臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

《薄伽梵歌》是以婆羅門教為主、廣納與修改印度流行的宗教修行方式與觀念、且重新解釋吠陀傳統的新婆羅門教，此一「新」讓婆羅門教不再只是遵循吠陀傳統、以婆羅門為中心的宗教，而是以種姓制度內所有人為本、以專意向著Krsna為本、使凡人都能得到解脫的「印度教」。

文中將從《薄伽梵歌》的基本 – karma為始，首先瞭解《薄伽梵歌》中的karma為何，其次是《薄伽梵歌》不斷強調的dharma(種姓職責)，第三是karma的細部分類 – guna，第四是《薄伽梵歌》將印度宗教修行方法統合至一的瑜伽。

從上可見得《薄伽梵歌》如何回應西元前七世紀到西元後三世紀婆羅門教面臨的問題，包括佛教與耆那教的產生、種姓制度的嚴峻與瓦解。

Bhagavad Gita is based, in the main , on Brahmanism. However, as an important Hindu scripture, it synthesizes yet remodifies the previous religious practices and thoughts. It is neo-Brahmanism in a sense that it reconstructs the Vedic tradition. However, the Gita does not totally succumb to the authority of the Veda and Brahmanic orthodoxy. On the one hand, it addresses to the general audience under caste system; on the other hand, it declares that any devotee of Krsna, irrespective of the position in caste system, has the chance to attain moksa.

The first part of the thesis is on the meaning of karma in the Gita. The second part is on dharma, or rather svadharma. The third part is on the details classification of karma, that is , the idea of guna. The last part is on the encompassing idea of yoga in the Gita which embodies different yogin traditions.

The above description also gives us an idea that from the 7th century BCE to the 3rd century AD Brahmanism faced many troubles within and without. Among others, the dissemination of Buddhism, Jainism and the rigor as well as possible disintegration of the caste system pose formidable challenges.

第一章 前言 1

第一節 研究概述與架構 1

第二節 文獻回顧 2

第三節 名詞與頌偈編寫3

第二章 karma4

第一節 karma的廣泛定義 4

一、廣義的karma 4

二、《薄伽梵歌》頌偈之敘述 6

第二節 karma與samsara 7

一、karma與samsara的結合 7

二、《薄伽梵歌》頌偈之敘述 11

第三節 《薄伽梵歌》的karma觀20

一、《薄伽梵歌》的karma觀概述20

二、《薄伽梵歌》頌偈之敘述 21

第四節 小結 24

第三章 dharma 26

第一節 dharma的廣泛定義26

第二節 種姓職責概述27

一、概述 27

二、《薄伽梵歌》的觀點28

第三節 剎帝利的dharma30

一、《薄伽梵歌》之主角 – 剎帝利 30

二、《薄伽梵歌》頌偈之敘述33

第四節 小結43

第四章 guna44

第一節 《薄伽梵歌》的guna之義44

第二節 《薄伽梵歌》頌偈之敘述45

一、guna之源45

二、Krsna、guna與生命運行 46

三、guna的性質47

四、guna與karma – karma的種類50

(一)karma類別一：與karma相關的guna分類50

(二)karma類別二：與宗教修行相關的guna分類54

(三)karma類別三：與生活及生命相關的guna分類 58

五、guna與karma – karma的本質68

六、自guna解脫之道71

第三節 小結73

第五章 瑜伽76

第一節 瑜伽概述76

一、瑜伽的簡史76

二、瑜伽的廣泛定義77

第二節 瑜伽的方法 80

一、瑜伽方法概述80

二、《薄伽梵歌》所述的瑜伽方法81

第三節 《薄伽梵歌》的瑜伽 85

一、《薄伽梵歌》的瑜伽概述 85

二、《薄伽梵歌》頌偈之敘述 85

第四節 小結 93

第六章 結語 95

參考書目 98

一、梵文原典與翻譯

(一)《薄伽梵歌》

The Bhagavad Gétä. 1893. Translated by John Davies. London: Keagan Paul, Trenc, Trubner, & Co. Ltd.

The Bhagavad Gita. 1994. Translated by Winthrop Sargeant. Christopher Chapple ed. SUNY Series in Cultural Perspectives. Albany, N. Y. : State University of New York Press.

The Bhagavad Gita: with the Commentary of Sri Sankaracharya. 1997. Translated by Alladi Mahadeva Sastry. Madras, India: Samata Books.

The Gospel of Selfless Action, or, The Gita According to Gandhi. 2000. Translated by Mohandas K. Gandhi. Mahadev Desai ed. Roseville, Calif. : Dry Bones Press.

《薄伽梵歌》。1999年。希瓦難陀(Shivananda)譯，懷塵中譯。新竹：中國瑜伽出版社。

(二)奧義書

The Principal Upaniñad. 1992. Translated and edited by S. Radhakrishnan. Oxford: Oxford Univeristy Press.


(三)《摩奴法論》

The Laws of Manu. 1991. Translated by Wendy Doniger O’Flaherty and Brain K. Smith. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

《摩奴法論》。1986年。蔣忠新譯。北京：中國社會科學出版社。

(四)《摩訶婆羅多》

The Mahabharata.1973-1978. Translated and edited by J. A. B. van Buitenen. Chicago, Ill. : University of Chicago Press.

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Lariviere, R.W. 1997. Dharmaçästra, Custom, ‘Real Law,’ and ‘Apocryphal’ Småtis, Recht, Staat, und Verwaltung im klassischen Indien. ed. Bernhard Kölver. Munich: R. Oldenbourg.

Lariviere, Richard W. 2004. Dharmaçästra, Custom, ‘Real Law’ and ‘Apocryphal’ Småtis. Netherlands: Journal of Indian Philosophy 32: 611-627. Database on-line. Available from EBSCO.

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三、中文書目

朱明忠。1994。<整體瑜伽論探微>。世界宗教研究，3期。線上資料庫。可取自中國期刊網。

姚衛群。2004。<吠陀奧義書中確立的婆羅門教的基礎觀念>。南亞研究，1期。線上資料庫。可取自中國期刊網。

韋伯(Max Weber)。1996。《印度的宗教：印度教與佛教I》，康樂、簡惠美譯。台北：遠流。

孫治興。1986年6月。<印度巴克諦(Bhakti)思想的研究>。中國文化大學印度文化研究所，碩士論文。

耿振華。1986年5月。<薄伽梵曲之研究>。中國文化大學印度文化研究所，碩士論文。

葛維鈞。1998。<試談業報理論的產生 - 「業報理論源流探索」之四>。南亞研究，1期。線上資料庫。可取自中國期刊網。