榕屬植物為多種食果動物重要的食物資源，特別是在其他果實缺乏的季節，因此有關鍵物種(keystone species)之稱。對共域不同種的榕樹而言，其提供動物食物資源的情形，利用榕果的動物種類與其相對利用頻度為何，諸多食果動物是其種子的掠食者亦或潛在傳播者，是本研究擬探討的問題。本研究以墾丁高位珊瑚礁森林中雌雄同株的大葉赤榕（F. caulocarpa）、雌雄異株的金氏榕（F. ampelas）及澀葉榕（F. irisana）為對象，於2004年12月至2005年12月期間，對三種榕樹分別選取26株、24株與30株樣樹，觀察並記錄各樣樹的結果期與榕果的發育期程，以及利用榕果的動物種類與數量。為界定榕果的發育期程，並建立由外觀區別的標準，對每一種/性別榕樹選取四樣樹，自果期開始起，每隔14天摘取10顆果樣測量果徑與果色，並各取出10粒種子進行萌芽實驗以計算發芽率。利用發芽率的變化將榕果的發育期程區分為種子未成熟（I）、部分成熟（II）與成熟（III）三階段，檢測各階段的果色與果徑是否具顯著差異，作為在野外判別果期的依據，並以各結果樣樹上多數榕果的發育階段作為該樣樹果期的發育階段。利用動物對I與III階段樣樹的造訪率（其在I或III階段被記錄到的總造訪隻次，除以對該階段的總觀察時數），判斷其在種子掠食者與潛在傳播者兩種角色扮演上的偏向。結果顯示研究期間所標定的三目標樹種之樣樹中，各月份皆有樣樹結果，可做為動物之食物資源。此外，共記錄到二種哺乳類及十種鳥類利用三目標樹種的榕果，其中以利用大葉赤榕榕果之動物種類最多，利用金氏榕榕果之動物種類次之，澀葉榕則最少被動物利用。利用榕果的動物中，鳥類以紅嘴黑鵯、哺乳類以台灣獼猴之相對數量最多。三目標樹種的果色在三階段間有別，且在各樣樹間的差異性小，較適合做為區分各階段榕果的外觀標準。對三目標樹種而言，除台灣獼猴對大葉赤榕偏向扮演種子掠食者外，其餘動物皆偏向扮演潛在種子傳播者。最後，在雌雄異株的金氏榕與澀葉榕中，動物對其雄果的利用情形，不論是在造訪動物的種類或數量上，都明顯較雌果為低。

Figs (Ficus spp., Moraceae) are important fruit resources for many frugivores, particularly during the period when other fruits are scarce, and so be called “ keystone species”. The present study was to explore the species composition of diurnal fig-eaters, their relative frequencies of consumption and the role as seed predators or potential seed dispersers to three sympatric Ficus species (monoecious F. caulocarpa, dioecious F. ampelas and F. irisana) in a karst forest in Kenting. A total of 80 sample trees of the three species were observed to record the occurrence and development of the figs as well as the frequencies of visit to the fruiting trees by different fig-eaters during Dec 2004 and Dec 2005. Four sample trees of each species/gender were chosen to monitor the development of the figs. Ten figs were collected from each sample tree since the crop began, and the diameters and colours were measured every 14 days. Ten seeds were obtained from each fig for germination experiment. The result showed that, among the sample trees of the three Ficus species, there were trees bearing figs every month. A total of two mammal species and ten bird species were seen to eat figs of the three Ficus species. More species of fig-eaters were recorded on F. caulocarpa, followed by F. ampelas and F. irisana. Among fig-eaters, Hypsipetes madagascariensis was found to be the most frequent avian visitor to the fruiting trees, while Macaca cyclopis was the most frequent mammalian visitor. According to the result of germination experiment, the development of a fig could be divided into three stages: immature (I), partly mature (II) and mature (III). And the color of figs was found to be a reliable criterion for stage determination. The fig crop of a sample tree could be identified according to the stage of the majority of figs. The tendency of each animal species as seed predators or potential seed dispersers was determined by the relative rates of its visit to fig-bearing trees in stage I versus stage III. Only M. cyclopis played the role as seed-predators for F. caulocarpa, while all the other species served as potential seed-dispersers of the three Ficus species. As for the two dioecious Ficus species, the number of fig-eating species and their relative frequencies of consumption were less for male trees than for female trees.

1.前言 1
2.研究地描述 5
3.材料與方法 6
3.1大葉赤榕、金氏榕及澀葉榕結果情形記錄 6
3.2造訪大葉赤榕、金氏榕及澀葉榕的動物種類及數量調查 8
3.3造訪大葉赤榕、金氏榕及澀葉榕的動物扮演角色之偏向評估 11
4.結果 14
4.1大葉赤榕、金氏榕及澀葉榕之結果情形 14
4.2造訪大葉赤榕、金氏榕及澀葉榕的動物種類及數量 15
4.3造訪大葉赤榕、金氏榕及澀葉榕的動物扮演角色之偏向 17
4.4金氏榕與澀葉榕雄果之發育階段及被動物利用的情形 22
5.討論 24
5.1榕屬植物對動物食物來源之提供 24
5.2動物對榕屬植物種子命運的影響 24
5.3雄果與雌果被取食情況的差異及影響 30
5.4後續研究建議 31
6.引用文獻 32

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