臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

台灣每年生產啤酒量約三十萬公噸，其中麥粕產量約六萬噸。由於麥粕仍含有大量未糖化之有機物，包括蛋白質及碳水化合物等，其後續處理相當不易。此外國內生活污水及工廠所排放之污水量逐年增加，污水處理後衍生出大量污泥影響到水及土壤的品質。因此必須發展出一套預處理及回收的方法來處理麥粕及下水污泥。好氧堆肥是一種簡單、經濟的生物處理技術，能分解有機物質將其轉變為有經濟價值的有機肥料或是土壤調節劑。由於污泥中所含的有機物質較少，若單一以污泥作為堆肥的材料，所得到的堆肥成品品質較差。有鑑於此，本研究以添加麥粕的方式增加基質中的有機物，以期能達到廢麥粕與下水污泥減量及資源化的目的。
根據實驗結果顯示，由溫度、二氧化碳產率及揮發性固體物損失率之結果可推測麥粕與下水污泥中之有機物可在 5-7 天內完全達到分解。此外，本研究採用中央合成設計 (CCD) 配合反應曲面法 (RSM) ，以改變操作條件 (摻合比、含水率)的方式，進行多組實驗，探討不同操作條件對於堆肥中反應變數 (碳分解率、總揮發性固體物損失率) 的影響，以評估最佳操作條件。實驗之結果顯示麥粕與下水污泥快速堆肥最佳生物降解之摻合比約在 35-40% 之間，而含水率在 55-60% 之間，其碳分解率及總揮發性固體物損失率符合二階多項式模式。
在生物吸附實驗方面，以不同初始重金屬濃度之方式探討腐熟堆肥吸附Cu (Ⅱ) 及Pb (Ⅱ) 的能力，得到對 Cu (Ⅱ) 和 Pb (Ⅱ) 的最大吸附能力分別為 0.58 及 0.10 mmol/g，其吸附模式則較符合 Langmuir isotherm。

Barley dregs wastes accounts for about 20% of the 300,000 tons of beer production per year in Taiwan. The disposal of barley dregs wastes is difficult due to the restrictive characteristics of barley dregs, such as high protein, carbohydrates and cellulose contents. The large amounts of sewage sludge are discharged by households and industry which gradually increases to affect the water and soil quality. Therefore, it is necessary to develop pretreatment and recycling methods for barley dregs wastes with sewage sludge. Consequently, the reduction and reclamation of barley dregs and sewage sludge would achieve simultaneously by using aerobic composting process.
From the results of temperature, CO2 evolution rate and volatile solid loss rate showed that the organic matters in the barley dregs and sewage sludge could be completely biodegraded within 5 to 7 days. A central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were applied to investigate the influence of operational conditions (mix ration and moisture content) on the properties of product obtained (carbon decomposition rate and TVS loss rate) in order to determine the optimaum operating conditions for the composting of barley dregs with sewage sludge. The range of the independent variable measured was 35-40% for mix ratio and 55-60% for moisture content. A second-order polynomial model consisting of two independent variables was found to accurately describe the carbon decomposition rate and TVS loss rate.
The adsorption capacity of compost product for Cu (Ⅱ) and Pb (Ⅱ) was studied at various initial metal ion concentrations (from 10 to 250 mg/L). The biosorption data fitted better with Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. Batch experiments showed that the maximum adsorption capacities of compost for lead and copper were 0.58 and 0.10 mmol/g, respectively.

目錄
中文摘要 I
英文摘要 III
誌謝 V
目錄 VI
表目錄 X
圖目錄 XII
第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 3
第二章 文獻回顧 4
2.1 好氧堆肥 (Aerobic composting) 之概述 4
2.1.1 好氧堆肥概念與分類 4
2.1.2 好氧堆肥原理 5
2.2 堆肥過程之微生物相 6
2.3 堆肥過程物化變化 8
2.4 堆肥之影響參數 11
2.5 過去文獻堆肥比較論述 14
2.5.1 下水污泥性質及特性 14
2.5.2 不同堆肥物料及方式比較 14
2.5.3 兩種物料以上混合堆肥其參數及評估反應優劣指標之比較 16
2.6 分子生物學技術 19
2.6.1 變性梯度凝膠電泳（Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis） 19
2.7 利用生物吸附劑吸附重金屬 20
2.7.1 Langmuir 等溫線吸附模式 20
2.7.2 Freundlich等溫線吸附模式 20
2.8 麥粕與下水污泥混合堆肥程序之實驗設計 23
2.8.1 中央合成設計 (CCD) 23
2.8.2 反應曲面法（Response surface methodology） 24
2.9 質量平衡 26
2.9.1 水分質量平衡 26
2.9.2 揮發性有機物和灰分質量平衡 28
第三章 實驗方法與步驟 30
3.1 實驗材料與設備 30
3.1.1 實驗材料 30
3.1.2 實驗設備 31
3.2 實驗流程 38
3.3 實驗方法 40
3.4 分析項目及方法 41
3.4.1 溫度及二氧化碳 41
3.4.2 pH及電導度值 41
3.4.3 灰份、含水率及總揮發性固體物 41
3.4.4 堆肥萃取液 41
3.4.5 種子發芽測試 (Seed germination test) 42
3.4.6 分子生物學技術 43
3.4.6.1 DNA萃取 44
3.4.6.2 PCR 實驗 44
3.4.6.3 DGGE 實驗 44
3.5 批次實驗規劃 46
3.6 利用腐熟堆肥成品吸附重金屬實驗 48
3.6.1 pH值實驗 48
3.6.2 Langmuir 等溫線吸附實驗 49
3.6.3 Freundlich 等溫線吸附實驗 49
第四章 結果與討論 50
4.1 麥粕與下水污泥混合堆肥實驗 50
4.1.1 反應溫度變化 50
4.1.2 pH值變化 52
4.1.3 含水率之變化 56
4.1.4 電導度值之變化 57
4.1.5 二氧化碳產率與累積二氧化碳生成量之變化 57
4.1.6 總有機碳 (TOCw) 和凱氏氮 (TKNw) 之變化 59
4.1.7 總揮發性固體物損失率之變化 62
4.1.8 堆肥品質之測定 63
4.2 麥粕與下水污泥混合堆肥最佳化實驗 68
4.2.1 中央合成設計結果 68
4.2.2 配適二階模型之設計 73
4.2.3 模型適當性與常態性假設檢驗 76
4.3 生物降解動力模式探討 80
4.4 麥粕與下水污泥混合堆肥質量平衡 83
4.4.1 水分質量平衡 83
4.4.2 揮發性有機物質量平衡 84
4.5 分子生物學實驗 (DGGE) 86
4.6 利用腐熟堆肥吸附重金屬實驗 88
4.6.1 pH值實驗 88
4.6.2 Cu (Ⅱ) 及Pb (Ⅱ) 初始濃度之影響實驗 88
第五章 結與建議 97
5.1 結論 97
5.2 建議 99
第六章 參考文獻 101
附錄一 分子生物實驗步驟 110
Genomic DNA 萃取步驟 110
PCR 步驟 112
附錄二 反應槽操作對策表 115
附錄三 實驗原始數據總灠 116


表目錄
表 2-1. 污泥基本成分及性質分析 15
表 2-2. 污泥重金屬成分及性質分析 15
表 2-3. 不同基質來源及堆肥方式比較 17
表 2-4. 混合堆肥基質來源、參數及評估指標比較 18
表 2-5. 生物吸附相關文獻資料 22
表 3-1. 反應物料之基本組成 32
表 3-2. 分析項目、方法及儀器 43
表 3-3. 膠體濃度 45
表 3-4. 因子水準表 46
表 3-5. 實驗操作條件 47
表 4-1. 摻合比 50% 含水率 55% 添加量 51
表 4-2. 堆肥時程之比較 66
表 4-4. 中央合成設計因子與對應反應參數表 69
表 4-5. 中央合成設計因子與相關反應參數表 70
表 4-6. 碳分解率之變異數分析 74
表 4-7. 廻歸係數預測碳分解率之結果 74
表 4-8. TVS損失率之變異數分析 75
表 4-9. 廻歸係數預測TVS損失率之結果 75
表 4-10. 二氧化碳產率與溫度及CTMI模式預測值之相關係數 81
表 4-11. 水分質量平衡表 84
表 4-12. Cu (Ⅱ) 初始濃度對生物吸附之影響 92
表 4-13. Pb (Ⅱ) 初始濃度對生物吸附之影響 93
表 4-14. 不同生物吸附劑對Cu (Ⅱ) 及Pb (Ⅱ) 吸附能力比較 (qmax) 95
表一 PCR 藥劑添加劑量表 112
表二 PCR 反應程序表 112
表三 DGGE 製膠劑量添加表 114












圖目錄
圖 2-1. 2 因子 CCD 示意圖 24
圖 3-1. 分別以稻殼和木屑為調整材反應溫度圖 31
圖 3-2. 反應槽側邊透明壓克力板 33
圖 3-3. 實驗設備圖 34
圖 3-4. 反應槽設備全景圖 35
圖 3-5. 攪拌機 37
圖 3-6. 實驗流程圖 39
圖 3-7. 實驗分析流程圖 42
圖 4-1. 堆肥化過程中溫度之變化 (MR:50%, MC55%) 53
圖 4-2. 堆肥化過程中溫度之變化 (MR:71%, MC44%) 53
圖 4-3. 麥粕與稻殼堆肥化過程中溫度之變化 54
圖 4-4. 堆肥化過程中pH之變化 (MR:50%, MC55%) 54
圖 4-5. 堆肥化過程中pH之變化 (MR:71%, MC44%) 55
圖 4-6. 堆肥化過程中含水率之變化 (MR:50%, MC55%) 55
圖 4-7. 堆肥化過程中電導度值之變化 (MR:50%, MC55%) 58
圖 4-8. 二氧化碳產率與累積產量之變化 (MR:50%, MC55%) 58
圖 4-9. 二氧化碳產率與溫度之關係 (MR:50%, MC55%) 60
圖 4-10. 堆肥化過程總有機碳之變化 (MR:50%, MC55%) 60
圖 4-11. 堆肥化過程凱氏氮之變化 (MR:50%, MC55%) 61
圖 4-12. 堆肥化過程總揮發性固體物損失率之變化 (MR:50%, MC55%) 61
圖 4-13. 種子發芽實驗結果 65
圖 4-14. 堆肥成品 66
圖 4-15. 碳分解率反應曲面圖 71
圖 4-16. 碳分解率等高線圖 71
圖 4-17. TVS損失率反應曲面圖 72
圖 4-18. TVS損失率等高線圖 72
圖 4-19. 碳分解率之殘差對配適值圖 78
圖 4-20. 碳分解率之殘差常態機率圖 78
圖 4-21. TVS損失率之殘差對配適值圖 79
圖 4-22. TVS損失率之殘差常態機率圖 79
圖 4-23. CTMI模式預測之二氧化碳產率值與實際值比較圖 82
圖 4-24. 堆肥化質量平衡圖 85
圖 4-25. 麥粕與下水污泥混合堆肥 (MR: 50%, MC: 55%) DGGE 電泳圖 87
圖 4-26. 初始pH值對Cu (Ⅱ) 吸附效率之影響 89
圖 4-27. 初始 pH 值對 Pb (Ⅱ) 吸附效率之影響 89
圖 4-28. Cu (Ⅱ) 生物吸附線性形式之Langmuir isotherm 94
圖 4-29. Pb (Ⅱ) 生物吸附線性形式之Langmuir isotherm 94
圖 4-30. a, b. 堆肥成品EDX光譜分析： a 吸附銅前 b吸附銅後 96

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