臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究針對使用於SMA、PA級配的纖維添加劑、硫磺助溶劑之加勁、穩定膠漿性質，以及使用於再生瀝青混凝土的再生劑、軟化劑之擴散、回復老化瀝青、黑石頭效應等工程特性進行探討，並建立相關行為的複合材料預測模式，提供不同單位欲使用時的參考依據。
研究結果顯示，纖維對於膠漿多項工程性質具有加勁的效果，並且能有效減緩膠漿老化，其加勁機制依序為體積填充加勁效應，其次是與兩相介面作用力有關的物理化學加勁效應，最後是當纖維添加到達特定含量時，纖維彼此接觸產生的顆粒交互作用加勁效應；針對木質纖維、礦物纖維及化學纖維建議之最佳添加含量分別為0.3%、0.4%、0.3%。在硫磺助溶劑方面，使用3%的硫磺即有些微的體積填充及物理化學加勁效應，但由於硫磺能明顯改善基底瀝青與SBS的相容性，並且降低SBS產生網絡結構所需要的含量，此即為硫磺在SBS顆粒交互作用加勁效應上的主要貢獻。以上兩樣添加料在Kerner模式中若以有效體積體積取代真實體積，則可以合理地預測膠漿的流變性質。
再生瀝青混凝土的研究結果顯示，使用重油及AC-5時會因為黑石頭現象降低再生瀝青混凝土(Recycled asphalt concrete，RAC)的工程強度，因此不建議使用；本研究提出的黏度預測模式，可有效將再生瀝青膠漿(Recycled asphalt binder，RAB)黏度誤差控制在7%內，並能考量RAP及添加劑的材料特性來建議適合用量，提出之Modified Hirsch Model也能描述RAB之流變特性，有效預測RAC的鋪面績效。另外，使用過多回收料會降低RAC的抗水侵害及疲勞能力，可以藉由使用再生劑來控制RAC的黏度、提高RAP用量，並且透過擴散作用有效回復老化瀝青性質，可以作為RAC中除了AC-10以外另一種添加劑的選擇。

This paper investigates the influences of different additives such as fiber, sulfur, recycling agent on the characteristics of asphalt mastics. First, fibers including cellulose, rock wool and polyester types were added to asphalt binder. Then the reinforcement and anti-aging mechanism of bitumen-fiber mastics were evaluated by conducting the scanning electron micrographs, essential physical tests and rheological test. Test results indicate that the reinforcing and anti-aging effects were resulted from the volume-filling, physic-chemical and particle-interaction reactions in turn between fibers and asphalt. In addition, the Kerner model was applied to explain the mechanic behavior of mastic in terms of effective volume of fiber. The optimum fiber content is dependent on fiber type, length and diameter and is found to be 0.3, 0.4, 0.4 and 0.3%by mixture weight for organic, mineral, short polyester and long polyester fibers, respectively.
The second part of this paper described the effects of sulfur on the mechanical behavior and storage stability of the polymer-modified asphalt (PMA). The viscosity, microscopy and rheological tests were conducted to characterize the engineering properties of PMA. Without sulfur added, the PMA was microheterogeneous and was made up of two distinct finely interlocked phases, especially at high SBS concentrations. After the addition of sulfur, PMA showed smaller asphalt domains and a fairly homogeneous dispersion of the asphalt in the SBS matrix. The compatibility between polymer and asphalt produced an elastic network into the asphalt. The addition of sulfur resulted in an excellent elastic system and substantially increased the rheological properties of PMA. Because of the colloidal nature of asphalt cements, their engineering properties of asphalt were highly improved for three reasons: (1) the reinforcement of the SBS polymer, (2) the physical-chemical interaction between SBS and asphalt, and (3) the presence of the dispersed phase resulting from sulfur. Therefore, highway agencies as well as contractors will benefit from using storage-stable PMA prepared through sulfur vulcanization. A viscoelastic model which was the combination of Mooney equation and Kerner model was examined and shown to be appropriate to predict the rheological properties of the asphalt-SBS blend mixed with sulfur. This model could help pavement engineers better design the engineering properties of PMA from the individual component.
The third part of this paper was to develop models to detect the suitable content of reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAP) according to the binder and mixture properties and to discuss the diffusion process of recycling agent. Results indicated that the Vis-Mix model and Grunberg model are capable to decide the suitable RAP content in the recycled asphalt concrete (RAC) for the AC-10 and recycling agent, respectively. The modified Hirsch model based on the theory of micro-mechanism accurately simulated the rheplogical trend of recycled asphalt binder (RAB) at wide temperature and RAP content ranges. In addition, The Fick’s law is feasible to predict the diffusion coefficients and describes the diffusion effect and process of recycling agent perfectly. Finally, the addition of recycling agent is able to not only restore the characteristics of aged asphalt binder but also increase the allowable amount of RAP. Therefore, it appears that the recycling agent is the other suitable additive as well as AC-10 asphalt for the technology of recycled asphalt concrete.

目 錄
目錄 I
表目錄 VI
圖目錄 VIII

第一章 緒論 1-1
1.1 前言 1-1
1.2 研究動機 1-5
1.3 研究目的 1-6
1.4 研究範圍 1-6

第二章 文獻回顧 2-1
2.1 纖維添加劑 2-1
2.1.1 纖維種類 2-1
2.1.2 纖維瀝青混凝土特性 2-2
2.2 瀝青老化作用 2-3
2.2.1 瀝青組成成分 2-3
2.2.2 瀝青老化行為 2-6
2.2.3 瀝青老化評估方式 2-9
2.2.4 瀝青老化模式 2-10
2.3 高分子改質瀝青 2-12
2.3.1 高分子改質瀝青的性質 2-12
2.3.2 助溶劑的應用 2-16
2.4 再生瀝青混凝土 2-19
2.4.1 軟化劑及再生劑 2-19
2.4.1.1 軟化劑及再生劑規範 2-19
2.4.1.2 黏度拌合公式 2-22
2.4.2 再生劑的擴散作用與理論 2-23
2.4.3 再生瀝青混凝土之工程性質 2-26
2.4.4 再生瀝青混凝土的黑石頭行為 2-29
2.5 複合材料流變特性預測模式 2-30
2.5.1 黏度複合模式 2-31
2.5.2 Generalized Self-Consistent Schemes Model 2-32
2.5.3 Nielsen Modified Kerner’s Equation 2-35
2.5.4 Hirsch Model 2-38

第三章 研究計畫 3-1
3.1 試驗材料 3-1
3.1.1 纖維材料 3-1
3.1.2 高分子改質劑與硫磺助溶劑 3-2
3.1.3 再生瀝青混凝土回收料 3-3
3.1.4 軟化劑及再生劑 3-5
3.2 試驗方法與設備 3-6
3.2.1 微觀型態量測與觀察 3-6
3.2.1.1 比表面積 3-6
3.2.1.2 高亮度光學顯微鏡 3-6
3.2.1.3 掃瞄式電子顯微鏡 3-6
3.2.1.4 穿透式電子顯微鏡 3-7
3.2.2 瀝青膠漿試驗 3-8
3.2.2.1 黏度試驗 3-8
3.2.2.2 動剪流變試驗 3-8
3.2.2.3 韌性試驗 3-11
3.2.2.4 相離析試驗 3-12
3.2.2.5 擴散試驗 3-12
3.2.2.6 彈性回復率試驗 3-13
3.2.3 瀝青混凝土試驗 3-14
3.2.3.1 間接張力試驗 3-14
3.2.3.2 浸水剝脫試驗 3-14
3.2.3.3 Cantabro磨耗試驗 3-16
3.2.3.4 鬆弛模數試驗 3-16
3.2.3.5 反覆載重疲勞試驗 3-17
3.2.3.6 瀝青分層回收試驗 3-17
3.2.3.7 車轍輪跡試驗 3-18

第四章 瀝青-纖維膠漿加勁及抗老化機制分析 4-1
4.1 比表面積及微觀觀察 4-1
4.2 纖維對膠漿之加勁機制 4-3
4.2.1 針入度試驗 4-3
4.2.2 軟化點試驗 4-4
4.2.3 黏度試驗 4-6
4.2.4 韌性試驗 4-7
4.3 膠漿之流變性質 4-13
4.4 纖維對膠漿之抗老化作用 4-16
4.5 膠漿流變預測模式 4-18

第五章 改質瀝青添加硫磺助溶劑之熱穩定性分析 5-1
5.1 相位相容性微觀型態觀察 5-1
5.2 改質瀝青添加助溶劑之物理特性 5-4
5.3 改質瀝青添加助溶劑之流變特性 5-7
5.4 改質瀝青添加助溶劑之流變模式 5-11
5.5 改質瀝青之相位離析試驗 5-14

第六章 再生瀝青混凝土用量及流變行為預測模式 6-1
6.1 再生瀝青混凝土用量預測模式 6-1
6.2 再生瀝青混凝土流變行為預測模式 6-12
6.2.1再生瀝青膠漿流變特性 6-12
6.2.2再生瀝青膠漿流變行為模式 6-15

第七章 再生瀝青混凝土再生劑擴散效應 7-1
7.1 膠漿擴散試驗 7-1
7.2 瀝青混合料膠漿階段萃取擴散試驗 7-4
7.3 瀝青混凝土擴散試驗 7-7
7.4 擴散速率及擴散模式 7-10
7.4.1 再生瀝青混凝土短期擴散模式 7-10
7.4.2 再生瀝青混凝土現地使用之擴散模式 7-12

第八章 再生瀝青混凝土工程特性分析 8-1
8.1 再生瀝青混凝土之黑石頭現象評估 8-1
8.1.1 控制回收料含量為40% 8-2
8.1.2 控制目標黏度2,000 poises 8-3
8.2 間接張力及殘餘強度試驗 8-5
8.3 鬆弛模數試驗 8-10
8.4 反覆載重疲勞試驗 8-13
8.4.1 勁度變化曲線 8-13
8.4.2 消散能變化曲線 8-17

第九章 結論與建議 9-1
9.1 結論 9-1
9.2 建議 9-4

參考文獻
自述

參考文獻
林志棟、廖溪坤、林秉祁、王睿懋，「台灣地區再生瀝青混凝土成效規範初步擬定之研 究」，土木水利，第二十七卷，第三期(2000)。
林志棟、葉榮晟、蘇育民、王睿懋，「瀝青添加纖維改質劑的流變性參數資料差別分析」，第六屆鋪面材料再生學術研討會，高雄，第D3-1～8頁(2004)。
夏明勝，「分析瀝青混凝土之材料及疲勞特性」，博士論文，國立成功大學土木研究所，台南(2005)。
許阿明、邱垂德、呂理成，「國內熱拌再生瀝青混凝土的品質狀況分析」，中華民國第五屆鋪面材料再生學術研討會論文集，台中，第49~56頁(2002)。
財團法人日本道路協會，「再生鋪裝技術指針」，東京 (1993)。
蔡攀鰲，「瀝青鋪面材料再利用之研究」，土木水利，第六卷，第一期，第49-58頁(1979)。
蔡攀鰲，「再生瀝青混凝土拌合廠審查認可基準」，再生瀝青混凝土實務講習，中華鋪面工程學會，台南，第1-19頁(2002)。
廖敏志，「SBS改質瀝青質流性質對瀝青鋪面績效之影響」，碩士論文，國立成功大學土木研究所，台南(2000)。
Abdulshafi, O., Kedzierski, B. and Fitch, M.G., “Determination of Recycled Asphalt (RAP) Content in Asphalt Mixes Based on Expected Mixture Durability,” Federal Highway Administration Final Report, No. 14734 (2002).
Adedeji, A., Grunfelder, T., Bates, F.S., Macosko, C.W., Stroup-Gardiner, M. and Newcomb, D.E., “Asphalt Modified by SBS Triblock Copolymer: Structures and Properties,” Polymer Engineering and Science, Vol. 36, pp. 1707-1723 (1996).
Al-Dubabe, I.A., Al-Abdul Wahhab, H.I., Asi, I.M. and Ali, M.F., “Polymer Modification of Arab Asphalt,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, pp. 161-167 (1998).
Akbulut, H., Woodside, A.R. and Woodward, W.D.H., “Polymer Modified Cellulose Pellet Fiber in Bituminous Mixtures,” Proceedings of the 2nd Eurasphalt and Eurobitume Congress, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 674-677 (2000).
Aklonis, J.J. and MacKnight, W.J., Introduction to Polymer Viscoelastic, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1983).
Anderson, D.A., Christensen, D.W. and Bahia, H.U., “Physical Properties of Asphalt Cement and the Development of Performance Related Specification,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 60, pp. 437-532 (1991).
Arrhenius, S., “The Viscosity of Aqueous Mixture,” Physical and Chemistry, Vol. 1, pp. 285-298 (1887).
Asphalt Institute, Mix Design Using RAP, Mix Design Methods, Asphalt Institute Manual Series No.2 (MS-2), Sixth Edition, pp.123-136 (1993).
Asphalt Institute Performance Graded Asphalt Binder Specification and Test, Asphalt Institute Superpave Series No.1 (SP-1) (1994).
Bandyopadhyay, G.G., Bhagawan, S.S., Ninan, K.N. and Thomas, S., “Viscoelastic Behavior of NBR/EVA Polymer Blends: Application of Models,” Rubber Chemistry and Technology, Vol. 70, pp. 650-662 (1997).
Bahia, H.U., Hislop, W.P. and Zhai, H., “Classification of Asphalt Binder into Simple and Complex Binders,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 67, pp. 1-41(1998).
Bell, C.A., “Aging of Asphalt-Aggregate Systems,” Report No. SHRP- A-305 (1989).
Bellomy, R.C. and McGinnis, E.L., “Bitumen Compositions Containing Bitumen, Polymer and Sulfur,” US Patent 5371121 (1994).
Berlin, A.A., Volfson, S.A., Enikolopian, N.S. and Negmatov, S.S., Principles of Polymer Composites, Springer-Verlag, New York (1986).
Bigg, D.M., “Mechanical Properties of Particulate Filled Polymers,” Polymer Composites, Vol. 8, pp. 115-121 (1987).
Bills, K.W., Sweeny, K.H. and Salcedo, F.S., “The Tensile Properties of Highly Filled Polymers: Effect of Filler Concentrations,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 4, pp. 259-268 (1960).
Bishara, S.W. and McReynolds, R.L., “The Use of HPGPC with UV Detection for Determining the MSD of Asphalt Cement after Quantitative Correction for Molar Absorptiveity Variation and Saturated Oils,” Transportation Research Record 1269, pp. 40-47 (1990).
Bishara, S.W., McReynolds, R.L. and Lewis, E.R., “Interrelationship between Performance-Related Properties of Asphalt Cement and Their Correlation with Molecular Size Distribution,” Transportation Research Record 1323, pp. 1-9 (1991).
Blanco, R., Rodriguez, R., Garcia-Garduno, M., and Castano, V.M., “Morphology and Tensile Properties of Styrene-Butadiene Copolymer Reinforces Asphalt,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 56, pp. 57-64 (1995).
Blanco, R., Rodriguez, R., Garcia-Garduno, M. and Castano, V.M., “Rheological Properties of Styrene-Butadiene Copolymer-Reinforced Asphalt,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 61, pp. 1493-1501 (1996).
Branthaver, J.F., Petersen, J.C., Robertson, R.E., Duvall, J.J., Kim, S.S., Harmaberger, P.M., Mill T., Ensley, E.K., Barbour, F.A. and Schabron, J.F., “Binder Characterization and Evaluation,” Report No. SHRP-A-368 (1993).
Brown, A.B., Sparks, J.W. and Larsen, O., “Rate of Change of Softening Point, Penetration, and Ductility of Asphalt in Bituminous Pavement,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 26, pp. 66 (1957).
Brown, E.R. and Mallick, R.B., “Laboratory Study on Draindown of Asphalt Cement in Stone Matrix Asphalt,” Transportation Research Record 1513, pp. 25-38 (1995).
Brown, E.R., Haddock, J.E., Mallick, R.B. and Bukowski, J., “Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) Mixtures in the United States,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 66, pp. 426-457 (1997).
Brown, E.R. and Haddock, J.E., “A Method to Ensure Stone-on-stone Contact in Stone Matrix Asphalt Paving Mixtures,” NCAT Report No. 97-2 (1997).
Brown, E.R. and Cooley, L.A., “Designing Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixtures for Rut-Resistant Pavement,” NCHRP Report, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. (1999).
Brule, B., Ramond, G., and Such, C., “Relationship between Composition, Structure and Properties of Road Asphalts: State of Research at the French Public Works Central Laboratory,” Transportation Research Record 1096, pp. 24-34 (1986).
Brule, B., “Polymer-Modified Asphalt Contents Used in the Road Construction Industry: Basic Principles,” Transportation Research Record 1535, pp. 48-53 (1996).
Buttlar, W.G., Bozkurt, D., Al-Khateeb, G.G. and Waldhoff, A.S., “Understanding Asphalt Mastic Behavior through Micromechanics,” Transportation Research Record 1681, pp. 157-169 (1999).
Carpenter, S.H. and Wolosick, J.R., “Modifier Influence in the Characterization of Hot-Mix Recycled Material,” Transportation Research Record 777, pp. 15~22 (1980).
Carreau, P.J., Bousmina, M. and Bonniot, F., “The Viscoelastic Properties of Polymer-Modified Asphalts,” Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 78, pp. 495-503 (2000).
Chacko, V.P., Karasz, F.E. and Farris, R.J., “Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of Filled Polyethylenes and Model Composites,” Polymer Engineering & Science, Vol. 22, pp. 968-974 (1982).
Chaffin, J.M., Davison, R.R., Glover, C.J. and Bullin, J.A., “Viscosity Mixing Rules for Asphalt Recycling,” Transportation Research Record 1507, pp. 78-85 (1995).
Chatterjee, S., Hadi, A.S. and Price, B., Regression Analysis, John & wiley &Sons, New York (2000).
Chen, J.S. and Peng, C.H., “Analyses of Tensile Failure Properties of Asphalt-Mineral Filler Mastics,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 10, pp. 256-262 (1998).
Chen, J.S. and Huang, L.S., “Developing an Aging Model to Evaluate Engineering Properties of Asphalt Paving Binders,” Materials and Structures, Vol. 33, pp. 559-565 (2000).
Chen, J.S., Liao, M.C. and Shiah, M.S., "Asphalt Modified by Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Triblock Copolymer: Morphology and Model," Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, Vol.14, pp.224-229 (2002).
Chen, J.S., Liao, M.C. and Lin, C.H., “Determination of Polymer Content in Modified Bitumen,” Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions, Vol. 36, pp. 594-598 (2003).
Chern, J.C., and Young, C.H., “Study of Factors Influencing Drying Shrinkage of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete,” ACI Materials Journal (American Concrete Institute), Vol. 87, pp. 123-129 (1990).
Cheung, C.Y. and Cebon, D., “Deformation Mechanisms of Pure Bitumen,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 9, pp. 117-129 (1997).
Chiu, C.T., Tia, M., Ruth, B.E. and Page, G.C., “Investigation of Laboratory Aging Processes of Asphalt Binders Used in Florida,” Transportation Research Record 1436, pp. 60-70 (1994).
Choquet, F.S. and Ista, E.J., “The Determination of SBS, EVA and APP Polymers in Modified Bitumen,” Polymer Modified Asphalt Binders, ASTM STP 1108, Philadelphia, pp.35-49 (1992).
Christensen, R.M. and Lo, K.H., “Solutions for Effective Shear Properties in Three Phase Sphere and Cylinder Models,” Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 27, pp. 315-330 (1979).
Christensen Jr., D.W., Pellinen, T. and Bonaquist, R.F., “Hirsch Model for Estimating the Modulus of Asphalt Concrete,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 72, pp. 97-121 (2003).
Collins, J.H., Bouldin, M.G., Gelles, R. and Berker, A., “Improved Performance of Paving Asphalt by Polymer Modification,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 60, pp. 43-79 (1991).
Cooley, L.A., Brown, E.R. and Watson, D.E., “Evaluation of Open-Graded Friction Course Mixtures Containing Cellulose Fibers,” Transportation Research Record 1723, pp. 19-25 (2000).
Crank, J., Mathematics of Diffusion, Oxford University Press, London (1997).
Culley, R.W., “Relationships between Hardening of Asphalt Cements and Transverse Cracking of Pavements in Saskatchewan,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 38, pp. 629-659 (1969).
Curtis, C.W., Terrel, R.L., Perry, L.M., Swailm, S.A. and Braanan, C.J., “Importance of Asphalt-Aggregate Interaction in Adhesion,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 60, pp. 477~531 (1991).
Cussler, E.L., Diffusion—Mass Transfer in Fluid Systems, 2nd Ed., Cambridge University Press (1997).
Daniel, J.S. and Lachance, A., “Rheological Properties of Asphalt Mixtures Containing Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP),” Annual Meeting of Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. (CD-ROM)(2004).
Daniel, J.S. and Lachance, A., “Mechanical and Volumetric Properties of Asphalt Mixtures with RAP,” Annual Meeting of Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. (CD-ROM)(2005).
Daines, J.C., “Trials of Porous Asphalt and Rolled Asphalt on the A38 at Butron,” Department of Transport TRRL Report RR 323, Crowthorne, U.K. (1992).
David, F.R. and Lewis, G.S., “Relating Hot-Mix Properties to Properties of Conventional or Polymer-Modified Binders,” Transportation Research Board 1269, pp. 158-167 (1990).
Decoene, Y., “Contribution of Cellulose Fibers to the Performance of Porous Asphalts,” Transportation Research Record 1265, pp. 82-86 (1990).
Deme, I., “Shell Sulfur Asphalt Products and Process,” Proceedings of International Road Federation Symposium on Sulfur Asphalt and Road Construction, Bordenaux, France, pp. 78-86 (1981).
Dickie, R.A., “On the Modulus of Particulate-Filled Composite: Application of Van Der Poel’s Equation,” Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition, Vol. 14, pp. 2073-2082 (1976).
Dickinson, E.J., “The Harden of Middle East Petroleum Asphalts in Pavement Surfaces,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 49, pp. 30-63 (1980).
Dunning, R.L. and Mendenhall, R.L., “Design of Recycled Asphalt Pavements and Selection,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 41, pp. 70-117 (1977).
Einstein, A., “Uber die Von der Molekularkinetischen Theorie der Warme Geforderto Bewegung von in Ruhenden Flussigkeiten Suspendionten Teilchen,” Ann. Physik, Vol. 17, pp. 549 (1905).
Ensley, E.K., “A Study of Asphalt-Aggregate Interactions and Asphalt Molecular Interactions by Microcalorimetric Methods: Postulated Interaction Mechanism,” Journal of the Institute of Petroleum, Vol. 59, pp. 279-289 (1973).
Epps, J.A., Little, D.N., Holmgreen, R.J. and Terrel, R.L., “Guidelines for Recycling Pavement Materials,” NCHRP Report No. 224 (1980).
Ferreira, M.A., Servas, V.P. and Marais, C.P., “Accelerated Testing of Recycled Asphalt Concrete,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 56, pp. 259-276 (1987).
Finn, F.N., “Factors Involved in the Density of Asphaltic Pavement Surfaces,” NCHRP Report No. 39 (1967).
Finn, F.N., Yapp, M.T., Coplantz, L.S. and Durrani, A.Z., Asphalt Properties and Relationship to Pavement Performance：Literature Review, Report No. SHRP-A-314 (1990).
Freeman, R.B., Burati, J.L., Amirkhanian, S.N. and Bridges, W.C., “Polyester Fibers in Asphalt Paving Mixtures,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 58, pp. 387-409 (1989).
Fried, J.R., Polymer Science and Technology, Prentice Hall, New Jersey (1995).
Fritschy, G. and Papirer, E., “Dynamic-Mechanical Properties of a Bitumen-Silica Composite: I. Relation with Filler Content and Bitumen-Silica Interfacial Area,” Rheologica Acta, Vol. 18, pp. 749-755 (1979).
Fu, S.Y., Lauke, B., Mader, E., Yue, C.Y. and Hu, X., “Tensile Properties of Short-Glass-Fiber- and Short-Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites,” Composites - Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol. 31, pp. 1117-1125 (2000).
Gahvari, F., “Effects of Thermoplastic Block Copolymers on Rheology of Asphalt,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 9, pp. 111-116 (1997).
Gannon, C.R., Wombles, R.H., Ramey, C.A. and David, J.P., ’’Recycling Conventional and rubberized Bituminous Concrete Pavements Using Recycling Agents and Virgin Asphalt as Modifiers (Laboratory and Field Study),’’ Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 49, pp. 95-122 (1980).
Gardiner, M.S. and Wagner, C., “Use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in Superpave Hot-Mix Asphalt Application,” Transportation Research Record 1681, pp.1~9 (1999).
Garrick, N.W. and Wood, L.E., “Relationship between HP-GPC Data and the Rheological Properties of Asphalts,” Transportation Research Board 1228, pp. 35-41 (1986).
Gilbert, D.G., Ashby, M.F. and Beaumont, P.W.R., “Modulus-Maps for Amorphous Polymers,” Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 21, pp. 3194-3210 (1986).
Goodrich, J.L., Goodrich, J.E., and Kari, W.J., “Asphalt Composition Testes: Their Application and Relation to Field Performance,” Transportation Research Record 1096, pp. 146-167 (1986).
Goodrich, J.L., “Asphalt and Polymer Modified Asphalt Properties Related to the Performance of Asphalt Concrete Mixes,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 57, pp. 116-175 (1988).
Gotolski, W.H., Ciesielski, S.K., Smith, R.W. and Kofalt, J.A. “Study of Physical Factors Affecting the Durability of Asphalt Pavement,” Highway Research Record 231, pp. 1-23 (1968).
Grunberg, L. and Nissan, A.H., “Mixture Law for Viscosity,” (letter) Nature, Vol. 164, pp. 799-800 (1949).
Guth, E., “Theory of Filler Reinforcement,” Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 16, pp. 20-25 (1945).
Hadipour, K. and Anderson, K.O., “An Evaluation of Permanent Deformation and Low Temperature Characteristics of Some Recycled Asphalt Concrete Mixture,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 57, pp. 615-645 (1988).
Hernandez, G., Rodriguez, R., Blanco, R. and Castano, V.M., “Mechanical Properties of the Composite Asphalt-Styrene-Butadiene Copolymer at High Degree of Modification,” International Journal of Polymeric Materials, Vol. 35, pp. 129-144 (1997).
Hesp, S.A. and Woodhams, R.T., “Stabilization Mechanisms in Polyolefin-Asphalt Emulsions,” Polymer Modified Asphalt Binders, ASTM STP 1108, Philadelphia, pp. 1-19 (1992).
Heystraeten, G.V. and Moraux, C., “Ten Years Experience of Porous Asphalt in Belgium,” Transportation Research Record 1265, pp.34-40 (1990).
Hirsch, T.J., “Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete Affected by Elastic Moduli of Cement Paste Matrix and Aggregates,” Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Title 59-12, pp. 427-451 (1962).
Huang, H. and White, T.D., “Dynamic Properties of Fiber-Modified Overlay Mixtures,” Transportation Research Record 1545, pp. 98-104 (1996).
Huang, B., Egan, B.K. and Kingery, W.R., “Laboratory Study of Fatigue Characterisitcs of HMA Surface Mixtures Containing RAP,” Annual Meeting of Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. (CD-ROM)(2004).
Huang, B., Li, G., Vukosavljevic, D., Shu, X. and Egan, B.K., “Laboratory Investigation of Mixing HMA with RAP,” Annual Meeting of Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. (CD-ROM) (2005).
Isacsson, U. and Lu, X., “Laboratory Investigation of Polymer Modified Bitumens,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 68, pp. 35-63 (1999).
Irving, J.B., “Viscosities of Binary Liquid Mixtures: A Survey of Mixture Equations,” Report No. 630, National Engineering Laboratory, U.K., Department of Industry (1977a).
Irving, J.B., “Viscosity of Binary Liquid Mixtures: The Effectiveness of Mixture Equations,” Report No. 631, National Engineering Laboratory, U.K., Department of Industry (1977b).
Jiang, Y. and McDaniel, R.S., “Application of Cracking and Seating and Use of Fibers to Control Reflective Cracking,” Transportation Research Record 1388, pp. 150-159 (1993).
Jin, H., Gao, G., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Sun, K. and Fan, Y., “Improved Properties of Polystyrene-Modified Asphalt through Dynamic Vulcanization,” Polymer Testing, Vol. 21, pp. 633-640 (2002).
Kandhal, P.S. and Koehler, W.C., “Significant Studies on Asphalt Durability: Pennsylvania Experiences,” Transportation Research Record 999, pp. 41-50 (1984).
Kandhal, P.S., Rao, S.S., Watson, D.E. and Young, B., “Performance of Recycled Hot-Mix Asphalt Mixtures in Georgia,” Transportation Research Record 1507, pp. 67-77 (1995).
Kandhal, P.S., and Foo, K.Y., Designing Recycled Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures Using Superpave Technology, National Center for Asphalt Technology Report No.96-5 (1997).
Karlsson, R. and Isacsson, U., “Investigations on Bitumen Rejuvenator Diffusion and Structural Stability,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 72, pp. 463-501 (2003).
Karlsson, R. and Isacsson, U., “Application of FTIR-ATR to Characterization of Bitumen Rejuvenator Diffusion,’’ Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 15, pp. 157-165 (2003).
Kennedy, T.W. and Perez, I., “Preliminary Mixture Design Procedure for Recycled Asphalt Materials,” Recycling of Bituminous Pavements, ASTM STP 662, pp. 47-67 (1978).
Kerner, E.H., “The Elastic and Thermo-Elastic Properties of Composite Media,” Proceeding of the Physical Society, London, Vol. B69, pp.808-813 (1956).
Khattak, M.J. and Baladi, G.Y., “Engineering Properties of Polymer Modified Asphalt Mixture,” Transportation Research Record 1638, pp. 12-21 (1998).
Khosla, N.P., “Effect of Emulsified Modifiers on the Characteristics of Recycled Mixtures,’’ Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 51, pp. 522-539 (1982).
Kim, T.R., Little, D.N. and Lytton, R.L., “Use of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) to Evaluate the Fatigue and Healing Potential of Asphalt Binder in Sand Asphalt Mixtures,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Technologists, Vol. 71, pp. 176-206 (2002).
King, G.N., King, H.W., Harders, O., Arand, W., Chaverot, P. and Planche, J.P., “Influence of Asphalt Graded and Polymer Concentration on the High Temperature Performance of Polymer Modified Asphalt,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 61, pp. 29-61 (1992).
Kingery, W.R., Zhang, Z. and Zuo, G., “Laboratory Study of Fatigue Characteristics of HMA Surface Mixtures Containing RAP,” Annual Meeting of Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. (CD-ROM) (2004).
Kraus, G., “Modification of Asphalt by Block Polymers of Butadiene and Styrene,” Rubber Chemistry and Technology, Vol. 55, pp. 1389-1402 (1982).
Lamontagne, J., Dumas, P., Mouillet, V. and Kister, J., “Comparison by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy of Different Aging Techniques: Application to Road Bitumens,” Fuel, Vol. 80, pp. 483-488 (2001).
Lee, D.Y., “Asphalt Durability Correlation in Iowa,” Highway Research Record 468, pp. 43-60 (1973).
Lee, T.C., Terrel, R.L., and Mahoney, J.P., ’’Measurement of Mixing Efficiency in Pavement Recycling,’’ Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 52, pp.63-76 (1983).
Lee, K.W., Soupharath, N., Shukla, A., Franco, C.A. and Manning, F.J., “Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Blended Asphalts Containing Recycled Asphalt Pavement Binders,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 68, pp. 89-128 (1999).
Lesueru, D., Gerard, J.F., Claudy, P., Letoffe, J.M., Martin, D. and Planche, J.P., “Polymer Modified Asphalts as Viscoelastic Emulsions,” Journal of Rheology, Vol. 42, pp.1059-1074 (1998).
Little, D.H., Holmgreen, J.R. and Epps, J.A., “Effect of Recycling Agents on the Structural Performance of Recycled Asphalt Concrete Materials,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 50, pp. 32~63 (1981).
Little, D.N., Button, J.W., White, R.M., Ensley, E.K., Kim, Y. and Ahmed, S.J., “Investigation of Asphalt Additive,” FHWA/RD-87-001, Washington, D.C. (1982).
Liu, M., Ferry, M.A., Davison, R,R., Glover, C.J. and Bullin, J.A., “Oxygen Uptake as Correlated to Carbonyl Growth in Aged Asphalts and Asphalt Corbett Fractions,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 37, pp. 4669-4674 (1998).
Lowell, S. and Shields J.E., Powder Surface Area and Porosity, Second Edition, Chapman and Hall, New York (1984).
Lu, X., Isacsson, U. and Ekblad, J., “Phase Separation of SBS Polymer Modified Bitumens,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 11, pp. 51-57 (1999).
Lu, X. and Isacsson, U., “Effect of Ageing on Bitumen Chemistry and Rheology,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 16, pp. 15-22 (2002).
Mahrez, A., Karim, M.R. and Katman H.Y., “Fatigue and Deformation Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforced Bituminous Mixes,” Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 6, pp. 997-1007 (2005).
Maldonado, P., Mas, J. and Phung, T.K., “Process for Preparing Polymer–Bitumen Compositions,” US Patent 4145322 (1979).
Mastrofini, D. and Scarsella, M., “The Application of Rheology to the Evaluation of Bitumen Ageing,” Fuel, Vol. 79, pp. 1005-1015 (2000).
Maurile, V. and Bernard, B. “Gap-graded Cold Asphalt Concrete: Benefit of Polymer-Modifier Asphalt Cement and Fibers,” Transportation Research Record 1530, pp. 9-13 (1996).
Mckay, K.W., Gross, W.A. and Diehl, C.F., “The Influence of Styrene-Butadiene Diblock Copolymer and Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Triblock Copolymer Properties and Product Performance,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 56, pp. 947-958 (1995).
McQuillen, J.L., Takallou, H.B., Hicks, R.G. and Esch, D., “Economic-Analysis of Rubber-Modified Asphalt Mixes,” Journal of Transportation Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 114, pp. 259-277 (1988).
Mirza, M.W. and Witczak, M.W., “Development of a Global Aging System for Short and Long Term Aging of Asphalt Cements,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 64, pp. 393-430 (1995).
Mogawer, W.S. and Stuart, K.D., “Effect of Coarse Aggregate Content on Stone Matrix Asphalt Rutting and Draindown,” Transportation Research Record 1492, pp. 1-11 (1995).
Mohammad, L.N., Negulescu, I.I., Wu, Z., Daranga, C., Daly, W.H. and Abadie, C., “Investigation of the Use of Recycled Polymer Modified Asphalt Binder in Asphalt Concrete Pavements,” the Annual meeting of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists (CD-ROM)(2003).
Mooney, M., “The Viscosity of a Concentrated Suspension of Spherical Particles,” Journal of Colloid Science, Vol. 6, pp. 162-170 (1951).
Moran, L.E., “Method for Improving the Storage Stability of Polymer Modified Asphalt,” US Patent 5070123 (1991).
National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), “Recommended Use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the Superpave Mix Design Method: Guidelines,” Research Results Digest – Number 253 (2001).
Newcomb, D.E., Nusser, B.J., Kiggundu, B.M. and Zallen, D.M., “Laboratory Study of the Effects of Recycling Modifiers on Aged Asphalt Cement,” Transportation Research Record 968, pp. 66-77 (1984).
Nicholls, J.C., “Review of U.K. Porous Asphalt Trials,” Transport Research Laboratory TRL Report 264, Crowthorne, U.K. (1997).
Nielsen, L.E., “Mechanical Properties of Particulate-Filled Systems,” Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 1, pp.100-119 (1967).
Nielsen, L.E., Mechanical Properties of Polymer and Composite, Marcel Deker, Inc., New York (1994).
Noureldin, A.S. and Wood, L.E., “Rejuvenator Diffusion in Binder Film for Hot-Mix Recycled Asphalt Pavement,” Transportation Research Record 1115, pp. 51~61 (1987).
Noureldin, A.S. and Wood, L.E., “Variations in Molecular Size Distribution of Virgin and Recycled Asphalt Binders Associated with Aging,” Transportation Research Record 1228, pp. 191-197 (1989).
Page, G.C., Murphy, K.H., Ruth, B.E. and Rogue, R., “Asphalt Binder Hardening-Causes and Effects,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 55, pp. 140-162 (1986).
Pasetto, M., “Porous Asphalt Concretes with Added Microfibers,” Proceedings of the 2nd Eurasphalt and Eurobitume Congress, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 438-447 (2000).
Peltonen, P.V., “Characterization and Testing of Fiber-modified Bitumen Composites,” Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 26, pp. 5618-5622 (1991).
Peterson, G.D., Davison, R.R., Glover, C.J. and Bullin, J.A., “Effect of Composition on Asphalt Recycling Agent Performance,” Transportation Research Record 1436, pp. 38~46 (1994).
Pfeiffer, J.P.H. and Van Doormaal, P.M., “The Rheological Properties of Asphaltic Bitumen,” Journal of Institute of Petroleum, Vol. 22, pp. 414-440 (1936).
Read, J. and Whiteoak, D., The Shell Bitumen Handbook, 5th edition, London (2004).
Roberts, F.L., Kandhal, P.S., Brown, E.R., Lee, D.Y. and Kennedy, T.W., Hot Mix Asphalt Materials, Mixture Design, and Construction, NAPA Education Foundation, Second Edition, Lanham, Maryland (1996).
Roberts, K. and Ulf, I., “Application of FTIR-ATR to Characterization of Bitumen Rejuvenator Diffusion,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 15, pp. 157-165 (2003).
Rosen, S.L., Fundamental Principles of Polymeric Materials, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1993).
Rostler, F.S. and Sternberg, H.W., “Compounding Rubber with Petroleum Products,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 41 (1949).
Rostler, F.S. and White, R.M., “Composition and Change in Composition of Highway Asphalts, 85-100 Penetration Grade,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 31 (1962).
Rostler, F.S., “Prediction of Performance based on Asphalt Composition Using Precipitation Methods,” Proceedings of Quality Control and Acceptance Specifications, Vol. 2, Asphalt Technology (1965).
Safaf, C.L. and Majidzadeh, K., “Dynamic Response and Fatigue Characteristics of Asphalt Mixture,” ASTM STP 561, pp. 95-114 (1974).
Schalek, R.L. and Drzal, L.T., “Characterization of Advanced Materials Using an Environmental SEM,” Journal of Advanced Materials, Vol. 32, pp. 32-38 (2000).
Serfass, J.P. and Samanous, J., “Fiber-Modified Asphalt Concrete Characteristics, Application and Behavior,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 65, pp. 193-230 (1996).
Shashidhar, N. and Romero, P., “Factors Affecting the Stiffening Potential of Mineral Fillers,” Transportation Research Record 1638, pp. 94-100 (1998).
Shashidhar, N., Needham, S.P. Chollar, B.H. and Romero, P., “Prediction of the Performance of Mineral fillers in Stone Matrix Asphalt,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 68, pp. 222-251 (1999).
Shashidhar, N. and Shenoy, A., “On Using Micromechanical Models to Describe Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of Asphalt Mastics,” Mechanics of Materials, Vol. 34, pp. 657-669 (2002).
Shell Bitumen, The Shell Bitumen Handbook, Surry, U.K. (1990).
Shuler, T.S., Collins, J.H. and Kirkpartick, J.P., “Asphalt Rheology: Relationship to Mixture,” ASTM Special Technical Publication 941, pp. 82-95 (1985).
Shuler, T.S., Collins, J.H. and Kirkpatrick, J.P., “Polymer-Modified Asphalt Properties Related To Asphalt Concrete Performance,” ASTM Special Technical Publication, pp. 179-193 (1987).
Siddiqui, M.N., Ali, M.F., Shirokoff, J., “Use of X-ray Diffraction in Assessing the Aging Pattern of Asphalt Fractions,” Fuel, Vol. 81, pp. 51-58 (2002).
Solaimanian, M. and Tahmoressi, M., “Variability Analysis of Hot-Mix Asphalt Concrete Containing High Percentage of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement,” Transportation Research Record 1543, pp. 89~96 (1996).
Soleymani, H.R., Anderson, M., Mcdaniel, R. and Abdelrahman, M., “Investigation of the Black Rock Issue for Recycled Asphalt Mixtures,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 69, pp. 366-390 (2000).
Sondag, M.S., Chadbourn, B.A. and Drescher, A., “Investigation of Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Mixtures,” Final Report, Minnesota Department of Transportation, Virginia (2002).
Stastna, J., Zanzotto, L., and Vacin, O.J., “Viscosity Function in Polymer-Modified Asphalts,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 259, pp. 200-207 (2003).
Stuart, K.D., “Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) Mixture Design,” FHWA Report RD-92-006, Washington, D.C. (1992).
Stuart, K.D. and Malmquist, P., “Evaluation of Using Different Stabilizers in the U.S. Route 15 (Maryland) Stone Matrix Asphalt,” Transportation Research Record 1454, pp. 48-57 (1994).
Taylor, N.H.,” Life Expectancy of Recycled Asphalt Paving,” Recycling of Bituminous Pavements, ASTM STP 662, pp. 3~15 (1978).
Terrel, L.R. and Walter, L.J., “Modified Asphalt Pavement Material the European Experience,’’ Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists , Vol. 55, pp. 482-518 (1986).
Traxler, R.N., “Relation between Asphalt Composition and Hardening by Volatilization and Oxidation,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 30, pp. 359-377 (1961).
Thompson, G., “Determining Asphalt Concrete for Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Materials,” Federal Highway Administration Final Report, Project 304-221 (2003).
Uomoto, T., Mutsuyoshi, H., Katsuki, F. and Misra, S., “Use of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites as Reinforcing Material for Concrete,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 14, pp. 191-209 (2002).
Vallerga, B.A., Monismith, C.L., and Granthem, K. “A Study of Some Factors Influencing the Weathering of Paving Asphalts,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 26 (1957).
Voigt, T., Bui, V.K. and Shah, S.P., “Drying Shrinkage of Concrete Reinforced with Fibers and Welded-Wire Fabric,” ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 101, pp. 233-241 (2004).
Welborn, J.T. and Babashak, J.F., “Bitumen Mixing with Sulfur,” Journal of Highway Division, Proceeding of American Society of Civil Engineering, pp. 34-40 (1958).
Wen, G., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Sun, K. and Chen, Z., “Vulcanization Characteristics of Asphalt/SBS Blends in the Presence of Sulfur,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 82, pp. 989-996 (2001).
Wen, G., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Sun, K. and Fan, Y., “Improved Properties of SBS-Modified Asphalt with Dynamic Vulcanization,” Polymer Engineering and Science, Vol. 42, pp. 1070-1081 (2002).
Wen, G., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Sun, K. and Fan, Y., “Rheological Characterization of Storage-Stable SBS-Modified Asphalts,” Polymer Testing, Vol. 21, pp. 295-302 (2002).
Wijeratne, A. and Sargious, M., “Prediction of Rutting in Virgin and Recycled Asphalt Mixtures for Pavement Using Triaxial Tests,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 56, pp. 111-129 (1987).
William, G.E. and Baton, L.R., “Compatible Asphalt-Polymer Blends,” US Patent 5670652 (1997).
Williams, T.M. and Miknis, F.P., “Use of Environmental SEM to Study Asphalt-Water Interactions,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 10, pp. 121-124 (1998).
Yang, S. and Makizumi, T., “Control of Cracking in Concrete due to Drying Shrinkage by Using Grid-Type Continuous Fiber Reinforcement,” Memoirs of the Faculty of Engineering, Vol. 55, pp. 421-441 (1995).