臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在這篇論文中，我們提出了修正視訊串流中移動向量特徵的新方法，並且實作幾個以移動向量為基礎的應用。我們將討論與驗證在MPEG視訊串流中的物件偵測與擷取，以物件為基礎的視訊串流，以及在有限資源環境中的視訊轉換編碼。我們對直接由壓縮域中的視訊串流擷取出的位移向量做處理，以降低移動向量的雜訊並獲得更多的物件資訊。透過我們所提出的系統，包含空間資訊過濾元件、時間資訊過濾元件以及紋路過濾元件，可以使這些物件資訊變得更精確。此外我們針對特定的應用提出了適應性移動向量修正的方法。因此，我們提出的視訊處理與通訊演算法可以準確地取得使用者想要的結果，在執行時間上也更有效率。我們也針對系統效能與其他常用的相關研究及技術作比較。
我們針對MPEG7測試資料與額外的視訊測試序列(超過200小時)來進行實驗，並用標準的指標評估系統效能，實驗結果顯示我們提出的系統效能明顯的優於其他技術。我們也介紹了新的效能評估指標來正確地追蹤我們的系統效率。
除此之外，本篇論文中也描述了我們發展的使用者介面，讓使用者可以維護與監控演算法的執行過程。

In this thesis we propose novel approaches for refining motion vector features in video streams. Several motion vector based applications have been proposed and implemented. Object detection and extraction in MPEG video streams, object based video steaming, and video transcoding with resource limited environment are all discussed, designated and verified. Rather than processing the extracted motion vector fields directly extracted from video streams in the compressed domain, we perform several operations over the extracted motion vectors, in order to reduce the noise within the motion vector content and to obtain more robust object information. The information is refined through our proposed system which is composed of a spatial filter component, temporal filter component and texture filter component. In addition, an adaptive motion vector refinement has been proposed for specific applications. As a result, our proposed video processing schemes are more capable of accurately gaining desired results with more efficient performance in terms of runtime. We compare the performance of our proposed system with other popular and commonly related work and techniques.
Based on the experimental results performed over the MPEG7 testing dataset and additional video testing sequences –more than 200 hours of videos-, the performance measured by standard performance metrics using our proposed system is superior to the alternative techniques. Moreover, we introduce new performance metrics to trace the efficiency of the proposed systems accurately.
A user system interfaces is also presented, where users can maintain and monitor the process of the proposed algorithms.

Table of Content
Abstract in Chinese I
Abstract in English III
Acknowledgment V
Table of Contents VI
List of Tables X
List of Figures XI
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Processing in compressed domain 1
1.2 Motion vector based video processing and communication applications 3
1.3 Organization of the sis 7
Chapter 2 Background and Related Work 8
2.1 Background information for MPEG and motion vectors 8
2.1.1 Motion Compensation 11
2.1.2 DCT Transform 13
2.2 Related Work 14
Chapter 3 Motion Vector Analysis 16
3.1 Motion Vector Noise Analysis 16
3.2 Motion vector limitations 17
3.3 Motion Vector Noise Model 19
Chapter 4 Motion Vectors Refinement Approaches 21
4.1 Gaussian Based Motion Vector Refinement 21
4.1.1 Smoothing of Motion Vector Field 22
4.2 Cascade Filter Based Motion Refinement 26
4.3 Temporal Based Motion Vector Refinement 26
4.4 Texture Based Motion Vector Refinement 27
4.4.1 Texture energy computation 28
4.4.2 Reconstruction of DC Images 34
4.5 Overview of the Motion Vector Refinement System 36
4.6 Adaptive Motion Vector Refinement 36
4.6.1 Noise Power Estimator 39
Chapter 5 Object detection and extraction from video streams 41
5.1 Introduction 41
5.2 Related work and Background 43
5.3 Object Detection and Extraction 44
5.3.1 Object Detection Algorithm 44
5.3.2 Edge Detection using AC coefficients 46
5.4 Object detection overview 47
Chapter 6 Fast and Robust Object Extraction Framework for Object Based Streaming
System 50
6.1 Introduction 50
6.2 Related Work 55
6.3 Object based Video Streaming 56
6.4 Object Extraction System 61
6.5 RTP Sender and Receiver 62
6.6 Experimental Results and Discussion 64
6.7 Future Work 67
6.8 Conclusions 68
Chapter 7. A Novel Approach for Improving the Quality of Service for Wireless Video Transcoding 70
7.1 Introduction 70
7.2 Related Work 73
7.3 Mobile and Wireless Video Transcoding System Architecture 77
7.4 Motion Estimation in Transcoding 81
7.5 Motion Vector Refinement 82
7.6 Result and Discussion 84
7.7 Conclusion and Future work 89
Chapter 8 Experimental Results and Discussion 91
8.1 Objective Evaluation 91
8.1.1 Testing dataset configurations 92
8.1.2 Discussion 99
8.2 Subjective Evaluation 100
8.3 Run Time Evaluation 106
Chapter 9 Conclusion and Future Work 108
9.1 Conclusion 108
9.2 Future Work 109
References 111

[1] N. Haering, R. J. Qian, and M. I. Sezan, "A Semantic Event-Detection Approach and Its Application to Detecting Hunts in Wildlife Video," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 857-868, 2000.
[2] H. L. Eng, and K. K. Ma, "Bidirectional Motion Tracking for Video Indexing," Proc. Third IEEE Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, pp. 153-158, 1999.
[3] L. Favalli, A. Mecocci, and F. Moschetti, "Object Tracking for Retrieval Applications in MPEG-2," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 427-432, 2000.
[4] C. Faloutsos, R. Barber, M. Flickner, J. Hafner, W. Niblack, D. Petkovic, and W. Equitz, "Efficient and Effective Querying by Image Content," Journal of Intelligent Information Systems, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 231-262, 1994.
[5] A. Pentland, R. Picard, and S. Sclaroff,Photobook "Tools for Content-Based Manipulation of Image Databases.Storage and Retrieval of Image and Video Databases II," Proc. Of The International Society for Optical Engineering, pp. 34-47, 1994.
[6] V. V. Vinod and H. Murase, "Video Shot Analysis using Efficient Multiple Object Tracking" Proc. Of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems, pp.501-508, 1997.
[7] P. Fieguth, "Color-Based Tracking of Heads and Other Mobile Objects at Video Frame Rates," Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 21-27, 1997.
[8] N. Brady and N. O'Connor, "Object detection and tracking using an EM-based motion estimation and seg-mentation framework," Proc. IEEE International Conference on
Image Processing , pp. 925-928, 1996.
[9] D. P. Elias, "The motion Based Segmentation of Image Sequences", Ph.D. thesis, Trinity College, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Aug. 1998.
[10] N. Vasconcelos and A. Lippman, "Empirical Bayesian EM-based motion segmentation," Proc. of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 527-532, 1997.
[11] P. H. S. Torr, R. Szeliski, and P. Anandan, "An integrated bayesian approach to layer extraction from image sequences," IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 297-303, 2001.
[12] R. Wang, and T. Huang, "Fast Camera Motion Analysis in MPEG domain," Proc. ICIP, Vol. 3, pp. 691-694, 1999.
[13] R. C. Jones, D. DeMenthon and D. S. Doermann, "Building mosaics from video using MPEG MVs," Proc. ACM Multimedia Conference, pp. 29-32, 1999.
[14] J. I. Khan, Z. Guo and W. Oh, "Motion based object tracking in MPEG-2 stream for perceptual region discriminating rate transcoding," Proc. ACM Multimedia Conference, pp. 572-576, 2001.
[15] D.-Y. Chen, S.-J. Lin and S.-Y. Lee, "Motion Activity Based Shot Identification and Closed Caption Detection for Video Structuring," Proc. VISUAL, pp. 288-301, 2002.
[16] T. R. M. King, "Efficient and Effective Methods for Object Segmentation in Video Images," Final report, Fall Semester the Johns Hopkins University, http://www.apl.jhu.edu/Notes/Beser/525759/kingfinalreport.pdf, 2002.
[17] D.-Y. Chen, and S.-Y. Lee "Motion-Based Semantic Event Detection for Video Content Description in MPEG-7," Proc. IEEE Pacific-Rim Conference on
Multimedia , pp. 110-117, 2001.
[18] A. Eleftheriadis and D. Anastassiou, "Constrained and general dynamic rate shaping of compressed digital video," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing, pp 396-399, 1995.
[19] G. Keesman et al., "Transcoding of MPEG bitstreams," Signal Process. Image Communication, Vol. 8, No.6, pp. 481-500, 1996.
[20] P. N. Tudor and O. H. Werner, "Real-time transcoding of MPEG-2 video bit streams," in Proc. Int. Broadcasting Con., pp. 286-301, 1997.
[21] P. Assuncao and M. Ghanbari, "Post-processing of MPEG2 coded video for transmission at lower bit rates," in proc. of IEEE International Conference
On Acoustics, Speech And Signal Processing, pp.1998-2001, 1996,.
[22] D. G. Morrison, M. E. Nilsson, and M. Ghanbari, "Reduction of the bit-rate of compressed video while in its coded form," in Proc. Sixth Int. Workshop Packet Video, pp. 17-21, 1994.
[23] R. J. Safranek, C. Kalmanek, and R. Garg, "Methods for matching compressed video to ATM networks," in Proc. Int. Conf. Image, pp. 13-16, 1995.
[24] H. Sun, W. Kwok, and J. W. Zdepski, "Architecture for MPEG compressed bitstream scaling," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technology, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 191-199, 1996.
[25] Y.-P. Tan, D.D. Saur, S.R. Kulkami, P.J. Ramadge, "Rapid Estimation of Camera Motion from Compressed Video with Application to Video Annotation," Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, IEEE Transactions on Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 133-146, Feb. 2000.
[26] S.-F. Chang, "Compressed-Domain Techniques for Image/ Video Indexing and
Manipulation" IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, pp. 325-331, 1995.
[27] S.-F. Chang, Compositing and Manipulation of Video Signals for Multimedia Network Video Services, Ph.D. Dissertation, U.C. Berkeley, Aug., 1993.
[28] S. Chien, S. Ma, and L. Chen, "Efficient Moving Object Segmentation Algorithm Using Background Registration Technique," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 12, No. 7, pp. 577-586, 2002.
[29] G. Kühne, S. Richter, and M. Beier, "Motion-based segmentation and contour-based classification of video objects," Proc. ACM Multimedia Conference, pp.41-50, 2001.
[30] R. Curwen and A. Blake, "Dynamic Contours Real-Time Active Splines," In Active Vision MIT Press, pp. 39-58, 1992.
[31] R. Goldenberg, R. Kimmel, E. Rivlin, and M. Rudzsky, "Fast Geodesic Active Contours" .Proc. Int'l Conf. Scale-Space Theories in Computer Vision, pp. 34-45, 1999.
[32] R. Wang, H.-J. Zhang and Y.-Q. Zhang, "A Confidence Measure Based Moving Object Extraction System Built for Compressed Domain," Proc. ISCAS, pp. 21-24, 2000.
[33] Y. Ma, and H.-J. Zhang, "A New Perceived Motion based Shot Content Representation," IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, pp. 426-429, 2001.
[34] M. Pilu, "On Using Raw MPEG Motion Vectors To Determine Global Camera Motion," Digital Media Department HP Laboratories Bristol HPL-97-102,http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/97/HPL-97-
[35] N. W. Kim, T. Y. Kim, and J. S. Choi, "Motion analysis using the normalization of
MVs on MPEG compressed domain", In Proc.The International Technical Conference On Circuits/System, Computers and Communications, pp.1408-1411, 2002.
[36] R. Ulichney, "Filter Design for void and cluster dither arrays", Proc. System Information Display Int. Symposium, pp. 809-812, 1994.
[37] R. V. Babu, and K. R. Ramakrishnan , "Compressed Domain Motion Segmentation for Video Object Extraction" Proc. of IEEE International Conference On Acoustics, Speech And Signal Processing, pp. 3788-3791, 2002.
[38] H.-L. Eng, and K.-K. Ma, "Motion trajectory extraction based on macroblock motion vectors for video indexing" Proc. international Image Processing conference, pp. 284-288, 1999.
[39] V. Kobla, and D. Doermann, "Compressed domain video indexing techniques using DCT and motion vector information in MPEG video," in Proc. SPIE Conf. Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases, pp. 200-211, 1997.
[40] J. Meng, and S. Chang, "CVEPS - a compressed video editing and parsing system," in Proc. Of ACM Multimedia, pp. 56-66, 1996.
[41] D.-Y. Chen, S.-Y. Lee, and H.-T. Chen, "Motion Activity Based Semantic Video Similarity Retrieval". Proc. IEEE Pacific Pacific-Rim Conference, pp. 319-327, 2002.
[42] A. K. Jain, and S. Bhattacharjee, "Text Segmentation Using Gabor Filters for Automatic Document Processing", Journal of Machine Vision and Applications, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 169-184, 1992.
[43] A. K. Jain, and Y. Zhong, "Page Segmentation Using Texture Analysis", Journal Pattern Recognition, Vol. 29, No. 5, pp. 743-770, 1996.
[44] B. L. Yeo, and B. Liu, "Visual Content Highlighting via Automatic Extraction of
Embedded Captions on MPEG Compressed Video", Proc. SPIE Digital Video Compression: Algorithms and Technologies, pp. 38-47,1995.
[45] D. LeGall, "MPEG: A Video Compression Standard for Multimedia Applications", Journal of Comm. ACM, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 46-58, 1991.
[46] D. Gatica, C. Gu , and M.-T. Sun, "Semantic video object extraction using four-band watershed and partition lattice operators," IEEE Trans, Circuits Syst. Video Technol., Vol.11, No. 3, pp.603-618, 2001.
[47] X. Haifeng, A. Younis, and R. Kabuka," Automatic Moving Object Extraction for Content-based Applications," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.14, No 6, pp.796-812, 2004.
[48] A. Ogale, C. Fermuller and Y. Aloimonos," Motion segmentation using oc-clusions," IEEE Transactions On Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 27, No 6, pp.988-992. 2005.
[49] J. Senders, “Distribution of Attention in Static and Dynamic Scenes,” In: proceedings The International Society for Optical Engineering, pp. 186-194, 1997.
[50] A. Yarbus, “Eye Movements and Vision” Plenum Press, NewYork NY, (1967)
[51] Y. Ma, H. Zhang, “A Model of Motion Attention for Video Skimming,” Proc of The International Conference on Image Processing, pp. 22-25, 2002.
[52] L-A. Zadeh, “A Note on Web intelligence, World Knowledge and Fuzzy Logic,” Journal of Data Knowledge Engineering, Vol.50, pp. 291-304, 2004.
[53] P. Sobey, and M. Srinvansan, "Measurement of Optical Flow by a Generalized Gradient Scheme," J. on Opt. Soc. Am, Vol.8, No.9, pp.1488-1498, 1991.
[54] D. Murray, and A. Basu, "Motion Tracking with an Active Camera," IEEE Trans.
PAMI, Vol.16, No.5, pp.449-459, 1994.
[55] J. Meng, and S.-F. Chang, "Tools for Compressed- domain Video Indexing and Editing", Proc. SPIE Storage and Retrieval for Still Image and Video Databases, pp.180-191, 1996
[56] Y. Nakajima, A. Yoneyama, H. Yanagihara, and M. Sugano, "Moving object detection from MPEG coded data", Proc. SPIE Visual Communications and Image Processing, pp.988-996, 1998.
[57] S.-F. Chang, D. Zhong, R. Kumar, “Real-Time Content-Based Adaptive Streaming of Sports Video.” ADVENT Technical Report #121 Columbia University, 2001.
[58] M. Hsiao, H. Kuo, H. Wu, Y. Chen, and S.-Y. Lee, "Objected-Based Video Streaming Technique with Application to Intelligent Transportation Systems", in procceding of IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control pp. 315 – 320, 2004.
[59] A. Ahmad, D.-Y. Chen and S.-Y. Lee, "Robust Object Detection Using Cascade Filter in MPEG Videos," IEEE Fifth International Symposium on Multimedia Software Engineering, pp.156-162, 2003.
[60] S.-C. Chen, M.-L. Shyu, C. Zhang, and R. Kashyap, "Video Scene Change Detection Method Using Unsupervised Segmentation and Object Tracking," Proc. ICME, pp. 57-60, 2001.
[61] A. Ahmad; D.-Y. Chen, and S.-Y. Lee, "Robust Compressed Domain Object Detection In Mpeg Videos" Proc. of the 7th IASTED International Conference Internet and Multimedia System Applications, pp. 706-712, 2003,.
[62] Y. Hongjiang, and K. Jain, "Automatic Caption Localization in Compressed
Video", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 385-392, 2000.
[63] A. Ortega, and M. Khansari, "Rate Control for Video Coding over Variable Bit Rate Channels with Applications to Wireless Transmission", Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, pp. 3388-3393, 1995.
[64] A. Ortega, F. Carignano, S. Ayer, and M. Vetterli, "Soft caching: Web cache management techniques for images" Proceeding IEEE Signal Processing Society Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, pp. 45-52, 1997.
[65] A. Ahmad, B. Ahmad, S. Talat, and S.-Y. Lee, "Fast And Robust Object Detection Framework For Object Based Streaming System," Proceeding The Second International Conference on Advances in Mobile Multimedia, pp.77-86, 2004.
[66] A. Ahmad, and S.-Y. Lee, "Novel Object-Based Video Streaming Technique," Proc. of 2nd International Conference on Computing, Communications and Control Technologies, pp. 255-300, 2004.
[67] A M. A. Ahmad; B M. A. Ahmad, and S Talat, "A Novel Approach for Improving the Quality of Service for Mobile Video Transcoding," The Third International Conference on Advances in Mobile Multimedia, pp. 323-330, 2005.
[68] A. Tripathi, and M. Claypool, "Improving Multimedia Streaming with Content-Aware Video Scaling", In Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Intelligent Multimedia Computing and Networking, pp. 99-106, 2002.
[69] D. Lin, and R. Morris, Dynamics of Random Early Detection. In Proceedings of ACM the Special Interest Group on Data Communication Conference, pp. 425-435, 1997.
[70] D. Reyes, A. Reibman, J. Chuang, and S.-F. Chang, "Video Transcoding for Resilience in Wireless Channels,” IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, pp. 365-366, 1998.
[71] ISO/IEC, "Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information", 1995.
[72] ISO/IEC 11 172, "Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1.5 Mbit/s", 1993.
[73] J. Chung, and M. Claypool, "Better-Behaved, Better-Performing Multimedia Networking" In Proceedings of Euromedia Conference, pp. 84-90, 2000.
[74] J. Mitchell and W. Pennebaker, “MPEG Video: Compression Standard,” Chapman and Hall, pp. 90-101, 1996.
[75] J. Shin, J. Kim, and C. Kuo, "Content-Based Video Forwarding Mechanism in Differentiated Service Networks" In Proceedings of International Packet Video Workshop, pp. 77-83, 2000.
[76] J. Walpole, R. Koster, S. Cen, C. Cowan, D. Maier, D. McNamee, C. Pu, D. Steere, and L. Yu, "A Player for Adaptive MPEG Video Streaming over the Internet", In Proceedings of 26th Applied Imagery Pattern Recognition Workshop, pp. 99-105, 1997.
[77] M. Claypool, and J. Tanner, "The Effects of Jitter on the Perceptual Quality of Video", In Proceedings of ACM Multimedia Conference, pp. 1122-1131, 1999.
[78] M. Hemy, U. Hangartner, P. Steenkiste, and T. Gross, "MPEG System Streams in Best-Effort Networks", In Proceedings of Packet Video Workshop, pp. 90-102 1999.
[79] M. Miyabayashi, N. Wakamiya, M. Murata, and H. Miyahara, "Implementation of
Video Transfer with TCP-Friendly Rate Control Protocol", In Proceedings of International Technical Conference on Circuits/Systems, Computers and Communications, pp. 117—120, 2000.
[80] N. Yeadon, F. Garcia, and D. Hutchinson, "Filters: QoS Support Mechanisms for Multipeer Communications", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol 4, No 7, pp.1245 1262, 1996.
[81] P. Bocheck, A. Campbell, S.-F. Chang, and R. Lio, "Utility-based Network Adaptation for MPEG-4 Systems", In Proceedings of Ninth International Workshop on Network and Operating System Support for Digital Audio and Video, pp. 890-87, 1999.
[82] S. Chandra, and C. Ellis, "JPEG Compression Metric as a Quality Aware Image Transcoding", In Proceedings of Second Usenix Symposium on Internet Technologies and Systems, pp. 547-552, 1999.
[83] S. Floyd, M. Handley, J. Padhye, and J. Widmer, "Equation-Based Congestion Control for Unicast Applications" In Proceedings of ACM the Special Interest Group on Data Communication Conference, 232-233, 2000.
[84] S. Floyd, and V. Jacobson, "Random Early Detection Gateways for Congestion Avoidance", IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, pp. 1256-1262, 1993.
[85] S. Sakazawa, N. Ytakishima, K. Hashimoto,"Video Data Transmission Protocol "SVFTP" Using Multiple TCP Connections and Its Application", IEICE transaction on Information an systems, pp. 60-72, 2005.
[86] S. Jacobs, and A. Eleftheriadis, "Streaming Video using Dynamic Rate Shaping and TCP Congestion Control", Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation, Special Issue on Image Technology for World Wide Web
Applications, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 211-222, 1998.
[87] V. McCanne, and M. Vetterli, "Receiver-driven Layered Multicast", In Proceedings of ACM the Special Interest Group on Data Communication Conference, pp. 90-99, 1996.
[88] S. McCanne, M. Vetterli, and V. Jacobson, "Low-complexity Video Coding for Receiver-driven Layered Multicast", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 983-1001, 1997.
[89] R. Rejaie, M. Handley, and D. Estrin, "RAP: An End-to-End Rate-Based Congestion Control Mechanism,” Proc Conference on Computer Communications, pp. 1337-1345, 1999.
[90] H. Leong, and A. Si, "Multi-resolution information transmission in mobile environments", Journal of Mobile Information Systems, IOS Press, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 25-40, 2005.
[91] T. Nguyen, P. Brezany, M. Tjoa, and E. Weippl, "Toward a Grid-Based Zero-Latency Data Warehousing Implementation for Continuous Data Streams Processing", International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 22-55, 2005.
[92] R. Han, P. Bhagwat, R. LaMaire, T. Mummert, V. Perret and J. Rubas, Dynamic Adaptation in an Image Transcoding Proxy for Mobile Web Browsing, IEEE Personal Communications, pp.8-17, 1998.
[93] T. Warabino, S. Ota, D. Morikawa, and M. Ohashi, Video Transcoding Proxy for 3Gwireless Mobile Internet Access, IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 66-71, 2000.
[94] S. Buchinger, and H. Hlavacs, "Subjective Quality of Mobile MPEG-4 Videos
with Different Frame Rates", Journal of Mobile Multimedia, Rinton Press, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 327-341, 2005.
[95] T. Shanableh, and M. Ghanbari, “Heterogeneous video transcoding to lower spatio-temporal resolutions and different encoding formats, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Vol. 2, No 2, pp. 101-110, 2000.
[96] P. Correia, S. Faria, M. Assuncao, “Matching MPEG-1/2 Coded Video to Mobile Applications,” 4th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications, pp. 699-704, 2001.
[97] M. El-Barachi, R. Glitho and R. Dssouli, "Developing Applications for Internet Telephony: A Case Study on the Use of Web Services for Conferencing in SIP Networks", International Journal of Web Information Systems, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp.58-68, 2005.
[98] J. Tang, A. Liew, and H. Yan, "Human Face Animation Based on Video Analysis, with Applications to Mobile Entertainment", Journal of Mobile Multimedia, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 133-148, 2005.
[99] P. Papadimitriou, and V. Tsaoussidis,"On Transport Layer Mechanisms for Real-Time QoS", Journal of Mobile Multimedia, Vol. 1 , No. 4, pp. 342-363, 2005.
[100] G. Kessman, R. Hellinghuizen, F. Hoeksma, and G. Heidman, "Transcoding of MPEG bitstreams," International Journal of Signal Processing: Image Communications, Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 481-500, 1996.
[101] S. Chang, and D. Messerschmidt,"Manipulation and compositing of MC-DCT compressed video," IEEE J. Select. Areas Comm., Vol. 13, No. 1, pp.1-11, 1995.
[102] H. Sun, A. Vetro, J. Bao, and T. Poon, “A new approach for memory-efficient
ATV decoding," IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., Vol. 43, No 16 pp.517-525, 1997.
[104] P. Assuncao, and M. Ghanbari,“Congestion control of video traffic with transcoders, proc. IEEE International Conference on Communications, pp. 523-527, 1997.
[105] J. Youn, and M. Sun,"Motion estimation for high performance transcoding," in IEEE Int. Conf. Consumer Electronics, pp. 89-96, 1998.
[106] N. Bjork, and C. Christopoulos,"Transcoder architecture for video coding," IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., Vol. 44, pp. 88-98, 1998.
[107] J. Mantyjarvi, S. Kallio, P. Korpipaa, J. Kela, and J. Plomp, "Gesture Interaction for Small Handheld Devices to Support Multimedia Applications", Journal of Mobile Multimedia, Vol. 1, No.2, pp. 92-111, 2005.
[108] M. Barry, J. Gutknecht, I. Kulka, P. Lukowicz, and T. Stricker," From Motion to Emotion: A Wearable System for the Multimedia Enrichment of A Blutooh Dace Performance", Journal of Mobile Multimedia, Vol 1, No. 2, pp. 112-132, 2005.
[109] J. Youn, M. Sun, and C. Lin, "Motion Vector Refinement for High- Performance Transcoding," IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 30-41, 1999.
[110] N. Björk, and C. Christopoulos, "Transcoder architectures for video coding," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, pp. 2813-2816, 1998.
[111] Y. Huang, L. Hui, “an adaptive spatial filter for additive Gaussian and impulse noise reduction in video signals," in the proceeding of International Conference on Information, Communications & Signal Processing, IEEE Pacific-Rim Conference
On Multimedia, pp. 402-406, 2003.
[112] S. Chang, And D. Messerschmitt, “Manipulation and Compositing of MC-DCT Compressed Video,” IEEE Journal. On Selected Areas In Communications, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 54-66, 1995.