臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
本研究主要以兩種不同種類肥料之施用搭配模擬兩種降雨型態，以管柱淋洗方式，針對台灣地區典型農業土壤進行營養成分滲漏之理化特性分析。
結果顯示將軍系、秀佑系、太康系、成功系及老埤系之滲漏液硝酸氮累積滲漏濃度皆在5 mg/L以下，而重金屬污染土在酸雨淋洗時之滲漏量卻可高達85.2 mg/L；在總氮累積滲漏濃度方面，各土系於添加液肥及添加糞肥後，在一般降雨情況下，滲漏液之滲漏濃度分別介於29.68~125.99 mg/L與18.85~85.11 mg/L之間，至於在酸雨降雨情況下，滲漏濃度則分別介於18.56~180.98 mg/L與6.37~108.45 mg/L之間；另外在總磷累積滲漏濃度方面，粗質地之將軍系可高達10 mg/L左右，而秀佑系及重金屬污染土亦可達1~2 mg/L，其餘土系之滲漏濃度則多半少於1 mg/L。經TN、TP累積滲漏濃度與土壤原始理化性質進行相關性分析後，得知主要影響TN滲漏量多寡之因子為土壤原始pH值，而TP滲漏量則多與砂粒及黏粒含量有關。
淋洗試驗後發現土壤中營養成分皆有流失情形發生，在TN流失率方面，不論何種降雨型態，皆以施用液肥時較為嚴重，此應與液態肥料之水溶性及有效性較佳，故土壤對其滯留性相對較差有關；至於TP的流失情形，由各土系淋洗前後TP剩餘量之差異可知，在酸雨進流時，各實驗組別的TP流失情形較一般降雨進流時嚴重。
淋洗試驗前後土壤基本性質之差異如下：淋洗後之有機質含量大多有減少的情況，尤其是在保水力較差之供試土壤；淋洗前後pH值並不會產生過大的變動；淋洗後電導度有明顯下降趨勢；除重金屬污染土以外，其餘土系在淋洗後之CEC皆降低。

Abstract
This research main focused on the variances of physical and chemical characteristics after nutrient leaching from several agricultural soils in Taiwan. The experiment was proceeded to investigate the effects of applying two kinds of fertilizer and rainfall type by using simulative soil column.
The results indicated that the accumulative concentration of nitrate-nitrogen of leachates from Chang-chun series, Hsiu-yu series, Tai-kang series, Cheng-kung series and Lao-pi series were all below 5mg/L, but the value was reached to 85.2 mg/L in the soil was polluted by heavy metals. However, the accumulative concentration of total nitrogen of leachates from different soils were 29.68 to 125.99 mg/L and 18.85 to 85.11 mg/L by applying liquid fertilizer and manure under general rainfall, respectively. Nevertheless, when we used the acid rain as the entered flow, the values were 18.56 to 180.98 mg/L and 6.37 to 108.45 mg/L with two kinds of fertilizer. On the accumulative concentration of total phosphorus of leachates, we found it was reached to 10 mg/L in Chang-chun series. The soils with coarse soil texture (e.g. Hsiu-yu series and heavy metal-polluted soil) were only 1 to 2 mg/L, and others were even lower. After the correlative analysis with different physi-chemical properties in the test soils and leached concentration, we could understand the main factors of affecting the accumulative concentration of total nitrogen was soil pH and total phosphorus concentration was influenced by sand and clay content of soils.
We found a portion of nutrients were lost from soil after leaching. In the leached rate of total nitrogen, the liquid fertilizer-applied would cause extreme loss after leaching under two kinds of rainfall. It might due to the higher water-solublility and effectiveness. In the other hand, the leached rates of total phosphorus showed more serious loss under acid rain than general rainfall.
After the leaching experiments, the soil physi-chemical characteristics had changed as following statements: The organic matter content was decreased, especially in the soils with lower water retention capacity. Soil pH was not appeared significant variances and the EC was showed the drop tendency. The cation exchange capacity of soils was almost decreased, except for heavy metal-polluted soil.

目錄
中文摘要 Ⅰ
英文摘要 Ⅱ
誌謝 Ⅳ
目錄 Ⅴ
表目錄 Ⅸ
圖目錄 XI
第一章 前言 1
1-1 研究緣起 1
1-2 研究目的與內容 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2-1 土壤中營養鹽的循環機制 3
2-1-1 土壤中氮的循環 3
2-1-1-1 氮的獲得……………………………………………………...3
2-1-1-2 氮的損失……………………………………………………...5
2-1-2 土壤中磷的循環 7
2-1-2-1 磷的獲得……………………………………………………...7
2-1-2-2 磷的損失……………………………………………………...8
2-2農作行為與土體營養鹽滲漏之相關探討 8
2-2-1 農業施肥概論 11
2-2-1-1 肥料的施用方法 11
2-2-1-2 肥料的建議施用量 16
2-2-2 肥料種類與營養鹽滲漏量之相關性 16
2-2-3 土壤基本性質對營養鹽滲漏量之影響性探討 18
2-3農業非點源污染源頭控制方法之探討 19
2-3-1 台灣地區之管理方法 19
2-3-2 國外地區之管理方法 20
2-3-2-1 日本 20
2-3-2-2 歐洲聯盟 22
第三章 材料與方法 24
3-1 供試土壤之來源與前處理 24
3-1-1 樣品前處理 24
3-2 實驗方法 24
3-2-1 實驗設備與藥品 24
3-2-2 實驗設計與架構 28
3-2-2-1 滲漏因子探討 28
3-2-2-2 土壤孵育試驗 30
3-2-2-3 土壤管柱型式與操作流程 31
3-2-2-4 氮、磷質量平衡 32
3-3 分析方法 33
3-3-1 土壤基本性質分析 33
3-3-2 土壤肥力分析 38
3-3-3 土壤重金屬分析 41
3-3-4 滲漏水營養鹽成分分析 42
第四章 結果與討論 44
4-1 淋洗前各土系基本理化性質分析 44
4-2 淋洗後各土系滲漏水營養成分之變化 47
4-2-1 各土系淋洗時之流況 47
4-2-2 滲漏水營養鹽含量分析 52
4-2-2-1 滲漏水硝酸氮累積淋洗量 52
4-2-2-2 滲漏水總氮累積淋洗量 60
4-2-2-3 滲漏水總磷累積淋洗量 68
4-2-3營養鹽淋洗量與土壤原始理化性質之相關性評估 76
4-3 淋洗前後各土系營養鹽含量與理化性質之變化 78
4-3-1 試驗前後不同土系營養鹽含量之差異 78
4-3-1-1 試驗前後土壤中總氮含量之差異 78
4-3-1-2 試驗前後土壤中總磷含量之差異 87
4-3-2試驗前後不同土系理化性質之差異 95
第五章 結論與建議 101
5-1 結論 101
5-2 建議 102
參考文獻 103
自述 111


表目錄
表2-1 各種作物營養三要素之施肥用量 16
表2-2 農地非點源污染源頭的最佳管理作業 20
表2-3 日本農地常用之非點源污染控制對策及削減率參考值 21
表2-4 歐盟非點源污染源頭管制措施與執行成效良好之會員國 23
表3-1 供試土壤之來源及分布 25
表3-2 實驗儀器設備及其廠牌 26
表3-3 土壤與水質基本理化性質分析藥劑 27
表3-4 供試土壤添加肥料成分表 30
表4-1 淋洗試驗前各供試土壤基本理化性質 45
表4-2 重金屬污染土之污染濃度調查 47
表4-3 未施肥時之TN與TP總淋洗量與土壤原始理化性質之相關性 77
表4-4 添加液肥時之TN與TP總淋洗量與土壤原始理化性質之相關性 77
表4-5 添加糞肥時之TN與TP總淋洗量與土壤原始理化性質之相關性 78
表4-6 淋洗前後TN流失率(%) 86
表4-7 淋洗前後TN質量換算之回收率(%) 86
表4-8 淋洗前後TP流失率(%) 94
表4-9 淋洗前後TP質量換算之回收率(%) 94
表4-10 兩種降雨淋洗試驗前後各土系有機質流失情形 97
表4-11 兩種降雨淋洗試驗前後各土系pH值的變化情形 98
表4-12 兩種降雨淋洗試驗前後各土系EC的變化情形 99
表4-13 兩種降雨淋洗試驗前後各土系CEC的變化情形 100


圖目錄
圖2-1 土壤中氮素循環 3
圖2-2 土壤中磷素循環 7
圖2-3 非點源污染產生過程 10
圖2-4 農地循環灌溉示意圖 22
圖3-1 研究流程及架構圖 29
圖3-2 滲漏試驗裝置圖 32
圖3-3 美國農部土壤質地三角圖 35
圖4-1 將軍系於兩種降雨型態下之流況 49
圖4-2 秀佑系於兩種降雨型態下之流況 49
圖4-3 太康系於兩種降雨型態下之流況 50
圖4-4 成功系於兩種降雨型態下之流況 50
圖4-5 老埤系於兩種降雨型態下之流況 51
圖4-6 重金屬污染土於兩種降雨型態下之流況 51
圖4-7 一般降雨下將軍系之NO3-N累積淋洗量 54
圖4-8 酸雨型態下將軍系之NO3-N累積淋洗量 54
圖4-9 一般降雨下秀佑系之NO3-N累積淋洗量 55
圖4-10 酸雨型態下秀佑系之NO3-N累積淋洗量 55
圖4-11 一般降雨下太康系之NO3-N累積淋洗量 56
圖4-12 酸雨型態下太康系之NO3-N累積淋洗量 56
圖4-13 一般降雨下成功系之NO3-N累積淋洗量 57
圖4-14 酸雨型態下成功系之NO3-N累積淋洗量 57
圖4-15 一般降雨下老埤系之NO3-N累積淋洗量 58
圖4-16 酸雨型態下老埤系之NO3-N累積淋洗量 58
圖4-17 一般降雨下重金屬污染土之NO3-N累積淋洗量 59
圖4-18 酸雨型態下重金屬污染土之NO3-N累積淋洗量 59
圖4-19 一般降雨下將軍系之TN累積淋洗量 62
圖4-20 酸雨型態下將軍系之TN累積淋洗量 62
圖4-21 一般降雨下秀佑系之TN累積淋洗量 63
圖4-22 酸雨型態下秀佑系之TN累積淋洗量 63
圖4-23 一般降雨下太康系之TN累積淋洗量 64
圖4-24 酸雨型態下太康系之TN累積淋洗量 64
圖4-25 一般降雨下成功系之TN累積淋洗量 65
圖4-26 酸雨型態下成功系之TN累積淋洗量 65
圖4-27 一般降雨下老埤系之TN累積淋洗量 66
圖4-28 酸雨型態下老埤系之TN累積淋洗量 66
圖4-29 一般降雨下重金屬污染土之TN累積淋洗量 67
圖4-30 酸雨型態下重金屬污染土之TN累積淋洗量 67
圖4-31 一般降雨下將軍系之TP累積淋洗量 70
圖4-32 酸雨型態下將軍系之TP累積淋洗量 70
圖4-33 一般降雨下秀佑系之TP累積淋洗量 71
圖4-34 酸雨型態下秀佑系之TP累積淋洗量 71
圖4-35 一般降雨下太康系之TP累積淋洗量 72
圖4-36 酸雨型態下太康系之TP累積淋洗量 72
圖4-37 一般降雨下成功系之TP累積淋洗量 73
圖4-38 酸雨型態下成功系之TP累積淋洗量 73
圖4-39 一般降雨下老埤系之TP累積淋洗量 74
圖4-40 酸雨型態下老埤系之TP累積淋洗量 74
圖4-41 一般降雨下重金屬污染土之TP累積淋洗量 75
圖4-42 酸雨型態下重金屬污染土之TP累積淋洗量 75
圖4-43 一般降雨淋洗前後將軍系TN流失情形 80
圖4-44 酸雨淋洗前後將軍系TN流失情形 80
圖4-45 一般降雨淋洗前後秀佑系TN流失情形 81
圖4-46 酸雨淋洗前後秀佑系TN流失情形 81
圖4-47 一般降雨淋洗前後太康系TN流失情形 82
圖4-48 酸雨淋洗前後太康系TN流失情形 82
圖4-49 一般降雨淋洗前後成功系TN流失情形 83
圖4-50 酸雨淋洗前後成功系TN流失情形 83
圖4-51 一般降雨淋洗前後老埤系TN流失情形 84
圖4-52 酸雨淋洗前後老埤系TN流失情形 84
圖4-53 一般降雨淋洗前後重金屬污染土TN流失情形 85
圖4-54 酸雨淋洗前後重金屬污染土TN流失情形 85
圖4-55 一般降雨淋洗前後將軍系TP流失情形 88
圖4-56 酸雨淋洗前後將軍系TP流失情形 88
圖4-57 一般降雨淋洗前後秀佑系TP流失情形 89
圖4-58 酸雨淋洗前後秀佑系TP流失情形 89
圖4-59 一般降雨淋洗前後太康系TP流失情形 90
圖4-60 酸雨淋洗前後太康系TP流失情形 90
圖4-61 一般降雨淋洗前後成功系TP流失情形 91
圖4-62 酸雨淋洗前後成功系TP流失情形 91
圖4-63 一般降雨淋洗前後老埤系TP流失情形 92
圖4-64 酸雨淋洗前後老埤系TP流失情形 92
圖4-65 一般降雨淋洗前後重金屬污染土TP流失情形 93
圖4-66 酸雨淋洗前後重金屬污染土TP流失情形 93

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