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研究生:洪偉智
研究生(外文):Wei-Chih Hung
論文名稱:情緒壓抑與自主型偏差態度扮演逃避型依附與學齡兒童憂鬱症狀間之中介角色
論文名稱(外文):Avoidant attachment and depressive symptoms among school age children: The mediating role of emotion inhibition and autonomous dysfunctional attitudes
指導教授:柯慧貞柯慧貞引用關係
指導教授(外文):Huei-Chen Ko
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立成功大學
系所名稱:行為醫學研究所
學門:社會及行為科學學門
學類:心理學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2006
畢業學年度:94
語文別:中文
論文頁數:131
中文關鍵詞:情緒壓抑逃避型依附自主型偏差態度兒童憂鬱
外文關鍵詞:avoidant attachmentautonomous dysfunctional attitudeschild depressionemotion inhibition
相關次數:
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  • 下載下載:292
  • 收藏至我的研究室書目清單書目收藏:14
【研究背景】
兒童與青少年罹患憂鬱症的比例正逐年升高,而罹病年齡層則是漸漸下降中;此外,憂鬱症與自殺的高度正相關已被許多研究證實。由此可見,兒童憂鬱的問題有日益嚴重的趨勢,且對於個體未來的身心發展有許多負面的影響,故有探究其致病因子的重要性。在許多研究中發現,兒童的不安全依附型態會導致較高比例的憂鬱症狀,但其中的機制仍未被清楚釐清。而過去文獻指出,逃避型依附與憂鬱存在顯著正相關,而根據依附理論,逃避型依附的個體在情緒上傾向使用情緒壓抑的方式,在認知上則是有較高的自主型偏差態度,而文獻又指出情緒壓抑、自主型偏差態度與憂鬱症狀存在顯著的正向關係,故本研究假設學齡兒童的情緒壓抑與自主型偏差態度為其逃避型依附與憂鬱症狀間關係的中介因子。

【研究目的】
本研究旨在探討「情緒壓抑」與「自主型偏差態度」是否扮演逃避型依附至學齡兒童憂鬱症狀間關係的中介因子,研究假設為:兒童逃避型依附分數愈高,憂鬱分數愈高。此外有兩條中介路徑分別與同時存在如下:(1)逃避型依附分數愈高,情緒壓抑的分數也愈高,而憂鬱分數也較高;(2)逃避型依附分數愈高,自主型偏差態度的分數也會愈高,並有較高的憂鬱分數;另外,當逃避型依附分數愈高時,情緒壓抑與自主型偏差態度的分數同時會較高,並出現較高的憂鬱分數。透過上述假設,本研究建立學齡兒童逃避型依附至憂鬱症狀的中介模式。

【研究方法】
本研究採橫斷式研究設計,並以台南市兩所國小三、四年級學童為樣本,完整填寫量表之兒童人數為210人,平均年齡9.8歲(分佈自7.9歲至11.3歲)。而在衡鑑工具上,以兒童依附因應量表之逃避型依附分量表評估兒童逃避型依附;以兒童情緒調節量表之情緒壓抑分量表評估兒童情緒壓抑;以兒童生活態度量表之自主型偏差態度分量表評估兒童自主型偏差態度;以中文化兒童憂鬱量表評估兒童憂鬱症狀。在施測流程上,研究者在正式施測之前,先行徵求校方同意,並以小組分工的方式至學校班級內施測,而針對收集到的資料,以t檢定(t-test)以及卡方檢定(χ2 test)檢驗基本人口學變項;以皮爾森相關(Pearson correlation)檢驗各變項間之相關;最後以結構方程模式(Structural Equation Modeling, SEM)檢驗情緒壓抑與自主型偏差態度是否為逃避型依附至憂鬱症狀之間關係的中介因子。

【研究結果】
本研究發現,逃避型依附分數愈高者,會有較高的憂鬱分數;並證實「情緒壓抑」與「自主型偏差態度」扮演逃避型依附與憂鬱症狀關係的中介因子,即逃避型依附分數愈高的兒童,傾向使用較多的情緒壓抑,並呈現較高的憂鬱分數。此外,逃避型依附分數愈高的兒童,呈現較強的自我偏差態度,並具較高的憂鬱分數。並且,本研究所建立之中介模式,可以解釋兒童憂鬱症狀44%的變異量。

【結論與建議】
本研究結果支持「情緒壓抑與自主型偏差態度是逃避型依附與學齡兒童憂鬱症狀間關係之中介角色」之假設模型。但本研究仍有部分限制,未來研究建議在依附的測量上,除了原本的自陳工具外,可再增加投射性測驗,以增加兒童依附型態測量之效度;而在情緒壓抑上,則建議可增加題庫,以測得更完整層面的情緒壓抑。另外,未來建議尚可透過縱貫研究設計進一步闡明逃避型依附、情緒壓抑、自主型偏差態度、兒童憂鬱症狀之間的因果關係;並以較大之樣本檢驗性別是否可能扮演調節變項的角色。
【Background and purpose】
The rate of depression in young people is increasing while the age of onset is decreasing. Making matters worse, depression will lead to various defects in one’s future, such as resulting in poor psychosocial outcomes, as well as increasing the risk of suicide. Therefore, investigating the risk factors for child depression should be regarded as the chief target for prevention strategies. According to Bowlby’s attachment theory, insecure attachment has been viewed as a risk factor for depression, but the mechanism remains unclear. From theory and previous studies, avoidant attachment was found to be highly correlated with depression, and children with high avoidant attachment tendency tended to inhibit their negative emotion and had more autonomous dysfunctional attitudes. Moreover, emotion inhibition and autonomous dysfunctional attitudes were also risk factors of depression. As a result, it was hypothesized that emotion inhibition and autonomous dysfunctional attitudes were mediators of associations between avoidant attachment and depressive symptoms for school age children.

【Method】
This study employed a cross-sectional study design to test the mediation hypotheses. A sample of 210 (89 male, 118 female), 3rd- and 4th-grade Taiwanese children completed the Children’s Attachment Coping Strategies Questionnaire, Children’s Emotion Regulation Scale, Children’s Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale, and Children’s Depression Inventory. T-test, χ2 test, and Pearson correlation were used to examine demographic data and the relationships among all variables. Structural Equations Modeling (SEM) was performed in order to demonstrate the mediating role of emotion inhibition and autonomous dysfunctional attitudes between avoidant attachment and child depressive symptoms.

【Results】
Results showed that school age children with higher avoidant attachment scores would have higher scores in depression. It was proved that emotion inhibition and autonomous dysfunctional attitudes were mediators between the associations of avoidant attachment and depressive symptoms. Such results implicated that children with higher avoidant attachment tendency would be more emotionally inhibited, and have more depressive symptoms. In addition, children with higher avoidant attachment tendency would also have more autonomous dysfunctional attitudes and be more depressed. Finally, according to the hypotheses, mediation effects of emotion inhibition and autonomous dysfunctional attitudes on the relationship between avoidant attachment and depressive symptoms for school age children were hypothesized, yielding a model that could explain 44% of the variance in child depressive symptoms.

【Discussion】
The current study supported the mediation model in which emotion inhibition and autonomous dysfunctional attitudes were mediators of the associations between avoidant attachment and depressive symptoms. However, several limitations in this study were noted. For example, in the future, projective assessment of attachment could be used to increase the test validity of attachment. Besides, a longitudinal study design was suggested to examine the causal effects among avoidant attachment, emotion inhibition, autonomous dysfunctional attitudes, and depressive symptoms. Finally, a larger sample size should be considered to examine the possible moderating role of gender.
中文摘要……………………………………………………………………… III
英文摘要……………………………………………………………………… V
誌謝…………………………………………………………………………… VII
目錄…………………………………………………………………………… IX
表目錄………………………………………………………………………… XI
圖目錄………………………………………………………………………… XII
附錄…………………………………………………………………………… XIII

第一章 緒論……………………………………………………………… 01
第一節 兒童憂鬱症狀之探討…………………………………………… 01
壹、 兒童憂鬱之定義與臨床表現……………………………………… 01
貳、 兒童憂鬱之盛行率………………………………………………… 03
參、 兒童憂鬱研究之重要性…………………………………………… 03
肆、 症狀、症候群與疾病的區辨……………………………………… 04
伍、 小結………………………………………………………………… 04
第二節 兒童逃避型依附對其憂鬱症狀之影響………………………… 05
壹、 兒童依附型態的定義與測量……………………………………… 05
貳、 逃避型依附對兒童憂鬱症狀之影響……………………………… 09
參、 小結………………………………………………………………… 10
第三節 中介因子:情緒壓抑之探討…………………………………… 11
壹、 情緒調節的定義、重要性與測量………………………………… 12
貳、 情緒壓抑在情緒調節中扮演的角色……………………………… 20
參、 情緒壓抑對憂鬱症狀之影響……………………………………… 20
肆、 逃避型依附對情緒壓抑之影響…………………………………… 21
第四節 中介因子:自主型偏差態度之探討…………………………… 22
壹、 偏差態度的定義、重要性與測量………………………………… 23
貳、 自主型偏差態度對憂鬱症狀之影響……………………………… 24
參、 逃避型依附對自主型偏差態度之影響…………………………… 25
第五節 研究目的與假設………………………………………………… 26
壹、 過去研究的缺失與未解決的問題………………………………… 26
貳、 研究目的與假設…………………………………………………… 27

第二章 研究方法………………………………………………………… 29
第一節 研究架構………………………………………………………… 29
第二節 研究參與者……………………………………………………… 30
第三節 研究工具………………………………………………………… 30
第四節 研究程序………………………………………………………… 39
第五節 統計分析………………………………………………………… 40

第三章 研究結果………………………………………………………… 44
第一節 人口學變項與各變項之相關分析……………………………… 44
第二節 中介模式之檢驗與模式配適度之說明………………………… 44
壹、 中介模式之檢驗…………………………………………………… 45
貳、 模式適配度之說明………………………………………………… 49
參、 模式潛在變項與觀察指標之間的效果…………………………… 53
肆、 控制干擾變項後之中介模式……………………………………… 55

第四章 結論、討論與建議……………………………………………… 58
第一節 本研究發現之總結……………………………………………… 58
第二節 解釋與討論……………………………………………………… 59
第三節 研究限制與未來研究方向……………………………………… 61
第四節 研究貢獻與應用………………………………………………… 63

第五章 參考文獻………………………………………………………… 65
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