臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

知識經濟時代最重要的兩件事就是知識管理與創新，而能夠掌握知識的公司往往就握有創新的契機，因而了解知識如何取得、創造、儲存、移轉，對於組織能否有效發現、運用知識並且引致持續創新，實具有刻不容緩的重要性。因此，組織內是否蘊含著創新的氣候，就整體組織的運作功能和活動表現上，可謂扮演一項重要的角色。而在知識經濟時代，為組織創造競爭優勢的資產不再是過去所強調的土地、資金、設備等實體的資本；相對的，以人為基礎所創造的知識技術等無形資產才是現代企業的核心競爭力來源。
本研究為探究知識管理、組織創新氣候、人力資本與組織創新之間之關係，以台灣製造業與服務業前500大企業為研究對象，共回收有效問卷107 份，進行複迴歸、LISREL及變異數等分析，以驗證本研究根據過去文獻探討所提出的假說，經實證研究之後，本研究的主要發現如下：
一、 知識管理對組織創新氣候及人力資本有顯著正向的影響，但對組織創新沒有顯著直接影響的關係。
二、 組織創新氣候及人力資本對組織創新有顯著正向的影響。
三、 知識管理亦會透過組織創新氣候與人力資本，間接顯著的正向影響組織創新。
四、 企業特性中，不同的產業別沒有顯著差異，不同的資本額、營業額及員工人數，在知識管理、組織創新氣候、人力資本與組織創新有顯著差異。
關鍵字：知識管理、組織創新氣候、人力資本、組織創新

Two of the most important issues in knowledge age are knowledge management and innovation. Thus, companies that are able to control knowledge, tend to develop the ability of innovation. Therefore, the ability of understanding how to acquire, create, store, and transfer the knowledge has significant influence on whether the organizations can effectively find out and apply the knowledge as well as lead to relentless innovation. Hence, in terms of the operation and the performance of the whole organization, the organizational innovative climate indeed plays a vital role. In knowledge economy century, the core competitive advantages of companies no longer originate from the so-called physical capital, such as land, fund, equipment and so on. Instead, virtual capital which is made by human beings, such as knowledge and skills are the sources of recent organizations’ competitiveness.
In order to further explore the interaction among knowledge management, organizational innovation climate, organizational innovation, and human capital, the questionnaire was sent to the employees who came from the top Taiwan 500 enterprising in the field of manufacture and service. Afterwards, 107 valid samples were collected and analyzed by SPSS For Windows 10.0 and AMOS 3.6 . The results of the research indicate that:
1. Knowledge management has significant and positive effect with organizational innovative climate and human capital, while it seems that it doesn’t direct relate to organizational innovation.
2. Organizational innovative climate and human capital both have positive and significant effect on the organizational innovation.
3. Knowledge management also indirectly and positively influences the organizational innovation through organizational innovative climate as well human capital.
4. Among the characteristics of organization, different capital volumes, business volumes, and the number of the employees have significant differences in knowledge management, organizational innovative climate and organizational innovation.

Key words: knowledge management; organizational innovation climate; human capital; organizational innovation

目 錄
中文摘要 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- i
英文摘要 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii
目錄 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii
表目錄 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- v
圖目錄 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- vii
第一章 緒論-------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
第一節 研究背景與動機------------------------------------------------------ 1
第二節 研究目的-------------------------------------------------------------- 3
第三節 觀念性架構------------------------------------------------------------ 4
第四節 研究流程-------------------------------------------------------------- 5
第二章 文獻探討-------------------------------------------------------------- 6
第一節 知識管理--------------------------------------------------------------- 6
第二節 組織創新氣候-------------------------------------------------------- 22
第三節 人力資本-------------------------------------------------------------- 30
第四節 組織創新--------------------------------------------------------------- 37
第五節 各構面之間關係之探討-------------------------------------------- 40
第三章 研究方法-------------------------------------------------------------- 47
第一節 研究架構-------------------------------------------------------------- 47
第二節 研究假設-------------------------------------------------------------- 50
第三節 研究變數之操作性定義--------------------------------------------- 52
第四節 問卷設計-------------------------------------------------------------- 56
第五節 抽樣方法與樣本------------------------------------------------------ 63
第六節 資料分析方法--------------------------------------------------------- 65
第七節 信度與效度分析------------------------------------------------------ 68
第八節 因素分析調整後之研究架構--------------------------------------- 83
第九節 因素分析後之研究假設--------------------------------------------- 85
第十節 研究限制--------------------------------------------------------------- 87
第四章 實證結果與討論------------------------------------------------------ 88
第一節 知識管理、組織創新氣候、人力資本與組織創新等構面間之複迴歸分析--------------------------------------------------------- 88
第二節 整體理論架構模式之關係分析------------------------------------ 96
第三節 不同企業特性在各研究構面之差異分析------------------------ 105
第五章 結論與建議------------------------------------------------------------ 113
第一節 研究結論--------------------------------------------------------------- 113
第二節 研究建議--------------------------------------------------------------- 118
參考文獻 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 121
附錄一 問卷-------------------------------------------------------------------- 131

表 目 錄
表2-1 內隱知識與外顯知識比較表----------------------------------------------- 7
表2-2 內隱與外顯知識主要的特性差異----------------------------------------- 9
表2-3 知識管理定義彙整表-------------------------------------------------------- 11
表2-4 知識管理意涵----------------------------------------------------------------- 21
表2-5 國內學者對組織創新氣候定義-------------------------------------------- 23
表2-6 影響組織創新氣候因素----------------------------------------------------- 24
表2-7 KEYS各構面內涵------------------------------------------------------------ 26
表2-8 國內學者組織創新氣候量表----------------------------------------------- 28
表2-9 組織創新氣候構面意涵----------------------------------------------------- 29
表2-10 人力資本觀點摘要彙總----------------------------------------------------- 31
表2-11 人力資本衡量指標----------------------------------------------------------- 34
表2-12 組織創新的定義與觀點----------------------------------------------------- 38
表2-13 組織內部員工分類----------------------------------------------------------- 43
表3-1 知識管理之操作性定義----------------------------------------------------- 52
表3-2 組織創新氣候之操作性定義----------------------------------------------- 53
表3-3 人力資本之操作性定義----------------------------------------------------- 54
表3-4 組織創新之操作性定義----------------------------------------------------- 55
表3-5 本研究之問卷回收狀況----------------------------------------------------- 63
表3-6 研究對象之基本資料分析-------------------------------------------------- 64
表3-7 決策標準表-------------------------------------------------------------------- 65
表3-8 KMO及Bartlett球形檢定表------------------------------------------------ 68
表3-9 知識管理量表之因素分析及信度表-------------------------------------- 71
表3-10 組織創新氣候量表之因素分析及信度表-------------------------------- 73
表3-11 人力資本量表之因素分析及信度表-------------------------------------- 75
表3-12 組織創新量表之因素分析及信度表-------------------------------------- 77
表3-13 知識管理量表之驗證性因素分析結果表-------------------------------- 79
表3-14 組織創新氣候量表之驗證性因素分析結果表-------------------------- 80
表3-15 人力資本量表之驗證性因素分析結果表-------------------------------- 81
表3-16 組織創新量表之驗證性因素分析結果表-------------------------------- 82
表4-1 知識管理對組織創新氣候之複迴歸分析-------------------------------- 89
表4-2 知識管理對人力資本之複迴歸分析-------------------------------------- 91
表4-3 知識管理對組織創新之複迴歸分析-------------------------------------- 92
表4-4 組織創新氣候對組織創新之複迴歸分析-------------------------------- 93
表4-5 人力資本對組織創新之複迴歸分析-------------------------------------- 94
表4-6 原始模式中各潛在變數與觀察變數-------------------------------------- 97
表4-7 LISREL配適指標之判斷準則--------------------------------------------- 98
表4-8 LISREL 模式分析結果----------------------------------------------------- 100
表4-9 理論結構模式之因徑係數與假設驗證─中介效果-------------------- 104
表4-10 不同產業別之公司在各研究構面之變異數分析----------------------- 106
表4-11 不同資本額之在各研究構面之變異數分析----------------------------- 107
表4-12 不同營業額之公司在各研究構面之變異數分析----------------------- 109
表4-13 不同員工人數之公司在各研究構面之變異數分析-------------------- 111
表5-1 研究假設與實證研究結果彙整表----------------------------------------- 117































圖 目 錄
圖1-1 本研究之觀念性架構圖------------------------------------------------------ 4
圖1-2 研究流程----------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
圖2-1 知識建構及維持模式--------------------------------------------------------- 16
圖2-2 知識的循環示意圖------------------------------------------------------------ 17
圖2-3 知識創造活動------------------------------------------------------------------ 19
圖2-4 KEYS：評鑑工作環境創造力量表之基本架構-------------------------- 25
圖2-5 願景、知識管理與組織創新------------------------------------------------- 41
圖2-6 知識與組織創新--------------------------------------------------------------- 45
圖3-1 研究架構圖--------------------------------------------------------------------- 49
圖3-2 修正後研究架構--------------------------------------------------------------- 84
圖4-1 原始因果模式------------------------------------------------------------------ 97
圖4-2 本研究LISREL驗證結果---------------------------------------------------- 102

一、中文參考文獻:
1.中華徵信所(2004/2005)。台灣地區企業名錄。http://www.credit.com.tw/newweb/about_us/index.htm
2.尹啟銘(1989)，產品創新自由度、企業策略與技術政策之關係－以台灣資訊電子業實證研究，政治大學企業管理研究所博士論文。
3.毛連塭、郭有遹、陳龍安、林幸台(2000)，創造力研究，台北：心理出版社股份有限公司。
4.邱皓政(1999)，組織創新環境的概念建構與測量工具發展，技術創造力研討會，台北：國立政治大學主辦。
5.邱皓政(2000)，「技術創造力特性與開發研究：子計畫九：組織環境與創意行為－組織創新量表的發展與創新指標的建立(從科技產業到政府機構)」，行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計劃成果報告書。
6.邱皓政(2003)，結構方程模式，台北：雙葉。
7.汪昭芬(2000)，組織學習、知識創造、知識蘊蓄與創新績效之關聯性研究: 科技製造業、一般製造業及服務業之實證，成功大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
8.吳思華(1998)，策略九說，台北：臉譜文化出版社。
9.吳萬益、林清河(2002)，企業研究方法。台北市：華泰文化。
10.吳鑑芝(2003)，智慧資本與公司價值之攸關性探討，中原大學會計研究所碩士論文。
11.沈明權(1999)，個人特質、組織特性與組織創新之研究，中央大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
12.周芸薇（2000），學習型組織評鑑量表之建立，中央大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
13.林佳慧(2000)，組織內部創新氣氛與知識管理機制關係之探討，國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
14.林澄貴(2001)，知識管理、工程專業人員核心能力與工作績效關係之研究－以中鋼公司為例，中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
15.俞靖嫺(2002)，組織創新氣候與企業運用網際網路於知識管理之分析，中央大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
16.郭誌光(2002)，個人創造力組隻創新氣候及組織創新績效之關係—台北市廣告公司的實證研究，國立中央大學勞工研究所碩士論文。
17.高添慶(1983)，企業特質、環境特性與企業策略規劃系統關係之研究，國立政治大學國際企業管理研究所碩士論文。
18.高明智(2000)，CKO你在哪裡，管理雜誌，315 期，28-33。
19.莊立民(2002)，組織創新模式建構與實證之研究－以台灣資訊電子業為例，成功大學企業管理研究所博士論文。
20.張鴻文(1986)，R＆D 部門工作環境對技術創新之影響，政治大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
21.張文菁(2001)，企業特性、人力資本、產業環境與組織績效之相關性研究，中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
22.陳瑞惇(1999)，以知識特性知識角色與智慧資本建構雙取向之知識管理研究，東華大學國際企業管理研究所碩士論文。
23.陳玉玲(1999)，組織內人力資本的蓄積－智慧資本管理之觀點，中央大學人力資源管理就究所碩士論文。
24.陳美純(2001)，資訊科技投資與智慧資本對企業績效影響之研究，中央大學資訊管理研究所博士論文。
25.陳鈴蕙(2003)，人力資源管理對人力資本與組織績效之影響－以人力資本投資觀點，台灣科技大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
26.黃俊英、林震岩(1994)，SAS精析與實例。台北市：華泰文化。
27.黃佑安(1997)，企業創新能力對新產品研發過程影響之研究，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
28.黃致凱(2004)，組織創新氣候知覺、個人創新行為、自我效能知覺與問題解決型態關係之研究－以銀行業為研究對象，中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
29.曾智顯(2001)，我國企業知識管理與組織創新之相關性研究，國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
30.楊國樞、文崇一、吳聰賢、李亦園(2001)，社會及行為科學研究方法。台北市：東華書局。
31.鄢燕玲(2004)，人力資源管理措施、人力資本與組織績效之關係－以國內資訊電子業為例，中央大學高階主管企管碩士論文。
32.廖勝能(2000)，學校組織創新氣氛與知識管理關係之研究，台南師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文。
33.劉碧琴(1998)，個人創越、企業文化對組織創新的影響，國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
34.劉常勇(1998)，研究機構發展衍生性公司對產業創新影響之研究－以我國半導體產業為研究對象，國科會委託研究。
35.劉曉雯(1998)，創造力工作環境特質對組織創租行為影響關係之研究－兼論內外在動機與資訊科技基磐特徵的作用，中央大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
36.蔡啟通(1997)，組織因素組織成員整體創造性與創新績效之關係，國立台灣大學商學研究所博士論文。
37.賴士葆(1978)，中小企業與大企業互補關係決定因素，國立政治大學國際企業管理研究所碩士論文。
38.簡文娟 (1999) ，組織創新氣候評鑑量表之建立—以高科技產業為實證研究對象，中央大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
39.譚大純、劉廷揚、蔡明洲 (1999)，知識管理文獻之回顧與分類，中華民國科技管理論文集，國立中山大學企業管理學系。
40.譚大純、汪昭芬(2001)，知識管理之策略觀點：文獻回顧、分類與命題，科技管理學刊，第6卷，第1期，35-54頁。


































二、英文參考文獻：
1.Amabile, T. M., & Gryskiewicz, S. S. (1987). Creativity in the R&D Laboratory, Technical Report No. 30, Center for Creative Leadership, Greensboro, NC.
2.Amabile, T.M. (1988). A model of creativity and innovation in organization. In L.L. Cummings & B.M. Staw (Eds.) Research in organizational behavior, 10, 123-167.
3.Amabile, T. M. (1996). Assessing the Work Environment for Creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 39(5), 11-59.
4.Abbey, A. & Dickson, J. W. (1983). R&D Work Climate and Innovation in Semiconductors, Academy of Management Journal, Vo1. 26(2), 362-368.
5.Arora, R. (2002). “Implementing KM-A Balance Score Card Approach,” Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 6, No. 3, 240-249.
6.Ahn, J. H. and Chang, S. G. (2004). Assessing the contribution of knowledge to business performance: the KP3 methodology, Decision Support Systems 36, 403-416.
7.Blau, J.R., & McKinley, W.(1979). Ideas, complexity, and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 200-219.
8.Burgess, G.H. (1989). Industrial organization. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
9.Bessant, J. & Cayn, S. (1997), High-Involvement Innovation through Management, International Journal of Technology Management, 14(1), 7-28.
10.Beijerse, R. P. (2000). Knowledge Management in Small and Medium-sized Companies: Knowledge Management for Entrepreneurs, Journal of Knowledge Management, 4(2), 162-179
11.Burns, L., & Stalker, G.M. (1961). The Management of Innovation. London: Tavistock Publications.
12.Beckman, T. (1997). Implementing the Knowledge Organization in Government, Paper and Presentation, 10th National Conference on Federal Quality.
13.Baggozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structure equation models. Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 14-21.
14.Beckett, A. J., Wainwright, C. E. R., & Bance, D.(2000). Knowledge Management: Strategy or Software?, Management Decision, 38(9).601-606.
15.Bonora, E. A., & Revang, O.(1991). A Strategic Framework for Analyzing Professional Service Firms Developing Strategies for Sustained Performance. Strategic Management Society Inter-organizational Conference, Toronto, Canada.
16.Becker, G.S. (1976). The Economic Approach to Human Behavior. Chicaco: University of Chicaco press.
17.Brooking, A. (1999). Corporate Memory – strategies for knowledge management, London: International Thomson Business Press.
18.Clark, J., & Guy, K.(1998). Innovation and Competitiveness: A Review. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 10(3): 363-395.
19.Drucker, P. F. (1985). Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles. London: Heinemann.
20.Drucker, P.F.(1993). Post-Capitalist Society. New York: Harper Business.
21.Drucker, P.F. (1999). Knowledge-worker productivity: The biggest challenge. California Management Review, 41, 79-94.
22.Damanpour, F.(1991). Organizational innovation: A meta-analysis of effects ofdeterminants and moderators. Academy of management journal, 34(3), 555-590.
23.Dougherty, D., & Bowman, E.H.(1995). The effects of organizational downsizing of product innovation. California Management Review, 37(4), 28-44.
24.Davenport, T., & Prusak, L.(1998). Working knowledge: how organizations manage what they know, Harvard Business School Press.
25.Duffy, J. (2000). Knowledge management: to be or not to be?, Information Management Journal 34 (1), 64-67.
26.Duffy, J.(2000) Knowledge Management: What every information professional should know. Information Management Journal, 34(3), 10-16.
27.Damanpour, F. (1996). Organizational complexity and innovation: Developing and testing multiple contingency models. Management Science, 42(5), 693-716.
28.Davenport, T. H., & Prusak, L. (1998). Working knowledge: How Organization Manage What They Know. Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press.
29.Dess, G.G., ＆ Picken, J.C.(1999).Beyond productivity: How leading companies achieve superior performance by leveraging their human capital.
30.Dzinkowski, R. (2000). The measurement and management of intellectual capital: An introduction, Management Accounting, 78(2), 32-36.
31.Ekvall, G., & Anderson, Y. T. (1986). Working climate and creativity: a study of an innovative newspaper office. Journal of Creative Behavior, 215-225.
32.Edvinsson, L. & Malone, M.S.（1997）. Intellectual Capital. Realizing Your Co.’s True Value by Finding Its Hidden Roots, U.S.A.: HarperCollins 13-20, Lepak, Review, 24(1), 31-48.
33.Edvinsson, L., & Malone, M.S. (1997). Intellectual Capital, New York, Harper Collins Publishers, Inc.
34.Guieford, J.P. (1965). Fundamental Statistics in Psychology and Education, New York:McGraw-Hill.
35.Glassman, E. (1986). Managing for Creativity: Back to Basis in R&D. R&D Management, 16(2), 175-183.
36.Gilbert, M. & Gordey, H.(1996). Understanding The Process of Knowledge Transfer to Achieve Successful Technological Innovation, Technovation, 16, No.6, June, 365-385.
37.Grant, R.M. (1996). Toward a Knowledge-based Theory of the Firm. Strategic Management Journal 17,109-122.
38.Grasenick, K., & Jonathan, L. (2004). Shaken, not stirred: Defining and connecting indicators for the measurement and valuation of intangibles. Journal of intellectual Capital. 5(2), 268-281.
39.Grossman, R.J. (2000), Measuring up: Appropriate metrics help HR prove its worth, HR Magazine, 45(1), 28-35.
40.Hellriegel, D., & Slocum, J. W. (1974). Organizational Climate: Measure, Research & Contingencies. Academy of Management Journal, 17, 255-280.
41.Hult, G. T. M. (2003). An integration of thoughts on knowledge management, Decision Science 34 (2), 189-195.
42.Hedlund, G.,(1994). A model of knowledge management and the n-form corporation. Strategic Management Journal, 15(1):73-90.
43.Hope, J., & Hope, T. (1997). Competing in the Third Wave: The Ten Key Management Issues of the Information Age, Harvard Business School Press.
44.Hair, J. R., Anderson, E., Tatham, R., & Black, W. (1998). Multivariate data Analysis with Readings. New York: Maxwell Macnillan International.
45.Hendricks, P. (1999). Why Share Knowledge? The Influence of ICT on Motivation for Knowledge Sharing. Knowledge and Process Management 6, no.2, 91-100.
46.Hansen, M.T., Nohria, N., & Tierney, T.(1999). What’s Your Strategy For Managing Knowledge. Harvard Business Review, 77(2), 106-117.
47.Hurwitz, J., Stephen L., Bill M., & Jeffrey S. (2002). The Linkage between Management Practices, Intangibles Performance and Stock Returns. Journal of Intellectual Capital. 3(1): 51-61.
48.Johns, G. (1993). Constraints on the adoption of psychology-based personnel practices: Lessons from organizational innovation. Personnel Psychology, 46, 569-592.
49.Johannessen, J.A., & Dolva, J.O. (1994). Competence and innovation: Identifying critical innovation factors. Entrepreneurship, Innovation, & Change, 3(3), 209-222.
50.Johannessen, J. A., Olson, B., & Olaisen, J., (1999). Aspects of Innovation Theory Based on Knowledge-management, International Journal of Information Management 19, 121-139.
51.Kaiser, H.F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika,39, 31-36.
52.Kim, L. (1980). Organizational innovation and structure. Journal of Business Research, 8, 225-245.
53.Kimberly, J.R., & Evanisko, M.J. (1981). Organizational innovation: The influence of individual, organizational, and contextual factors on hospital adoption of technological and administrative innovations. Academy of Management Journal, 24, 689-713.
54.Kanter, R. M. (1984). Innovation: Our only Hope for Times Ahead?. Sloan Management Review, 25(summer), 51-55.
55.Kanter, R.M. (1988). Knowledge Workers. Executive Excellence, January, 15-16.
56.Knutson, B., Stevens, P., Patton, M., & Thompson, C. (1992). Consumers’ expectations for Service Quality in Ecomomy: Mid-pice and Luxury Hotel. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 11(2),27-43.
57.Kelm, K.M., Narayanan, V.K., & Pinches, G.E.(1995). Shareholder value creation during R&D innovation and commercialization stages. Academy of Management Journal, 38(3), 770-786.
58.Kochhar, R., & David, P. (1996). Institutional Investors and Firm Innovation: A test of competing hypotheses. Strategic Management Journal, 17, 73-84.
59.Litwin, G., & Stringer, R. (1968). Motivation and organizational climate. Boston：Division of Research Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University.
60.Lee & Na (1994). Determinants of Technical Success in Product Development when Innovative Radicalness is Considered, Journal Product Innovation Management, 11, 62-68.
61.Leonard-Barton, D.(1995). Wellspring of Knowledge. Massachusetts: Harvard Business Review.
62.Lumpkin, G.T., & Dess, G.G.(1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135-172.
63.Laurie, J. B. (1997). Harnessing the power of intellectual capital. Training & Development, 51(12), 25-30.
64.Louisa, W. (1999). Making knowledge stick, Management Review, 88(5),24
65.Lepak, D. & Snell, S. (1999). .The human resource architecture: Toward a theory of human capital allocation and development., Academy of Management Review, 24(1), 31-48.
66.Lazear, E.P. (1998), Personnel Economics for Manager, New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
67.LeBlanc, P.V., Rich, J.T., & Mulvey, P.W. (2000) .Improving the return on human capital: New metrics, Compensation & Benefits Review, 32(1),13-20.
68.Morgan, G. (1986). Images of Organization. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
69.Marquardt, M. J. (1996). Building The Learning Organization: a System Approach to Quantum Improvement and Global Success, London: McGraw-Hill.
70.Marquardt, M. J. & Kearsley G.(1999). Technology-Based Learning. New York: McGraw-Hill.
71.Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory, 2nd ed, New York: McGraw-Hill.
72.Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The Knowledge-creating Company, New York: Oxford University Press.
73.Nijhof, W. J. (1999). Knowledge Management and Knowledge Dissemination.in Academy of Human Resource Development Conference Proceeding, ERIC, No. ED, pp. 431-488
74.Nonaka, I., & Hirotaka, T. (1995). The Knowledge Creating Company, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
75.O’Dell, C., & Grayson, C.J. (1998). IF Only We Knew What We Know, New York: The Free Press.
76.Polanyi, M. (1967). The Tacit Dimension, N.Y: M.E. Sharp Inc.
77.Paolillo, J., & Brown, W. (1978). How Organizational Factors Affect R&D Innovation, Research Management, Vo1. 21, 79-91.
78.Papows, J. (1999). Enterprise.com. Massachusetts: Perseus Publishing.
79.Perez, J. R. & Pablos, P. O. (2003). Knowledge management and organizational competitiveness: A framework for human capital analysis. Journal of Knowledge Management, 7(3), 82-91.
80.Rogers, E. M., & Shoemaker, F. F. (1971). Communication of Innovations: A Cross-Cultural Approach, NY, The Free Press.
81.Parnes, H.S. (1984). People Power, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
82.Russell, R.D. (1995). An investigation of some organizational correlates of corporate entrepreneurship: Toward a system model of organizational innovation. Entrepreneurship, Innovation, & Change, 4(4), 295-314.
83.Robbins, S.P. (1996). Organizational behavior: Concepts, controversies and applications. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
84.Roberts B. (2000). Pick employees’ brains. Hr Magazine; 45(2): 115-120.
85.Ruggles R. (1998). The State of the Notion：Knowledge Management in Practice, California Management Review, 80-89.
86.Ruber, P. (2000). Three Steps for Effective Knowledge Transfer, Information Week, 177-178.
87.Roos, J., Roos, G., Edvinsson, L., & Dragonetti, N.C. (1998), Intellectual capital – Navigating in the new business landscape, New York: New York University Press, Washington Square.
88.Robbins, S. P. (1986). Organizational Behavior: Concepts. Controversies and Applications, Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Prentice-Hall.
89.Scott, S.G., & Bruce, R.A.(1994). Determinants of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 37(3), 580-607.
90.Siegel, S. M., & Kaemmerer, W. F. (1978), Measuring the Perceived Support for Innovation in Organizations, Journal of Applied Psychology, 1. 63, 553-562.
91.Scott, J. E. (1998). Organizational knowledge and the Internet, Decision Support Systems, 23, 3-17.
92.Spek, R. & Spijkervet, A. (1996), A Methodology for Knowledge Management,”Tutorial Notes of The 3rd World Congress on Expert System,Seoul,Korea.
93.Schultz, T. W. (1960). The Formation of human capital by education Journal of Political Economy, 68, 571-583.
94.Snell, S. A.& Dean, J. W. (1992). Integrated manufacturing and human resource management: A human capital perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 35, 467-504.
95.Stewart, T.A. (1997), Intellectual capital: The new wealth of organizations, New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc.
96.Stewart, T.A.(2001). The wealth of knowledge: Intellectual capital and the twenty-first century organization, New York :currency.
97.Starovic, D. (2004). Understanding corporate value: managing and reporting intellectual capital. CIMA.
98.Tushman, M.L., & Anderson, P. (1986). Technological discontinuities and organizational environments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32, 439-465.
99.Teece, D. J. (1996), Firm organization, industrial structure, and technological innovation, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 31,193-224.
100.Teece, D. (1998). Capturing value from Knowledge Assets: the New Economy, Markets for Knowledge and Intangible Assets”, California Management Review (40:3), 55~79.
101.Tapscott, D. (1996). The Digital Economy. New York: Mc –Hill.
102.Tiwana, A. (2001), The Essential Guide to Knowledge Management, prentice hall PTR, upper saddle river, NJ, 2001.
103.Westwood, Albert, R. C., & Sekine, Y. (1988). Fostering Creativity and Innovation in an Industrial R&D Laboratory, Research Technology Management, 31(4) , 16-20.
104.Van, A.H. (1986). Central Problems in the Management of Innovation. Management Science, 32, 590-607.
105.Wolfe, R.A. (1994). Organizational innovation: Review, critique and suggested research directions. Journal of Management Studies, 31(3), 405-430.
106.Wiig, K. M.(1997). Knowledge Management Foundations Where will It Go?, Exper Systems with Applications, Pergamon Press/Elsevier(14).
107.Zack, M. H. (1999). Managing codified knowledge. Sloan Management Review, 40(4), 45-58.
108.Zwell, M. & Ressler, R. (2000). Powering the human drivers of financial performance, Strategic Finance, 91(I11), 40-45.