參考資料
英文部分
Alexander, J. W. (1990). Nutrition and translocation. Journal of Parenteral & Enteral Nutrition, 14( 5 Suppl), 170S-174S.
Adam, S. & Batson, S. (1997). A study of problems associated with the delivery of enteral feed in critically ill patients in five ICUs in the UK. Intensive Care Medicine, 23(3), 261-266.
Berger, M. M., Chiolero, R. L., Pannatier, A., Cayeux, M. C., & Tappy, L. (1997). A 10-year survey of nutritional support in a surgical ICU. Nutrition, 13(10), 870-877.
Booth, C. M., Heyland, D. K., & Patterson, W. G. (2002). Gastrointestinal promotility drugs in the critical care setting: A systematic review of evidence. Critical Care Medicine, 30(7), 1429-1435.
Boyle, M., Hundy, S., & Torda, T. A. (1997). Paracetamol administration is associated with hypotension in the critically ill. The Australasian journal of critical care, 10(1),120-122.
Berne, J. D., Norwood, S. H., McAuley, C. E., Vallina, V. L., Villareal, D., Weston, J., & McClarty, J. (2002). Erythromycin reduces delayed gastric emptying in critically ill trauma patients: A randomized, controlled trial. The Journal of Truma, 53(3), 422-425.
Chang, W. K., Chen, M. Z. & Chao, Y. C. (2002). Use of the refractometer as a tool to monitor dietary formula concentration in gastric juice. Clinical Nutrition, 21(6), 521-525.
Chang, W. K., Chao, Y. C., McClave, S. A., & Yen, M. K.(2005). Validation the use of refractometer and mathematic equations to dietary formula contents for clinical application. Clinical Nutrition, 24(8), 760-767.
Chen, L. L., Hsu, S. F., Wang, M. H., Chen, C. L., Lin, Y. D., & Lai, J. S. (2003). Use of acupressure to improve gastrointestinal motility in women after trans-abdominal hysterectomy. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 31(5), 781-790.
Chang, W. K., McClave, S. A., & Chao, Y. C. (2004a). Enhancing interpretation of gastric residual volume by refractometry. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 19(5), 455-462.
Chang, W. K., McClave, S. A., & Chao, Y. C. (2004b). Continuous nasogastric tube feeding: monitoring by combined use of refractometry and traditional gastric residual volume. Clinical Nutrition, 23(1), 105-112.
Dive, A., Moulart, M., & Jonard, P.(1994). Gastroduodenal motility in the mechanically ventilated critical ill patients: A manometric study. Critical Care Medicine, 22(3), 441-447.
Elashoff, J. D., Reedy, T. J., & Mayer, J. H.(1982). Analysis of gastric emptying data. Gastroenterology, 83(6), 1306-1312.
FDA. (2000, Jan 24). FDA updates warnings for cisapride. Retrieved July 1, 2005, from http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/ ANS00999. html.
FDA. (2004, June 7).FDA warns against women using unapproved drug, dmperidone, to increase milk production. Retrieved July 1, 2005, from http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2004/ ANS01292. html.
Froster, P., Edwards, N., & Bihari, D. (1997). Gastric emptying in the critically ill-the way forward? Intensive Care Medicine, 23(3), 243-245.
Furgala, A., Thor, P. J., Kolasinska-Kloch, W., Krygowska- Wajs, A., Kopp, B., & Laskiewicz, J. (2001). The effect of transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TENS) on gastric electrical activity. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 52(4), 603-610.
Hasler, W. L. (2003). Physiology of gastric motility and gastric emptying. In T. Yamada(Ed.), Gastroenterology(4th ed., pp.195-219). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Heyland, D. K., Tougas, G., Cook, D. J., & Guyatt, G. H. (1996) . Cisapride improves gastric emptying in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients. A randomized, double-blind trial. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, 154(6), 1678-1683.
Jolliet, P., Pichard, C., Biolo, G., Chiolero, R., Grimble, G., Leverve, X., Nitenberg, G., Novak, I., Planas, M., Preiser, J. C., Roth, E., Schols, A. M., & Wernerman, J.(1999). Enteral nutrition in intensive care patients: a practical approach. Nutrition, 18(1), 47-56.
Knaus, W. A., Draper, E. A., Wagner, D. P., & Zimmerman, J. E. (1985). APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Critical Care Medicine, 13(10), 818-829.
Koskenpapo, J., Kairemo, K., Korppi- Tommola, T., & Farkkila, M. (1998). Role of gastric emptying in functional dyspepsia. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 43(6), 1154-1158.
Li, Y., Tougas, G., Chiverton, S. G., & Hunt, R. H. (1992). The effect of acupuncture on gastrointestinal function and disorders. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 87(10), 1372-1381.
Lin, H. C. & Van Citters, G. W. (1997). Stopping enteral feeding for arbitrary gastric residual volume may not be physiologically sound: results of a computer simulation model. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition, 21 (2), 286-289.
Montejo, J. C. (1999). Enteral nutrition-related gastrointestinal complications in critically ill patients: A multicenter study. Critical Care Medicine, 27(8), 1447-1453.
McClave, S. A., Demeo, M. T., & Delegee, M. H. (2002). North American summit on aspiration in critically ill patients: consensus statement. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition, 26 (3), 580-585.
Madsen, J. L. & Graff, J. (2004). Effects of ageing on gastrointestinal motor function. Age and Ageing, 33(1), 154-159.
Mutlu, G. M., Mutlu, E. A., & Factor, P. (2001). GI complications in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Chest, 119(4), 1222-1242.
Maganti, K., Onyemere, K., & Jones, M. P. (2003). Oral erythromycin and symptomatic relief of gastroparesis: A systematic review. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 98(2), 259-263.
MacLaren, R., Patrick, W. D., Hall, R. I., Rocker, G. M., Whelan, G. J., & Lima, J. J. (2001). Comparison of cisapride and metoclopramide for facilitating gastric emptying and improving tolerance to intragastric enteral nutrition in critically ill, mechanically ventilated adults. Clinical Therapeutics, 23(11), 1855-1866.
McClave, S. A., Smider, L. H., & Lowen, C. (1992). Use a residual volume as a marker for enteral feeding intolerance: Prospective blinded comparison with physical examination and radiological finding. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition, 16 (1), 99-105.
Patterson, D., Abell, T., Rothstein, R., Koch, K., & Barnett, J. (1999). A double- blind multicenter comparison of domperidone and metoclopramide in the treatment of diabetic patients with symptoms of gastroparesis. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 94(5), 1230-1234.
Parkman, H. P. & Fisher, R. S. (2003). Disorder of gastric emptying. In T. Yamada(Ed.), Gastroenterology(4th ed., pp.1292- 1320). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Rees, W. D. & Brown, C. M. (1995). Physiology of stomach and duodenum. In W. S. Haubrich, F. Schaffner, & J. E. Berk ( Eds.), Bockus Gastroenterology(5th ed., pp.582-614). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
Ritz, M. A., Fraser, R., Tam, W., & Dent, J. (2000). Impacts and patterns of disturbed gastrointestinal function in critically ill patients. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 95(11), 3044-3052.
Sung, J. J. Y. (2005). Acupuncture for gastrointestinal disorders: Myth or magic. Gut, 27(9), 617-619.
Sadik, R., Abrahamsson, H., & Stotzer, P. O. (2004). Gender differences in gut transit shown with a newly developed radiological procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 39(1), 36-42.
Spapen, H. D., Duinislaeger, L., & Diltoer, M. (1995). Gastric emptying in the critically ill patients is accelerated by adding cisapride to a standard enteral feeding protocol: Results of a prospective,randomized,controlled trail. Critical care medicine, 23(1), 481-485.
Shiotani, A., Tatewaki, M., Hoshino, E., & Takahashi, T. (2004). Effects of electroacupuncture on gastric myoelectrical- activity in healthy humans. Neurogastroenterology and Motility, 16(3), 293–298.
Tziomalos, K., Charsoulis, F.(2004). Endocrine effects of tobacco smoking. Clinical Endocrinology, 61(6), 664-674.
Taylor, S. J., Fettes, S. B., Jewkes, C., & Nelson, R. J. (1999). Prospective, randomized, controlled trial to determine the effect of early enhanced enteral nutrition on critical outcome in mechanically ventilated patients suffering head injury. Critical Care Medicine, 27(11), 2525- 2531.
Tamion, F., Hamelin, K., Duflo, A., Girault, C., Richard, J. C., & Bonmarchand, G. (2003). Gastric emptying in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: Effect of neuromuscular blocking agent. Intensive care medicine, 29(10), 1717-1722.
Tougas,G., Li, Y., Radamaker, J.W., Chiverton, S. G., & Hunt, R. H. (1992). Effect of acupuncture on gastric acid secretion in healthy male volunteers. Digestive Disease and Sciences, 37(10), 1576-1582.
Tarling, M. M., Toner, C. C., Withington, P. S., Baxter, M. K., Whelpton, R. D., & Goldhill, R. (1997). A model of gastric emptying using paracetamol absorption in intensive care patients. Intensive Care Medicine, 23(3), 256-260.
Williams, T. A. & Leslie, G. D. (2004). A review of the nursing care of enteral feeding tubes in critical ill adults: Part І. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 20(6), 330-343.
Williams, T. A. & Leslie, G. D. (2005). A review of the nursing care of enteral feeding tubes in critical ill adults: Part Ⅱ. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 21(1), 5-15.
Wollaston, D. E., Xu, X., Tokumaru, O., Chen, J. D., & McNearney, T. A. (2005). Patients with systemic sclerosis have unique and persistent alterations in gastric myoelectrical activity with acupressure to Neiguan point PC6. The Journal of Rheumatology, 32(3), 494-501.
中文部分
王淑貞(2003)‧內關穴刺激對噁心及嘔吐之治療效果:系統性文獻查證‧安寧療護雜誌,8(1),36-44。王雅瑜、張扶陽(1997)‧胃排空速率檢查法‧內科學誌,8(3),109-115。印會河、張伯訥(1997)‧中醫基礎理論‧台北:知音。
何權峰(1996)‧穴道保健新紀元─傳統穴療的科學詮釋與實用‧台北:宏欣。
吳樺珊、林麗嬋(2003)‧穴位指壓按摩於慢性呼吸困難患者之應用‧護理雜誌,50(1),75-79。
林孟志、蔡玉琴(2004)‧如何安全的使用機械通氣─談呼吸器對各器官的影響‧台灣重症醫學雜誌,6(2),167-175。
馬素華(1998)‧穴位點壓法簡介‧長庚護理,9(3),85-90。馬素華(2005)‧穴位按壓法於護理臨床實務之應用‧護理雜誌,52(4),5-10。馬天傳、劉克英、劉秀梅(1996)‧針刺治療胃輕癱綜合症38例‧中國針灸,16(4),25-26。
陳彥廷、張扶陽(2005)‧胃之蠕動生理功能‧臨床醫學,55(6),444-448。陳麗麗、王純娟、蔡秀珠(1998)‧穴位按摩法對剖腹產後促進常蠕動療效之初探‧護理研究,6(6),526-534。黃維三編著(1995)‧針灸科學‧台北:中正。
董秀閣(1996)‧臨床治療中療時問題之管見‧按摩與引導,6,4-7。
張永賢(2003)‧高低頻率電針手足三里穴對人體胃電圖和胃腸道激素之影響‧行政院衛生署中醫藥年報,19(1),239-265。張永賢、李育臣、洪毓珮(2004)‧世界衛生組織(WHO)發表針灸臨床對照試驗研究的評論‧中華針灸醫學會雜誌,7,125。
趙崎、賈娟(1997)‧新斯狄明穴位注射治療術後胃無力症21例‧上海針灸雜誌,16(3),13-14。
關建敏(2005)‧針灸對腹部手術後胃癱的臨床觀察‧上海針灸雜誌,24(6),19-20。
Marcy, T. W.(2005)‧脫離呼吸器‧於彭楷瑜編譯,重症醫學秘笈(初版,pp.44-48)‧台北:合記。