臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文闡述以效率高的方式來設計出可運用於功率較大的超音波驅動電路系統。配合多種的輸出模式來提供較多的治療選擇，以應用在超音波治療、美容及藥物傳輸上。系統中以微處理器來產生脈波信號用於調整輸入時間、頻率及工作週期。超音波諧振頻率訊號則由振盪器來產生。再配合一些訊號調整及控制電路，其中包含了振幅限制電路、振幅調變電路、緩衝級電路及輸出級電路等，來產生不同的輸出模式。在振盪器部分選用韋恩-橋式振盪器加上振幅限制電路，討論有關運算放大器的有限增益頻寬積、迴轉率對振盪頻率的影響，並完成了超音波所使用3MHz的共振工作頻率；在振幅調變電路部分描述載波信號與調變波信號進行調變的結果與功率計算方式；在緩衝級部分敘述射極追隨器、源極隨耦器和電壓追隨器的動作功能與使用時機；在輸出級部分以脈波化B類功率放大器為設計基礎，配合變壓器與阻抗匹配電路設計將功率有效傳送到壓電陶瓷上。最後在連續波模式下達成平均功率輸出為3W/cm2，效率64%；在脈波化振幅調變波模式下調變指數等於1、工作週期50%可達成平均功率輸出為1W/cm2，效率67%；輸出最大功率可達100W。

The object of this thesis is able to design a high efficient ultrasonic driving system which can offer for larger power. There are four therapy modes can be chosen in the system, and it has been applied to therapy, cosmetology and drug delivery. The microprocessor played a role of controlling the treating time, duty cycle and treating frequency in the system. The ultrasonic driving system is not only including the oscillator, modulator, buffer, output stage and the limiter circuit for amplitude control, but also some controlling circuits in order to generate continuous, pulse, amplitude modulation, and pulsed amplitude modulation wave. We choose a wien-bridge oscillator to achieve the resonant frequency of 3MHz, which is influenced by the finite gain-bandwidth product and the slew rate of operational amplifier in the system. The amplitude modulator describes the result of two-signal modulation and power calculation. The design of the output stage is based on a pulse mode class B power amplifier, which can delivery the power to the piezoelectric ceramic device efficiently by collocating OPT and impedance matching network. Eventually, the average output power achieves 3W/cm2, and efficiency 64% in continuous mode. At modulation index=1, duty cycle 50%, the average output power achieves 1W/cm2, and efficiency 67%. The maximum output power achieves 100W in the system.

目錄
中文摘要…………………………………………………………………………………..Ⅰ
英文摘要……………………………………………………………………………….….Ⅱ
誌謝……………………………………………………………………………………..…Ⅳ
目錄………………………………………………………………………………………..Ⅴ
圖目錄……………………………………………………………………………………..Ⅶ
表目錄……………………………………………………………………………………..Ⅹ
第一章 緒論………………………………………………………………………………1
1.1 研究背景………………………………………………………………………….1
超音波生物治療效應……………………………………………………………1
超音波給藥機制…………………………………………………………………3
1.2 研究動機與目的………………………………………………………………….5
1.3 文獻回顧………………………………………………………………………….6
1.4 論文大綱………………………………………………………………………….9
1.5 設計流程………………………………………………………………………...10
第二章 超音波系統架構………………………………………………………………..11
2.1 系統方塊………………………………………………………………………...13
連續波模式……………………………………………………………………..14
脈波模式………………………………………………………………………..14
振幅調變波模式………………………………………………………………..15
脈波化振幅調變波模式………………………………………………………..15
2.2 微處器信號控制系統 …...……………………………………………………..16
微處理器簡介…………………………………………………………………..16
微處理器的選用………………………………………………………………..16
第三章 信號產生與控制系統電路之討論與設計……………………………………..19
3.1 振盪器…………………………………………………………………………...19
韋恩-橋式振盪器……………...………………………………………………..24
振幅控制型韋恩-橋式振盪器………………………………………………….28
3.2 振幅調變電路…………………………………………………………………...32
乘法器…………………………………………………………………………..32
加法器…………………………………………………………………………..33
振幅調變………………………………………………………………………..34
3.3 緩衝器電路……………………………………………………………………...38
射極追隨器……………………………………………………………………38
共汲極或源極隨耦器結構……………………………………………………39
電壓追隨器……………………………………………………………………..41
第四章 超音波壓電陶瓷之驅動電路設計………………………….………………….42
4.1 壓電陶瓷………………………………………………………………………...42
壓電效應的產生機制……………………………….………………………….42
壓電效應的分類………………………………………………………………..43
超音波諧振電路………………………………………………………………..45
4.2 輸出級…………………………………………………………………………...47
輸出級的分類…………………………………………………………………..47
4.3 B類功率放大器之設計…………………………………………………………53
功率電晶體……………………………………………………………………..53
MOS功率電晶體……………………………………………………………….53
功率電晶體的選擇……………………………………………………………..54
4.4 脈波化輸出級電路……………………………………………………………...59
變壓器特性……………………………………………………………………..61
阻抗匹配之設計………………………………………………………………..63
目標與規格……………………………………………………………………..68
4.5 研究結果與討論………………………………………………………………...71
輸入參數值……………………………………………………………………..71
連續波治療模式輸出結果……………………………………………………..71
脈波治療模式輸出結果………………………………………………………..73
脈波化振幅調變波治療模式輸出結果………………………………………..75
輸出限制………………………………………………………………………..78
第五章 結論……………………………………………………………………………..80
5.1 成果……………………………………………………………………………...80
5.2 未來展望………………………………………………………………………...81

參考文獻…………………………………………………………………………………..82
附錄A：治療性超音波規範(加國)………………………………………………………86
附錄B：各種超音波能量治療儀規格……………………………………………………87
附錄C：IRFM240規格表…………………………………………………………………88
附錄D：IRFM9140規格表………………………………………………………………90
附錄E：MLT04 規格表……………………………………………………………………92
附錄F：ELECERAM TECHNOLOGY超音波轉換頭規格………………………………………94

圖目錄
第一章
圖1-1空穴效應……………………………………………………………………………4
圖1-2 設計流程圖………………………………………………………………………10
第二章
圖2-1 超音波系統架構方塊圖…………………………………………………………13
圖2-2 連續波模式輸入波形與輸出波形………………………………………………14
圖2-3 脈波模式輸入波形與輸出波形…………………………………………………14
圖2-4 振幅調變波模式輸入波形與輸出波形…………………………………………15
圖2-5 脈波化振幅調變波模式輸入波形與輸出波形…………………………………15
圖2-6 PIC16F877/874接腳圖……………………………………………………………18
第三章
圖3-1正弦波振盪器的基本構造……………………………………………………20
圖3-2 相位響應的斜率對振盪器頻率穩定度的影響………………………………22
圖3-3 運算放大器頻率響應……………………………………………………………23
圖 3-4 無振幅穩定化的韋恩-橋式振盪器……………………………………………25
圖3-5 韋恩-橋式振盪器實際電路接法………………………………………………26
圖3-6 使用LM6361振盪頻率為3MHz……………………………………………………26
圖3-7 使用LF356振盪頻率為300KHz…………………………………………………27
圖3-8具有一限制器作為振幅控制的韋恩-橋式振盪器………………………………28
圖3-9 振幅控制的韋恩-橋式振盪器…………………………………………………29
圖3-10改變 比值的不同輸出結果………………………………………………30
圖3-11振盪頻率為3MHz的振幅控制韋恩-橋式振盪器結果…………………………33
圖3-12以另一種方式來穩定振幅的韋恩-橋式振盪器……………………………31
圖3-13 乘法器接法……………………………………………………………………32
圖3-14 300KHz與3MHz信號使用乘法器相乘後之輸出結果…………………………33
圖3-15 加法器…………………………………………………………………………33
圖3-16 3MHz下加法器的加法結果………………………………………………………34
圖3-17振幅調變架構圖…………………………………………………………………36
圖3-18不同 值AM調變波型……………………………………………………………37
圖3-19 電路接法…………………………………………………………………37
圖3-20共集極或射極隨耦放大器（a）電路（b）T模型來取BJT等效電路………39
圖3-21（a）源極隨耦器（b）小訊號等效電路………………………………………40
圖3-22電壓追隨器………………………………………………………………………41
第四章
圖4-1 極化對壓電材料之影響…………………………………………………………43
圖4-2 壓電陶瓷的正、逆壓電效應……………………………………………………43
圖4-3一般常見的超音波震動模式……………………………………………………45
圖4-4 壓電陶瓷等效電路模型…………………………………………………………45
圖4-5一般壓電陶瓷之頻率響應示意圖………………………………………………46
圖4-6 A類輸出級…………………………………………………………………………48
圖4-7 B類輸出級…………………………………………………………………………49
圖4-8 AB類輸出級………………………………………………………………………51
圖4-9功率MOSFET典型的 特性…………………………………………………54
圖4-10 IRFM240模擬特性曲線圖………………………………………………………55
圖4-11 IRFM9140模擬特性曲線圖………………………………………………………56
圖4-12以IRFM240特性曲線做工作點設計……………………………………………56
圖4-13以IRFM9140特性曲線做工作點設計……………………………………………57
圖4-14 功率晶體負載曲線設計圖……………………………………………………57
圖4-15 Class B雙電晶體工作曲線與輸出入電壓關係圖……………………………58
圖 4-16 Power amplifier of power MOSFET……………………………………………59
圖4-17 修正之脈波化輸出級計算圖…………………………………………………60
圖4-18 變壓器轉換特性圖……………………………………………………………62
圖4-19 阻抗匹配示意圖………………………………………………………………64
圖4-20 等效電路轉換圖………………………………………………………………64
圖4-21 T型匹配網路設計圖……………………………………………………………66
圖4-22 設計完成之T型匹配網路………………………………………………………68
圖4-23 變壓器二次側與負載之等效電路圖…………………………………………70
圖 4-24 頻率產生與控制信號圖………………………………………………………71
圖 4-25 CM Mode 時輸出級輸入與輸出訊號……………………………………………72
圖 4-26 CW Mode 時的輸出功率大小……………………………………………………72
圖 4-27 Duty cycle 50%時PM輸出級輸入與輸出訊號…………………………………73
圖 4-28 Duty cycle 50%時PM的輸出功率大小…………………………………………74
圖 4-29 不同Duty cycle下PM的輸出功率與控制訊號波形…………………………74
圖 4-30 載波、調變波與輸出波形………………………………………………………75
圖 4-31 PAM時輸出級輸入與輸出訊號（Duty cycle 50% m=1）……………………76
圖 4-32 PAM時的輸出功率大小（Duty cycle 50% m=1）……………………………76
圖 4-33不同Duty cycle下PAM的輸出功率與控制訊號波形（m=1）………………77
圖4-34超音波系統電路圖………………………………………………………………79





表目錄
第一章
表1-1 超音波在不同組織中的衰減係數………………………………………………2
第二章
表2-1 超音波功率表示法………………………………………………………………12
表2-2 PIC系列單晶片分類比較…………………………………………………………17
表2-3 PIC16F873/876規格表……………………………………………………………18
第三章
表3-1 各種運算放大器之GBP與Slew rate……………………………………………27
表3-2 振幅調變訊號功率與調變指數的關係…………………………………………35
第四章
表4-1 常見壓電材料之特性……………………………………………………………44
表 4-2 B類輸出級的電路分析…………………………………………………………50
表 4-3 不同Duty cycle下PM輸出平均功率大小……………………………………70
表 4-4 歸納操作在不同Duty cycle時PWM與PAM平均輸出功率大小………………74
表 4-5 系統在不同電源下的輸出結果與折線圖………………………………………75
表 4-6 Class B與Class D比較表………………………………………………………81

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