-related neck and upper-limb musculoskeletal disorders.” Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment Health, 19(2), 73-84.
12.Ayoub, M. M. and LoPresti, P., 1971, “The determination of optimum size cylindrical handle by use of EMG.” Ergonomics, 14(4), 509-518.
13.Battenvi, N., Menoni, O. and Vimercati, C., 1998, “The occurrence of musculoskeletal alterations in worker population not exposed to repetitive tasks of the upper limbs.” Ergonomics, 41(9), 1340-1346.
14.Bishu, R. R., Wang, W. and Chin, A., 1993, “Force distribution at the container hand/handle interface using force-sensing resistors.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 11, 225-231.
15.Blackwell, J. R., Kornatz, K. W. and Heath, E. M., 1999, “Effect of grip span on maximal grip force and fatigue of flexor digitorum superficialis.” Applied Ergonomics, 30, 401-405.
16.Bonjer, F. H., 1962, “Actual energy expenditure in relation to physical working capability.” Ergonomics, 5, 467-470.
17.Borg, G. Z. V., 1961, “Physical performance and perceived exertion.” Lund, Swwden, Gleerups.
18.Caldwell, L. S., Chaffin, D. B., Dukes-Dobos, F. N., Kroemer, K. H .E. and Laubach, L. L., 1974, “A proposed standard procedure for static muscle strength testing”. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 35, 201-206.
19.Carlson, N. K., Drury, C. G. and Webber, J. A., 1977, “Discriminability of large weights.” Ergonomics, 20(1), 87-90.
20.Chen, Y., 1991, “An evaluation of hand pressure distribution for a power grasp and forearm muscle contribution for a power grasp on cylindrical handle.” Dissertation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska.
21.Claudon, L., 1998, “Evaluation of grip force using electromyograms in isometric isotonic conditions.” International Journal of Occupational Safety & Ergonomics, 4(2), 169 -184.
22.Corlett, E. N. and Bishop, R.P., 1976, “A technique for assessing postural discomfort.” Ergonomics, 19, 175-182.
23.Coury, B. G. and Drury, C. G., 1982, “Optimum handle positions in a box-holding task.” Ergonomics, 25, 645-662.
24.Chung, H. C. and Wang, M. J., 2001, “The effects of container design and stair climbing on maximal acceptable lift weight, wrist posture, psychophysical, and physiological responses in wafer-handling tasks.” Applied Ergonomics, 32, 593-598.
25.Davis, K. G., Marras, W. S. and Waters, T. R., 1998a, “Evaluation of the nature and spinal loading during lowering and lifting.” Clinical Biomechanics, 13, 141-152.
26.Davis, K. G., Marras, W. S. and Waters, T. R., 1998b, “Reduction of spinal loading through the use of handle.” Ergonomics, 41, 1155-1168.
27.Deeb, J. M., Drury, C. G. and Begbie, K. L., 1985, “Handle positions in a holding task as a function of task height.” Ergonomics, 28,747-763.
28.Dempsey, P. G. and Hashemi, L., 1999, “Analysis of worker’s copmpensation clims associated with manual material handling.” Ergonomics, 42(1), 183-195.
29.De Smet, L., Tirez, B. and Stappaerts, K., 1998, “Effect of forearm rotation on grip strength.” Acta Orthopaedica Belgica, 64(4), 360-362.
30.De Zwart, B. C. H., Frings-Dresen, M. H. W. and Kilbom, A., 2001, “Gender differences in upper extremity musculoskeletal complaints in the working population.” International Archives of Occupational & Environmental Health, 74(1), 21- 30.
31.Drury, C. G., 1980, “Handle for manual materials handling.” Applied Ergonomics, 11(1), 35-42.
32.Drury, C. G., Begbie, K., Ulate, C. and Deeb, J. M., 1985, “Experiments on wrist deviation in manual material handling.” Ergonomics, 28(3), 577-589.
33.Drury, C. G. and Deeb, J. M., 1986a, “Handle positions and angles in a dynamic lifting task. Part 1: Biomechanical considerations.” Ergonomics, 29, 743-768.
34.Drury C. G. and Deeb, J. M., 1986b, “Handle positions and angles in a dynamic lifting task. Part 2: Psychophysical measures and heart rate.” Ergonomics, 29, 769-777.
35.Drury, C. G., Deeb, J. M., Hartman, B., Wooley, S., Drury, C. E. and Gallagher, S., 1989, “Symmetric and asymmetric manual materials handle part 1: physiology and psychophysics.” Ergonomics, 32, 467-489.
36.Edgren, C. S., Radwin, R. G., Irwin C. B., 2004, “Grip force vectors for varying handle diameters and hand size.” Human Factors, 46(2), 244-251.
37.Fergusona, S. A., Marrasa, W. S. and Burrb, D., 2005, “Workplace design guidelines for asymptomatic vs. low-back-injured workers.” Applied Ergonomics, 36, 85-95.
38.Fransson, H. C., Bystro, M. S. and Kilbom, A., 1995, “Self-reported physical exposure and musculoskeletal symptoms of the forearm-hand among automobile assembly-line workers.” Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 37(9), 1136-1144.
39.Freivalds, A., Chaffin, D. B., Garg, A. and Lee, K. S., 1984, “A dynamic biomechanical evaluation of lifting maximum acceptable load.” Journal of Biomechanics, 18, 571-584.
40.Friedrich, M., Karnzl, A., Heller, I., Kirtley, C. and Cermak, T., 2000, “Spinal posture during stooped walking under vertical space constraints.” Spine, 25, 1118-1125.
41.Garg, A., Badger, D., 1986, “Maximum acceptable weights and maximum voluntary isometric strengths for asymmetric lifting.” Ergonomics, 29(7), 879-896.
42.Garg, A. and Sxena U., 1980, “Container characteristics and maximum acceptable weight of lift.” Human Factors, 22(4), 487-495.
43.Garret, J. W., 1971, “The adult human hand, some anthropometric and biomechanical considerations.” Human Factors, 13(2), 117-131.
44.Genaidy, A. M. and AIRayes, S., 1993, “A psychophysical approach to determine the frequency and duration of work-rest schedules for manual handling operation.” Ergonomics, 36, 509-518.
45.Ghosh, S. N. and Nag, P. K., 1986, “Muscular strains in different modes of load handling.” Clinical Biomechanics, 1, 64-70.
46.Grant, K. A., Habes, D. J. and Steward, L. L., 1992, “An analysis of handle designs for reducing manual effort: the influence of grip diameter.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 10, 199-206.
47.Hall, N. B. and Bennett, E. M., 1956, “Empirical assessment of handrail diameters.” Journal of Applied Psychology, 40, 381-382.
48.Herrin, G. D., Jariedi, M. and Anderson, C. K., 1986, “Prediction of overexertion injuries using biomechanical and psychophysical models.” American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 47, 322-330.
49.Hsia, P. T. and Drury, C. G., 1986, “A simple method of evaluating handle design.” Applied Ergonomics, 17(3), 209-213.
50.Imrhan, S. N., 2003,” Two-handed static grip strengths in males: the influence of grip width.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 31, 303-311.
51.Johansson, J. A., 1994, “Work-related and non-work-related musculoskeletal symptoms.” Applied Ergonomics, 25(4), 248-251.
52.Kattel, B. P., Fredericks, T. K., Fernandez, J. E. and Lee, D. C., 1996, “The effect of upper-extremity posture on maximum grip strength.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 18, 423-429.
53.Karwowski, W., 1991, “Psychophysical acceptability and perception of load heaviness by females.” Ergonomics, 34, 487-496.
54.Karwowski, W., Shumate, C., Yates, J. W. and Pongpatana, N., 1992, “Discriminability of load heaviness: Implications for the psychophysical approach to manual lifting.” Ergonomics, 35, 729-744.
55.Kinoshita, H., Murase, T. and Bandou A., 1996, “Grip posture and forces during holding cylindrical objects with circular grip.” Ergonomics, 39(9), 1163-1176.
56.Khalil, T. M., 1973, “Anelectromyographic methodology for the evaluation of industrial design.” Human Factors, 15(3), 257-264.
57.Kong, Y. K. and Freivald, A., 2001, “Optimal design of handle shape through biomechanical modeling of hand tendon forces.” Ph. D. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University.
58.Kong, Y. K. and Freivald, A., 2001, “Evaluation of meat-hook handle shapes.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 32, 13-23.
59.Kong, Y. K. and Lowe B. D., 2005, “Optimal cylindrical handle diameter for grip force tasks.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 35, 495-507.
60.Kuiper, J. I., Burdorf, A., Verbeek, J. H. A. M., Frings-Dresen, M. H. W., van der Beek, A. J. and Viikari-Juntura, E. R. A., 1999, “Epidemiological evidence on manual materials handling as a risk factor for back disorders: a systematic review.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 24, 389-404.
61.Kumar, S., Narayan, Y., 2001, “Torque and EMG in isometric graded flexion-rotation and extension-rotation.” Ergonomics, 44 (8), 795-813.
62.Lee, J. W. and Rim, K., 1991, “Measurement of finger joint angles and maximum finger forces during cylinder grip activity.” Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 13, 152-162.
63.Lee, T. H., 2004, “Lifting strengths in different exertion heights conditioned on extended legs.” Industrial Health, 42, 369-372.
64.Lee, T. H., 2004, “Static lifting strengths at different exertion heights.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 34, 263-269.
65.Lieber, R. L., Loren, G. J. and Fride, N. J., 1994,” In vivo measurement of human wrist extensor muscle sarcomere length changes.” Journal of Neurophysiology, 71(3), 874-881.
66.Ljung, B. O., Fride, N. J. and Lieber, R. L., 1999, “Sarcomere length varies with wrist ulnar deviation but not forearm pronation in the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle.” Journal of Biomechanics, 32(2), 199-202.
67.Marras, W. S. and Granata, K. P., 1995, “A biomechanical assessment and model of axial twisting in the thoraco-lumbar spine.” Spine, 20, 1440-1451.
68.Marras, W. S. and Granata, K. P., 1997, “Spine loading during trunk lateral bending motion.” Journal of Biomechanics, 30, 697-703.
69.Marras, W. S., Granata, K. P., Davis, K. G., Allrean, W. G. and Jorgensen, M. J., 1999, “Effect of box features on spine loading during warehouse order selecting.” Ergonomics, 43(7), 980-996.
70.McCurdy, S. A., Schenker, M. B. and Lassiter, D. V., 1989, “Occupational injury and illness in the semiconductor manufacturing industry.” American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 15, 499-510.
71.McGill, S. M., Norman, R. W. and Sharratt, M. T., 1990, “The effect of an abdominal belt on trunk muscle activity and intra-abdominal pressure during squat lifts.” Ergonomics, 33, 147-160.
72.McKean, C. M. and Potvin, J. R., 2001, “Effects of a simulated industrial bin on lifting and lowering posture and trunk extensor muscle activity.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 28(1), 1-15.
73.Mirka, G., Baker, A., Harrison, A., Kelaher, D. and Davis, J., 1994, “A study of the interaction between load and coupling during lifting.” Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society 38th annual meeting, (Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society), 644 - 648.
74.Miyashita, M. and Kanehisa, H., 1979, “Dynamic peak torque related to age, sex and performance.” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 50, 249-255.
75.Morose, T., Greig M. and Wells, R., 2004, “Utility of using a force and moment wrench to describe hand demand.” Occupational Ergonomics, 4, 1-10.
76.Nag, P. K., 1983, “ A new perspective of work organistion in traditional agriculture.” Ergonomics, DSc thesis, Calcutta University.
77.Nag, P. K., 1991, “Endurance limits in different modes of load holding.” Applied Ergonomics, 22(3), 185-188.
78.OSHA, 2004, “Guidelines for poultry processing: Ergonomics for the prevention of muscloskelatal disorders.” Occuptional Safety and Health Administration, 3213-09N.
79.O’Sullivan, L. W. and Gallwey T. J., 2002, “Effects of gender and reach distance on risks of musculoskeletal injuries in an assembly task.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 29, 61-71.
80.NIOSH, 1981, “Work practice guide for manual lifting.” Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Health and Human Service.
81.Pheasant, S. and O'Neill, D., 1975, “Performance in gripping and turning - A study in hand/handle effectiveness.” Applied Ergonomics, 6(4), 205-208.
82.Ramakrishnan, B., Bronkemu. L. A. and Hallbeck. M. S., 1994, “Effect of grip span, wrist position, hand and gender on grip strength.” In: Proc. 38th Annual Meeting of Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Nashville, 554-558.
83.Radhakrishnan, S. and Nagaravindra, M. C., 1993, “Analysis of hand forces in health and disease during maximum isometric grasping of cylinders.” Medicine and Biological Engineering and Computing, 31, 372-376.
84.Ranney, D., Wells, R. and Moore, A., 1995, “Upper limb musculoskeletal disorders in highly repetitive industries: precise anatomical findings.” Ergonomics, 38(7), 1408 -1423.
85.Rigby, L.V., 1973, “Quality Progress.” Ergonomics, 4, 16-19.
86.Rudy, T. E., Boston, J. R., Lieber, S. J., Kubinski, J. A. and Stacey, B. R., 2003, “Body motion during repetitive isodynamic lifting: a comparative study of normal subjects and low-back pain patients.” Pain, 105, 319–326.
87.Shih, Y. C. and Wang, M. J., 1996, “The effects of weight levels and gloves on the ability of discriminating weight difference.” Ergonomics, 39(5), 729-739.
88.Snijders, C. J. and Volkers A. C. W., 1987, “Provocation of epicondylalgia lateralis (tennis elbow) by power grip or pinching.” Medicine & Science in Sports Exercise, 19(5), 518- 523.
89.Snook, S. H., 1978, “The design of manual handling tasks.” Ergonomics, 21, 963-985.
90.Snook, S. H. and Ciriello, V. M., 1974, “Maxium weights and workloads acceptable to female workers.” Journal of Occupational Medicine, 16, 527-534.
91.Snook, S. H., 1985, “Psychophysical considerations in permissible loads.” Ergonomics, 28, 327-330.
92.Soule, R. G. and Goldman, R.F., 1969, “The energy cost of loads carried on the head, hands or feet.” Journal of Applied Physiology, 27, 687-690.
93.Tichauer, E. R., 1971, “A pilot study for the biomechanics of lifting in simulate industrial work situations.” Journal Safety Reservation, 3, 98-115.
94.Tichauer, E. R., 1978, “The biomechanics basis of ergonomics.” Toronto; Wiley.
95.Wang, M. J., Chung, H. C. and Chen, H. C., 2000, “The effect of handle angle on MAWL, wrist posture and heart rate.” Human Factors, 553-565.
96.Wang, M. J., Chung, H. C. and Wu, H. C., 2004, “Evaluating the 300 mm wafer handling task in semiconductor industry”, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 34, 459-466.
97.Wilmore, J. H., 1974, “Alteration in strength, body composition and anthropometric measurements consequent to a 10-week weight training program.” Madicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 6, 133-138.
98.Yakou, T., Yamamoto, K., Koyama, M. and Hyodo, K., 1997, “Sensory evaluation of grip using cylindrical objects.” JSME International Journal, 40(4), 730-735.
99.You, H., Kumar, A., Young, R., Veluswamy, P. and Malzahn, D.E., 2005, “An ergonomic evaluation of manual Cleco plier designs: Effects of rubber grip, spring recoil, and worksurface angle.” Applied Ergonomics 36, 575-583.
100.Yun, M. H., 1993, “A hand posture measurement system for evaluating manual tool tasks.” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting, 754-758.