臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文探討英國劇作家凱洛•邱琪兒之《九重天》以及《頂尖女孩》兩劇中深具顛覆性的時空手法。本論文由五章組成。第一章回顧多年來相關的眾多評論角度。第二章援引巴赫汀(Mikhail Bakhtin)的時空型(chronotope)概念探討兩戲中時空融匯的現象，尤其是劇中人物心理、身體狀態，戲劇時空，以及外在社會文化時空背景，三者之間緊密的互動。兩齣戲各別有著兩個不同的時空型：《九重天》第一幕代表的是性別角色僵化的時空型，第二幕則代表了1979年當時社會上傳統性別角色開放且迅速轉變的狀態；《頂尖女孩》則透過一對姐妹Marlene與Joyce對映出當時兩種不同的女性生活，一個是典型八零年代柴契爾主義的事業女強人，一個則是在此種政經趨勢下卻相對更加弱勢的傳統女性。

第三章則探討兩劇第一幕呈現長久以來隱藏空間當中的性別歧視。透過女性地理學者(feminist geographical theorist)之觀點，筆者分析兩戲當中兩性間不同的空間體驗(spatial experience)，以及公/私領域之分界(private-public distinction)所暗藏性別歧視的空間隱喻(spatial metaphor)。當男性與冒險及旅行等等充滿能動性(mobility)的字眼連結，女性卻總是被動地與家庭空間緊緊連繫。邱琪兒在此揭露空間亦為不公平的性別政治當中之一環。

第四章則著重於分析《九重天》第二幕當中的公園場景，以及《頂尖女孩》第二、三幕的辦公室與廚房場景。首先援引傅柯(Michel Foucault)的異質空間(heterotopia)概念來討論各場景間複雜的鏡像與補償關係。透過空間理論學者昂希．列菲弗爾(Henri Lefebvre)以及抵抗地景(geographies of resistance)的空間生產理論分析邱琪兒如何透過呈現特定社會族群佔領特定空間的手法，企圖激進地改變現實當中此類空間的社會意義。

雖然距兩齣劇作首演的年代已有二十多年，但其中所探討之議題依然常見於現今二十一世紀的社會當中。邱琪兒預見了現今複雜的家庭狀態以及大鳴大放的同性戀運動。即使越來越多女性在政治界或是企業界嶄露頭角，世界上多數的女性依然掙扎於找尋工作與家庭之間的平衡點。

This thesis is to examine Caryl Churchill’s subversive temporal and spatial devices on stage in Cloud Nine and Top Girls. The chronotopes of the two plays articulate how people’s states of beings interact with the external social and cultural conditions, especially during the 1980s in London. Both plays crystallize the space politics full of gender discriminations in the patriarchal society. In addition, Churchill’s dramatic devices are the subversive spatial practice that transforms the gendered spaces into the sites of resistance in order to manifest her protest and seeks more possibilities for the gender roles in the future.

There are five chapters in this thesis. Chapter One is an introduction, including the overview of two plays and the review of numerous analyses in the past two and half decades. In Chapter Two, Churchill’s theatrical temporal and spatial devices, including setting, synchronism, and anachronism in Cloud Nine and Top Girls construct chronotopes that lay bare the special social and cultural condition in a certain historical moment. Those chronotopes demonstrate how Churchill unifies people’s internal states of being and the external political structures together. Moreover, by presenting the chronotopes, Churchill criticizes the slowness of the progress in gender politics and the possible backlash about women’s right in the 1980s.

In Chapter Three, I analyze how the spatiality of patriarchy constructed by the private-public dichotomy in both Act Ones of Cloud Nine and Top Girls. The spatial experiences between men and women depicted in Act One of Cloud Nine illustrate the stereotypical masculinity and femininity in the Victorian age. The spatial metaphors about movement in Act One of Top Girls expose the strict boundary between the private and the public spaces, and foreshadow the importance of mobility as being a possible strategy to transgress the boundaries.

Finally, Chapter Four is the analysis about how Churchill subversively and politically explores the possibility of creating new social spaces in the park space of Cloud Nine and the office space of Top Girls. Her theatrical strategies are potential spatial practices that create the rupture to transgress the unfair restrictions and discriminations in the patriarchal and heterosexual society. The final chapter concludes that Churchill’s dramatic devices about time and space are the subversive strategies to conduct her observations and criticisms about the unfairness in society.

Chapter One: Introduction ─ 1

Chapter Two: The Chronotopes of Churchill’s Cloud Nine and Top Girls ─ 21
I.The Chronotopes in Cloud Nine: The Radical Changes of Sexual Politics Since 1968 ─ 24
II.The Chronotopes in Top Girls: Women’s Dual Roles in the Thatcherite Years ─ 33

Chapter Three: The Gendered Social Spaces in Cloud Nine and Top Girls ─ 42
I.Cloud Nine: The Spatial Construction of Masculinity and Femininity throughout the Private-Public Distinction ─ 46
II.Top Girls: Women’s Impasse Between Private and Public Spaces ─ 53

Chapter Four: The Subversive Spatial Practice and Heterotopia ─ 62
I.The Subversive Spatial Practice, Geography of Resistance and Heterotopia in Cloud Nine ─ 67
II.The Subversive Spatial Practice, Geography of Resistance and Heterotopia in Top Girls ─ 74

Conclusion ─ 82

Works Cited ─ 86

Works Cited
Althusser, Louis. “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (Notes towards an Investigation).” Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. Trans. Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1971. 127-86.
Amoko, Apollo. “Casting Aside Colonial Occupation: Intersections of Race, Sex, and Gender in Cloud Nine and Cloud Nine Criticism.” Modern Drama 42.1 (1999): 45-58.
Aston, Elaine. Caryl Churchill. U.K: Northcote House, 1997.
---. Feminist Views on the English Stage: Women Playwrights 1990-2000. London: Cambridge UP, 2003.
---, and Janelle Reinelt. “A Century in View: From Suffrage to the 1990s.” The Cambridge Companion to Modern British Women Playwrights. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000. 1-19.
Bakhtin, M. M. The Dialogic Imagination. Trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Ed. Michael Holquist. Texas: Texas UP, 1981.
Barker, Chris. Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice. London: SAGE Publications Ltd., 2000.
Betsko, Kathleen, and Rachel Koenig. Interviews with Contemporary Women Playwrights. New York: Beech Tree Books, 1987.
Brown, Janet. “Caryl Churchill’s Top Girls Catches the Next Waves.” Caryl Churchill: A Casebook. Ed. Phyllis Randall. New York: Garland Publisher, 1988. 117-30.
Case, Sue-Ellen. Feminism and Theatre. Houndmills: Macmillan, 1988.
Chang, Yih-Fan (張逸帆). “Engaging in the Public Sphere: Caryl Churchill and Her Women Characters in Owners and Top Girls.” Tunghai Journal 37 (1996): 141-71.
Clum, John M. “The Work of Culture: Cloud Nine and Sex/Gender Theory.” Caryl Churchill: A Casebook. Ed. Phyllis R. Randall. New York: Garland Publisher, 1988. 91-116.
Churchill, Caryl. Top Girls. London: Methuen, 1991.
---. Cloud Nine. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1994.
Clark, Katerina, and Michael Holquist. Mikhail Bahktin. U.S.A.: Harvard UP, 1984.
Cousin, Geraldine. Churchill, the Playwright. London: Methuen, 1989.
Cranz, Galen. The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America. U.S.A.: The MIT Press, 1982.
de Beauvoir, Simone. The Second Sex. New York: Bantam, 1961.
Désert, Jean-Ulrick. “Queer Space.” Queers in Space: Communities, Public Places, Sites of Resistance. Ed. Gordon Brent Ingram, Anne-Marie Bouthillette, and Yolanda Retter. Seattle: Bay Press, 1997. 17-26.
Diamond, Elin. “(In)Visible Bodies in Churchill’s Theatre.” Theatre Journal 40.2 (1988): 188-204.
---. “Refusing the Romanticism of Identity: Narrative Interventions in Churchill, Benmussa, Duras.” Performing Feminisms: Feminist Critical Theory and Theatre. Ed. Sure-Ellen Case. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins UP, 1990. 92-108.
Dornan, Reade W. “Top Girls.” Masterplots Ⅱ: Drama Series. Vol. 4. Ed. Frank Magill. Pasadena CA: Salem, 1990. 1613-1617.
Duncan, Nancy. “Renegotiating Gender and Sexuality in Public and Private Spaces.” Bodyspace: Destabilizing Geographies of Gender and Sexuality. Ed. Nancy Duncan. London: Routledge, 1996. 127-45.
Fitzsimmons, Linda. File on Churchill. London: Methuen Drama, 1989.
Foucault, Michel. “Texts/Contexts: Of Other Spaces.” Diacritics. 16.1(1986): 22-27.
Garber, Marjorie. Vested Interests: Cross-Dressing & Cultural Anxiety. New York: Routledge, 1992.
Goodman, Lizbeth. “Overlapping Dialogues in Overlapping Media: Behind the Scenes of Top Girls.” Essays on Caryl Churchill: Contemporary Representations. Ed. Shelia Rabillard. 69-101.
---, and Juli Thompson Burk. “Contemporary Women’s Theatre: Top Girls.” Literature and Gender. Ed. Lizbeth Goodman. New York: Routledge, 1996. 229-51.
Hall, Stuart. The Hard Road to Renewal: Thatcherism and the Crisis of the Left. London: Verso, 1988.
Ingram, Gordon Brent, Anne-Marie Bouthillette, and Yolanda Retter. “Placemaking and the Dialectics of Public and Private.” Queers in Space: Communities, Public Places, Sites of Resistance. Ed. Gordon Brent Ingram, Anne-Marie Bouthillette, and Yolanda Retter. Seattle: Bay Press, 1997. 295-99.
Jain, Jasbir. “Feminist Drama: The Politics of the Self: Churchill and Keatley.” Drama for Students: Presenting Analysis Context and Criticism on Common Studies Dramas. Vol. 12. Ed. David Galens and Lynn Spampinato. Detroit: Gale Research, 2001. 326-30.
Kritzer, Amelia Howe. The Plays of Caryl Churchill: Theatre of Empowerment.
New York: Palgrave, 1991.
Lane, Harry. “Secrets as Strategies for Protection and Oppression in Top Girls.” Essays on Caryl Churchill: Contemporary Representations. Ed. Shelia Rabillard. 60-68.
Lefebvre, Henri. The Production of Space. Trans. Donald Nicholson Smith. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1991.
Liggett, Helen. “City Sights/Sites of Memories and Dreams.” Spatial Practices: Critical Explorations in Social/Spatial Theory. Ed. Helen Liggett and David C. Perry. London: Sage, 1995. 243-73.
Marohl, Joseph. “De-realised Women: Performance and Identity in Top Girls.” Modern Drama 30.3 (1987): 376-88.
Massy, Doreen. Space, Place and Gender. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994.
Meehan, Elizabeth. “British Feminism From the 1960s to the 1980s.” British Feminism in the Twentieth Century. Ed. Harold L. Smith. England: Edward Elgar Publisher, 1990. 189-204.
Merrill, Lisa. “Monsters and Heroines: Caryl Churchill’s Women.” Caryl Churchill: A Casebook. Ed. Phyllis R. Randall. New York: Garland Publisher, 1988. 71-89.
Morson, Gary Saul, and Carly Emerson. Mikhail Bakhtin: Creation of a Prosaics. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1990.
Pateman, Carole. The Disorder of Women: Democracy, Feminism and Political Theory. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989.
Patterson, Michael. Strategies of Political Theatre: Post-War British Playwrights. New York: Cambridge UP, 2003.
Pile, Steve. “Introduction: Opposition, Political Identities and Space of Resistance” Geographies of Resistance. Ed. Steve Pile and Michael Keith. New York: Routledge, 1997. 1-32.
---. “Masculinism, the Use of Dualistic Epistemologies and Third Spaces.” Antipode 26.3 (1994): 255-77.
Porter, Laurie. “Bakhtin’s Chronotope: Time and Space in A Touch of the Poet and More Stately Mansions.” Modern Drama 34.4 (1991): 369-82.
Porter, Roy. London: A Social History. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1995.
Pratt, Geraldine. “Spatial Metaphors and Speaking Positions.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 10 (1992): 241-44.
Reinelt, Janelle. “Caryl Churchill and the Politics of Style.” The Cambridge Companion to Modern British Women Playwrights. Ed. Elaine Aston and Janelle Reinelt. 174-93.
---. After Brecht: British Epic Theater. Ann Arbor: Michigan UP, 1994.
Rose, Gillian. Feminism and Geography: The Limits of Geographical Knowledge. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993.
Rosefeldt, Paul. The Absent Father in Modern Drama. New York: Peter Lang Publisher, 1995.
Silverstein, Marc. “Make Us the Women We Can’t Be: Cloud Nine and the Female Imaginary.” Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism. 8.2 (1994): 7-22.
Soja, Edward. Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-imagined Places. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1996.
Swanson, Michael. “Mother-Daughter Relationships in Three Plays by Caryl Churchill.” Theatre Studies. 31-32 (1985-1986): 49-66.
Taylor, Affrica. “Lesbian Space: More Than One Imagined Territory.” New Frontiers of Space, Bodies and Gender. Ed. Rosa Ainley. New York: Routledge, 1998. 129-41.
Thomas, Jane. “The Plays of Caryl Churchill: Essays in Refusal.” The Death of the Playwright?: Modern British Drama and Literary Theory. Ed. Adrian Page. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1992. 160-85.
Trumbach, Randolph. “London.” Queer Sites: Gay Urban Histories Since 1600. Ed. David Higgs. New York: Routledge, 1999. 89-111.
Vice, Sue. Introducing Bakhtin. New York: Manchester UP, 1997.
Wandor, Michelene. Carry On, Understudies: Theatre and Sexual Politics. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986.
Weeks, Jeffrey. Sex, Politics, and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality Since 1800. Second Edition. New York: Longman, 1989.
Weisman, Leslie Kanes. Discrimination by Design. Urbana: Illinois UP, 1992.
Wolf, Janet. Resident Alien: Feminist Cultural Criticism. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1995.
Woolf, Virginia. A Room of One’s Own; Three Guineas. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992.