臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究主要探討使用者在3D虛擬環境中的尋路行為，以環境因素中的地標輔助之有無與個人因素中的尋路策略傾向做為研究變項，希冀了解這兩項因素對於使用者在虛擬環境中進行導覽時，其空間知識的形成及尋路時間長短的影響。本研究採用2 X 2因子實驗設計(between-participant factorial design)，獨立變項為「地標輔助因素」與「尋路策略傾向」，依變項則為「空間知識」與「尋路時間」，共有120位受測者完成實驗。
研究結果顯示，地標輔助可以幫助使用者在虛擬環境中建立較佳的路徑知識，同時在經過長時間的環境學習後，地標輔助能對尋路時間發揮效益，此種現象可明顯於地標策略傾向者身上看出；縱覽性策略傾向的尋路者，在有限的時間內比地標性策略傾向者較快獲取空間知識，但兩者的尋路時間長短則沒有顯著差異性。上述兩大因素分別對使用者的空間知識、尋路時間有影響，但兩者並無交互作用產生。
此外也發現，地標策略傾向者對於地標輔助的依賴度較高，其在有地標輔助環境中所形成的空間知識、尋路所花費的時間優於無地標輔助環境；而縱覽策略傾向者較不受地標輔助因素的影響，不論是在有、無地標輔助環境中，縱覽策略傾向的空間知識與尋路所花費的時間均無顯著差異。同時本研究結果亦證實尋路理論之基礎假設，空間知識對尋路時間有正向影響，亦即空間知識的表現越佳，其尋路時間也就越短；反之，若空間知識表現越低落，那麼尋路所花費的時間則越長。

The goals of this study were to investigate users’ wayfinding behaviors and spatial knowledge in virtual environments. Between-participant factorial analyses were used to find the effects of two independent variables, landmarks and wayfinding strategies, on users’ wayfinding performances and spatial knowledge acquisitions. The total number of participants who completed this study experiment was 120.
The results showed that landmark design aided users in establishing more optimal route knowledge as well as better wayfinding performances in virtual environments. This was most clearly evident in the case of landmark strategy adopters. Meanwhile, adopters of survey strategies gained better spatial knowledge than landmark strategy adopters when time was limited, however, no significant difference in wayfinding performance was observed. Generally speaking, landmarks and wayfinding strategies both influenced spatial knowledge acquisitions and wayfinding performances, yet they did not produce significant interaction effects.
Furthermore, the results also indicated that landmark strategy adaptors appeared to have a higher rate of dependency on the landmark treatment. They displayed better performances on wayfinding tasks and more accurate spatial knowledge in environments with the landmark treatment as opposed to those without the treatment. In contrast, adopters of survey strategies were not greatly affected by their environments. They showed no significant difference in wayfinding performances or spatial knowledge acquisitions across the two environments. In addition, this study also verified some basic assumptions of wayfinding issues which claimed that spatial knowledge had a positive effect on wayfinding performances and furthered that the more accurate the spatial knowledge, the better wayfinding performances would be produced, and vice versa.

第一章 諸論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究目的 3
第三節 究架構與與研究流程 5
第四節 期研究貢獻 6
第二章 文獻探討 7
第一節 虛擬環境 7
一、虛擬環境與尋路研究的關係 9
二、虛擬環境的導覽問題 11
第二節 尋路 14
一、定義 14
二、 尋路行為之過程 17
第三節 空間知識與尋路的關係 21
一、 認知地圖 21
二、 空間知識 24
三、 空間知識的獲取方式 28
第四節 影響尋路的因素 32
一、 環境因素對尋路的影響 34
二、 個人因素對尋路的影響 41
第五節 小結 46
第三章 研究方法 48
第一節 研究問題與假設 50
第二節 研究變項 53
一、 自變項 53
二、 依變項 53
第三節 實驗設計 55
一、 實驗工具與環境設計 55
三、 實驗對象 63
四、 實驗程序 64
第四章 資料分析 71
第一節 樣本敘述統計 71
第二節 各組描述統計分析 72
一、空間知識分析 73
二、 尋路時間分析 73
第三節 假設驗證 74
一、 假設1驗證 74
二、 假設2驗證 75
三、 假設3驗證 75
四、 假設4驗證 76
五、 假設5驗證 77
六、 假設6驗證 78
七、 假設7驗證 79
八、 假設8驗證 85
九、 假設9驗證 86
十、 假設10驗證 86
十一、 假設11驗證 87
十二、 假設12驗證 88
十三、 假設13驗證 88
十四、 假設14驗證 89
十五、 假設15驗證 90
十六、 假設16驗證 90
十七、 假設17驗證 92
十八、 假設18驗證 92
十九、 假設19驗證 93
二十、 假設20驗證 94
二十一、 假設21驗證 94
二十二、 假設22驗證 95
第四節 假設驗證結果 95
第五章 結論 98
第一節 研究發現與討論 98
第二節 總結 105
第三節 研究限制 106
第四節 未來研究建議 107
參考文獻 109
中文部分： 109
英文部分： 109
附件1 115
附件2 118
附件3 121
附件4 122

圖目錄
圖1 研究流程圖 05
圖2 導覽模式圖 20
圖3影響尋路表現的內、外部因素 34
圖4研究架構圖 49
圖5有地墂設計環境所使用的地標物 60
圖6實驗流程 64
圖7練習場景圖 65

表目錄
表1實驗組別 54
表2實驗環境平面圖、透視圖 57
表3有無地標輔助之環境對照表 59
表4各組實驗人數表 63
表5任務完成的畫面圖 67
表6香蕉餐廳前往銀行之最短路徑圖 69
表7樣本結構表 71
表8各組之空間知識的平均數及標準差 72
表9各組之空間知識的平均數及標準差 73
表10地標輔助因素與「路徑知識」的獨立樣本T檢定73
表11地標輔助因素與「縱覽知識」的獨立樣本T檢定74
表12地標輔助因素與「任務1完成時間」獨立樣本T檢定75
表13地標輔助因素與「任務2完成時間」獨立樣本T檢定75
表14尋路策略傾向與「路徑知識」之獨立樣本T檢定76
表15尋路策略傾向與「縱覽知識」之獨立樣本T檢定76
表16尋路策略與「任務1完成時間」的獨立樣本T檢定77
表17尋路策略與「任務 2 完成時間」的獨立樣本T定77
表18二因子獨立樣本變異數分析摘要定78
表19二因子獨立樣本變異數分析摘要定79
表20二因子獨立樣本變異數分析摘要定81
表21二因子獨立樣本變異數分析摘要定82
表23有地標環境中尋路策略與「任務1完成時間」的獨立樣本T檢定 84
表24有地標環境中，尋路策略與「任務2完成時間」的獨立樣本T檢定 84
表25有地標環境中，尋路策略與「縱覽知識」的獨立樣本T檢定86
表26無地標環境中，尋路策略與路徑知識的獨立樣本T檢定86
表27無地標環境中，尋路策略與縱覽知識的獨立樣本T檢定87
表28無地標環境中尋路策略與「任務1完成時間」的獨立樣本T檢定 88
表29無地標環境中尋路策略與「任務2完成時間」的獨立樣本T檢定 88
表30地標性策略者其「路徑知識」與環境組別的獨立樣本T檢定89
表31地標性策略者其「縱覽知識」與環境組別的獨立樣本T檢定89
表32地標性策略者其「任務1完成時間」與環境組別的獨立樣本T檢定 90
表33地標性策略者其「任務2完成時間」與環境組別的獨立樣本T檢定 91
表34縱覽性策略者其「縱覽知識」與環境組別的獨立樣本T檢定91
表35縱覽性策略者其「任務1完成時間」與環境組別的獨立樣本T檢定 92
表36縱覽性策略者其「任務2完成時間」與環境組別的獨立樣本T檢定 92
表37尋路策略傾向與地標參考數量之獨立樣本T檢定93
表38本研究驗證假設結定95

中文部分：
博碩士論文
李碩晏 (2003)：《開發虛擬實境系統中互動式電腦實體模型之可變形屬性之研究》。朝陽科技大學工業工程與管理系碩士論文。
陳冠燁 (2002)：《建築空間性的認知地圖》。國立交通大學建築研究所碩士論文。
期刊論文
許子凡 (2004)： 〈從空間概念分析虛擬實境的尋路〉，《設計學研究》，第七卷(第二期)，頁43-57。
陳俊文，游萬來，邱上嘉(2003)：〈探路研究的方法及應用〉，《設計學研究》， 第三期, 222-234。
書籍
邱皓政（2004）：「社會與行為科學的量化研究與統計分析」。台北市：五南。
Dodge, M., & Kitchin, R. (2004)，《網際空間的圖像》，江淑琳譯。台北： 韋伯文化國際.

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