臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本文旨在探討以數值影像分析方法應用於實驗水槽中不規則波溯上量測之可行性；文中利用CCD攝影機架設於實驗水槽側邊，以俯視攝影方式記錄波浪溯上水體剖面運動之影像，並經由包括影像輸入、數位轉換、坐標幾何校正、影像重建、影像增強與邊緣偵測等數值影像處理之程序進行分析、辨識波浪溯上水體剖面之曲線，並與容量式水位計之量測結果進行比較分析。
由記錄之影像顯示，當波浪沿著海堤斜面溯上時，水體厚度會變薄；此水體薄層與鄰近的水槽側邊之牆面的對比度較低，在進行影像分析時，易造成二值影像的臨界值之誤判，以致分析辨識得到之溯上曲線的最大值與溯上實際高程值不同；為求得水體薄層之溯上實際高程值，本文將分析之影像畫面分別以24、12、9、6及3個等像素(pixels)作橫向分段，各區段個別進行二值影像的臨界值之判別；結果顯示，影像分析溯上與實際高程的誤差隨著分段像素數量之減少而漸減，當分段像素數量少於6個pixels時，影像分析已接近溯上之實際高程值，而影像分析的時間則隨著分段像素數量之減少而漸增，故為縮減影像分析的時間，本文茲以6個pixels作為影像分析時之橫向分段像素數量。
由溯上之影像分析與容量式水位計的量測結果之比較可知，以影像分析溯上剖面之方式較能量測到溯上水體越過堤頂上的實際高度，其值大於容量式水位計的量測值，因此影像分析之最大溯上Rmax、前百分之二較大溯上平均值R2%等統計值較大於容量式水位計的量測結果，而前十分之一較大溯上平均值R1/10兩者相當；當水體回降時，因部分水體滯留於堤面平台上，而造成容量式水位計的量測之時間延滯現象，以致其前三分之一較大溯上平均值R1/3、所有溯上平均值Rmean較大於影像分析之結果。

This thesis is to study the application of digital image processing to identify the run-up profile of irregular wave in the wave flume. In the study, a CCD video camera was used to capture and record the profile image of run-up at the sidewall of wave flume by overlooking posture. Run-up image data were adjusted with a series of processes such as image importation, digital transformation, coordinates geometry calibration, image reconstruction, image enhancement, edge detection, etc. Then, the profile and height of run-up were obtained and compares with the measurement of wave gauge.
As run-up approaches the highest point along the slope of seawall, water thickness of run-up becomes very thin. For this thin layer, the contrast is low between water and the neighbor sidewall of wave flume. So it is hard to find the optimum value of critical intensity between water and the neighbor sidewall of wave flume and to detect the real height of run-up. We separate the image into small sections of 24, 12, 9, 6 and 3 pixels and test to find the optimum value of critical intensity. The results of this test show that the error of run-up height would become low with fewer section pixels and execution time would consume longer. Since its analyzed run-up height may approach the convergence, the section size of image analysis is selected as 6 pixels for the consequential run-up analysis.
By comparing the measurement of wave gauge for an irregular wave train, CCD image analysis would obtain the real height of run-up when it is over the top of seawall, where the wave gauge was deployed vertically. The phenomenon causes the maximum Rmax and the largest 2% mean, R2%, of run-up obtained by CCD image analysis larger than those measured by wave gauge. As the wave runs down the slope, the berm of seawall may remain some water, and induce the time delay for wave gauge measurement. So, this would make the largest third mean R1/3 and total mean, Rmean, of run-up measured with wave guage larger than those obtained by CCD image analysis.

中文摘要 I
英文摘要 II
誌謝 IV
目錄 V
照片目錄 VII
圖目錄 VIII
表目錄 X
符號說明 XI
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 研究目的與動機 1
1-2 文獻回顧 3
1-3 相關理論 5
1-4 本文架構 10
第二章 實驗配置與實驗方法 11
2-1 實驗設備與器材 11
2-1-1 實驗設備 11
2-1-2 實驗器材 12
2-2 實驗佈置與實驗方法 14
2-2-1 實驗佈置 14
2-2-2 實驗步驟 18
第三章 數值影像分析 19
3-1 數位轉換 20
3-2 坐標幾何校正 22
3-3 影像重建 24
3-4 影像增強 27
3-4-1 低通空間濾波 28
3-4-2 中值濾波 28
3-5 溯上水面偵測 29
3-5-1 影像二值化 30
3-5-2 邊緣偵測 31
3-6 溯上水位高程計算 32
第四章 結果分析與討論 34
4-1 海堤斜面溯上水體薄層之影像處理 34
4-1-1 畫面不分段 34
4-1-2 畫面分段 35
4-2 CCD影像分析與容量式水位計之比對 40
4-2-1 時間歷程圖之比對 41
4-2-2 溯上水位統計分析 84
第五章 結論與建議 86
5-1 結論 86
5-2 建議 87
參考文獻 88

1.Abdel-Aziz, Y.I. and Karara, H.M.(1971), “Direct linear transformation from comparator coordinates into object spacecoordinates in close range photogrammetry.”, Proceedings of the ASP/UI Symposium. Close-RangePhotogrammetry, Urbana, IL, 1-18.
2.Battjes, J. A.(1974),’Surf similarity’ ,International Conference on Coastal Engineering, ASCE,pp466-480.
3.Cox, C. S. and Munk,W. H.(1954), “Statistics of the sea surface derivedfrom sun glitter,” J. Mar. Res., Vol. 13, pp. 198-227, Crombie D. D., “Doppler Spectrum of Sea Echo at-13.56 MHz,”Nature, 4459, pp. 681-682, 1955.
4.Gangeskar, R.(2000), “Wave height derived by texture analysis of X-band radar sea surface images”, Proceedings, IGARSS 2000. IEEE2000 ,International, Volume:7, pp.2952-2959.
5.Gonzalez, R. C. and Woods, R. E.(1992), “Digital Image Processing”, Addison - Wesley.
6.G. A. Zarruk(2005), “Measurement of free surface deformation in PIV images.”, Measurement Science and Technology 16, pp.1970-1975.
7.Hunt, Ira A.(1959), “Design of Sea Walls and Breakwaters ”, J. of the W. and Harbors Div., ASCE, Vol. 85, No. WW3, Sep., PP. 123-152.
8.Holland, K.T., Holman, R.A., Lippmann, T.C., Stanley, J., and Plant,N.(1997), “Practical Use of Video Imagery in Nearshore Oceangraphic Field Studies.”, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 22(1),pp.81-91.
9.Holman, R.A. and Guza, R.T.(1984), “Measuring run-up on a natural beach”. CoastalEngineering 8, pp.129-140.
10.J. P. de Waal, J. W. Van der Meer(1992),’Wave Runup And Overtopping on Coastal Structure’, International Conference on Coastal Engineering, ASCE,pp.1756 -1771.
11.J.W. Van der Meer,Cor-Jan M. Stam(1992),’Wave Runup on Smooth And Rock Slopes of Coastal Structure’,Journal of Waterway,Port,Coastal and Ocean Engineering,ASCE,Vol.118,No.5,September,pp534-550.
12.Kobayashi, N.(1983),“Irregular Wave Overtopping on Gravel Islands,”Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, Vol. 109, No.4, Novermber, pp. 429-444.
13.Kuo, C. A., Chien, C. H. and Lee M. C.(2005), “Wave Profile Measurement by Overlooking Image in wave Flume.”OST-6: Operational Experiences in Environmental Monitoring
14.Losada, M.A., and Giminez Curto, L.A. (1981), “Flow characteristics on rough, permeable slopes under wave action.” Journal of Coastal Eng., 4, PP. 187-206.
15.Lee,H.S. and Kwon,S.H.,(2003), “Wave profile measuerment by wavelet transform.”, Ocean Engineering 30(18),pp. 2313-2328.
16.Mase,H.(1992),’Random Wave Runup Height on Gentle Slope’,Journal of Waterway,Port,Coastal and Ocean Engineering,ASCE,Vol.115,No.5, pp649-661.
17.Marcel R. A. Van Gent (2001),’Wave Runup on Dike with Shallow Foreshores’, Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering,ASCE,Vol.127,No.5, September/October, pp254-262.
18.Ryu, C.R. and Kang, H.Y. (1990), “A Prediction Model of Irregular Wave Runup Height on Coastal Structures. ” Proc. ICCE, Vol. 1, PP. 371-383.
19.Sugihara, Y. et al.(2004), Imaging measurement of whitecaps at sea observation tower. Proc. of 29th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, ASCE, Lisbon, Portugal, pp.1082-1092.
20.Stockdon, H. F.; Holman, R. A.; Howd, P. A. and Sallenger, A. H.(2006) “Empirical parameterization of setup, swash, and runup.”, Coastal Engineering 53 pp.573-588.
21.Wanek, J.M. and Wu, C.H.(2006), “Automated trinocular stereo imaging system for three-dimensional surface wave measurements.”, Ocean Engineering 33(5-6), pp.723-747.
22.Young, I. R., Rosenthal, W. and Ziemer, F.(1985), “A ThreeDimensional Analysis of Marine Radar Images for the Determinationof Ocean Waves Directionality and Surface Currents,” Journal ofGeophysical Research, Vol. 90, pp.1049-1059.
23.Yao, A. and Wu, C.H.(2005), “An automated image-based technique for tracking sequential surface wave profiles.”, Ocean Engineering 32(2), pp.157-173.
24.Ziemer, F. and Rosenthal, W.(1993) “Measurements of the directionalwave spectra by ship radar”, Proc.IAPSO symposium, GerneralAssembly, Int.Assoc.for Rhys.Sci.of the ocean, Hamburg.
25.郭金棟 (1995)，「海岸工程」，中國土木水利工程學會出版。
26.張國棟(1995)，「雷射激光影像水表剖面波浪觀測」，第十七屆海洋工程研討會論文集，pp.367~378。
27.繆紹綱(1999)，「數位影像處理 活用-Matlab」，全華科技圖書股份有限公司。
28.郭晋安(2001)，「砂質底床上海堤溯上與越波量之初步研究」，國立成功大學水利及海洋工程研究所碩士論文。
29.郭一羽 (2001)，「海岸工程學」，文山書局。
30.周宗仁、尹彰、黃偉柏、林家群(2002)，「CCD遙測規則波波浪之研究」，第二十四屆海洋工程研討會論文集，pp.57~62。
31.李明靜(2002)，「河川表面流速與流量非接觸式量測方法之發展與應用」，國立成功大學水利及海洋工程研究所博士論文。
32.郭晋安、簡仲和(2002)，「砂質底床上海堤溯上與越波量之研究」，第24屆海洋工程研討會論文集，pp307-314。
33.莊甲子、林朝福、賴傳賢、林文嵐(2002)，「離岸潛堤對平台階梯海堤之波浪溯升影響」，第24屆海洋工程研討會論文集，pp268-284。
34.周宗仁、林騰威、尹彰、石瑞祥(2003)，「CCD遙測波浪系統之開發與研究」，第二十五屆海洋工程研討會論文集，pp.7~13。
35.吳榮峰(2003)，「大尺度質點影像量測法之影用-分析水面流場」，國立成功大學水利及海洋工程研究所碩士論文。
36.郭金棟(2004)，「海岸保護—海岸環境創造序論」，科技圖書。
37.柯雅卿(2004)，「通用型影像量測系統應用研究」，國立成功大學水利及海洋工程研究所碩士論文。
38.繆紹綱(2004)編譯，「數位影像處理」，台灣培生教育出版股份有限公司。
39.劉岳豪、黃明志(2004)，「利用影像特徵進行水下檢測影像拼嵌之研究」，第二十六屆海洋工程研討會論文集，pp. 753~760。
40.繆紹綱(2005)譯，「數位影像處理-運用MATLAB」，台灣東華書局股份有限公司。
41.林松柏(2005)，「傳統、小波理論與動態輪廓模式之波浪影像邊緣偵測處理」，國立成功大學系統及船舶機電工程研究所碩士論文。