臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

全球定位系統(GPS)是目前應用最廣泛的室外定位系統，其運作原理以GPS接收器藉由接收軌道上運行之衛星訊號，計算接收時間與衛星發出訊號之時間差，以此時間差推算出距離，再以三角定位法對行動端進行定位運算，精確度約在5至40公尺；但其必須與衛星保持LOS(Light of Sight)才可進行定位服務，故無法在室內環境進行定位服務。室內定位以2000年IEEE INFOCOM由P. Bahl 和V. N. Padmanabhan提出名為RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) 的系統，其建立IEEE 802.11無線區域網路中的無線電波訊號特徵資料庫，再以樣式比對法對行動端進行定位與追蹤運算，以達到位置感知 (Location-awareness) 的目的。本論文主要便是在無線區域網路環境中，研究無線電波訊號強度在空間中的分佈趨勢以建置預測模型(Prediction Model)，於連線階段(On-line)時將即時收到的無線電波訊號強度代入此模型進行定位演算與位置判斷。研究之實驗結果顯示平均錯誤距離低於4公尺；故本系統不僅可直接有效降低一般位置感知系統在離線階段(Off-line)建立訊號紋(Finger Printing)的成本外，亦能方便移植到行動裝置(如：PDA)以實現位置感知系統的應用。

Global Positioning System (GPS) is a well-known Location-based Service (LBS). GPS satellites circle the earth twice a day in a very precise orbit and transmit signal information to earth. GPS receivers take this information and use triangulation to calculate the user''s location. Essentially, the GPS receiver calculates the time of the signal was transmitted by a satellite and the time who receives. The location of GPS is accurate about 5 meters to 40 meters. But it must keep line of sight (LOS) between receivers and satellites, it is ineffective indoors. As regards indoor environment based on Wireless LANs, P. Bahl and V. N. Padmanabhan proposed the RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) mechanism in 2000 IEEE INFOCOM, a radio-frequency (RF) based system for locating and tracking users inside buildings. RADAR operates by recording and processing signal strength information at multiple base stations to triangulate the user’s location. Triangulation is done using both empirical-determined and theoretical computed signal strength information. This thesis exhausts an indoor locating mechanism and implements a location-aware system based on WiFi environments. During the on-line phase we gather received signal strength indicator (RSSI) as the substitution from multiple Access Points (AP) with the prediction model to estimate the mobile user’s location. As the experimental results of our research which indicated that the mean of error distance within 4 meters. According to the proposed radio prediction model, we can reduce the number of training points during the off-line phase, and improve the computing load of mobile devices efficiently.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
誌謝 iii
目錄 iv
表目錄 vi
圖目錄 vii

第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 研究目的 1
1.3 論文架構 2

第二章 相關技術與研究 3
2.1 以行動端為基礎的定位(Terminal-based Positioning) 3
2.1.1 全球定位系統(Global Position System) 3
2.1.2 輔助式全球衛星定位系統(Assistant Global Positioning System) 4
2.2 以網路端為基礎的定位(Network-based Positioning) 4
2.2.1 發源區(Cell of Origin, COO) 4
2.2.2 E-OTD (Enhanced Observed Time Difference) 5
2.3室內位置感知技術 6
2.3.1 無線電波檢測與規範(Radio Detection and Ranging, RADAR) 6
2.3.2 無線射頻辨識(Radio Frequency Identification, RFID) 6
2.3.3 感測器網路(Sensor Network) 7
2.4 相關研究 9
2.4.1 EKAHAU定位系統 9
2.4.2 iSPOT校園定位服務系統 11

第三章 研究方法與系統架構 12
3.1 研究方法 12
3.1.1 無線電訊號擷取之應用程式的研發 15
3.1.2 無線電訊號傳遞的預測模型分析與建立 21
3.1.3 走廊判斷機制 27
3.1.4 選根機制 30
3.2 系統架構 34
3.2.1 實驗環境 34
3.2.2 資料庫系統 35

第四章 研究成果與分析 38
4.1 結合選根機制與走廊判斷機制的效能分析 38
4.1.1 Ad Hoc模式下預測模型對選根與走廊判斷機制的影響分析 38
4.1.2 Infrastructure模式下預測模型對選根與走廊判斷機制的影響分析 44
4.2 訓練點取樣距離對定位精確度之影響分析 50
4.2.1 Ad Hoc模式下訓練點取樣距離分析 51
4.2.2 Infrastructure模式下訓練點取樣距離分析 56
4.3 連線階段之即時訊號取樣週期分析 58
4.4 預測曲線之階度影響分析 60
4.5 RADAR系統之樣式比對法分析 61
4.6 位置感知系統之應用實例 64

第五章 結論與未來研究方向 66

參考文獻 67
附錄一：無線電波訊號傳遞預測模型的推導與建立 70
附錄二：Bisection Method 77

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