臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究旨在探討企業主體欲擴展其營運至全球多個城市，並且成為一個知名的多國企業。為達成上述基礎目標，假設該多國企業決定進行兩階段投資規劃，首先，第一階段計畫以獨資之市場進入策略投資多個國際城市，而後於第二階段採取授權策略，迅速擴張營運規模。為了厚植第二階段之擴展優勢，此多國企業期望在第一階段投資之計劃時間幅度內，各計劃投資區域，皆能達成其目標(稅後)盈餘。
企業若欲以獨資之市場進入策略成功的投資多個國際城市，則資源分配與移轉策略的選擇為其中相當重要的議題。「專案推移理論」是一個新的多重專案資源分配理論，其建議四種資源分配與移轉策略，包括集中化序列推進策略(CSAS)、分散化同步推移策略 （DSAS），與型Ⅰ與型Ⅱ混合推移策略（Type I MAS & Type II MAS）等。本研究略為修訂其用詞以符合情境。
由於專案推進策略的評選是一個相當複雜的研究議題。本研究期初聚焦於建構採取集中化序列推進策略（CSAS）下之資本預算投資排程與分配的最佳化模型，並以軍民通用產品為例。為了求解上述模型，本研究發展一植基於二次式0-1混合整數規劃的求解演算法。

This study focuses on an enterprise that wants to expand its business to multi-city in global and to be a well-known multinational enterprise (MNE). Suppose the enterprise utilizes a two-phase investment program to achieve the purpose. In phase one the enterprise plans to invest in multi-city based on wholly owned market entry strategy, as well as a licensing strategy is adopted in phase two. In order to cumulate potential expanding advantages in phase two, the enterprise hopes that each subsidiary gleans a target return within scheduled time of phase one.
To invest multiple international cities successfully with the mode of wholly-owned, the choice of resource allocation and/or transfer strategy is one of key issues to enterprises. Project Advancement (PA) is a new theory for multi-project resource allocation. PA suggests four types of resource allocation and/or transfer strategies, including centralized sequential advancement strategy (CSAS), decentralized synchronized advancement strategy (DSAS) and type I and type II mixed advancement strategies (Type I , Type II MAS). This study revised the wording for the sake of meeting the scenario.
Owing to the choice of appropriate project advancement strategy is a research issue with high complexity; this study initially focuses on constructing an optimization model with respect to allocating and scheduling capital budget invested under CSAS, which uses the products, with the dual-use of military and civilian, as an example. In order to solve the above-mentioned models, this study develops a solving algorithm based on quadratic and binary mixed-integer programming.

目錄
摘要 I
ABSTRACT II
誌謝 III
目錄 IV
表目錄 VII
圖目錄 VIII
第一章 緒論 1
1.1. 研究背景 1
1.2. 研究動機 3
1.3. 文獻探討 3
1.3.1. 多國籍企業 4
1.3.2. 投資國家與區域環境 4
1.3.3. 產品策略 5
1.3.4. 市場進入策略 6
1.4. 研究目的 8
1.5. 論文架構與內容簡述 9
第二章 理論背景 11
2.1. 資源轉移控制法則 11
2.2. 價值期限 11
2.3. 市場推進策略 12
2.3.1. 集中化序列推進策略 13
2.3.2. 分散化同步推進策略 13
2.3.3. 型Ⅰ與型Ⅱ混合推進策略 14
第三章 投資排程運用 16
3.1. 問題描述 16
3.2. 研究範疇 19
第四章 投資排程模型 23
4.1. 模型相關名詞界定 23
4.1.1. 基礎目標 23
4.1.2. 專案目標 23
4.1.3. 價值目標 23
4.1.4. 專案目標達成度 23
4.1.5. MA模型 24
4.1.6. MVL模型 24
4.1.7. MM模型 24
4.1.8. 易解相依性問題 24
4.2. CSAS-MA模型 25
4.2.1. 假設條件 25
4.2.2. 符號定義與說明 26
4.2.3. 模式建構與說明 27
4.2.4. 數值範例 29
4.3. CSAS-MVL模型 33
4.3.1. 假設條件 33
4.3.2. 符號定義與說明 33
4.3.3. 模式建構與說明 34
4.3.4. 數值範例 36
4.4. CSAS-MM模型 41
4.4.1. 假設條件 41
4.4.2. 符號定義與說明 41
4.4.3. 模式建構與說明 42
4.4.4. 數值範例 44
第五章 討論 48
5.1. 推進策略之模型與求解 48
5.2. 軍民通用產品之應用與展望 52
5.2.1. 國防自主軍備政策 52
5.2.2. 國防產業發展現況 54
5.2.3. 國防產業發展思維 56
5.3. 管理意涵 58
第六章 結論與未來研究方向 61
6.1. 研究結果與貢獻 61
6.2. 未來研究方向 62
參考文獻 64
附錄 68
附錄1　MA模型運用LINGO軟體求解程式 68
附錄2　MVL模型運用LINGO軟體求解程式 70
附錄3　MM模型運用LINGO軟體求解程式 73
表目錄
表1-1　1990-2005年政府核准對外投資 2
表4-1　MA模型給定參數 30
表4-2　MA模型求解結果 31
表4-3　MVL模型給定參數 37
表4-4　MVL模型求解結果 39
表4-5　MM模型給定參數 45
表4-6　MM模型求解結果 46
表5-1　投資排程適用範圍列舉 49

圖目錄
圖1-1　1990-2005年政府核准對外投資 2
圖1-1　研究流程圖 10
圖2-1　CSAS示意圖 13
圖2-2　DSAS示意圖 14
圖2-3　TYPE Ⅰ MAS示意圖 14
圖2-4　TYPE Ⅱ MAS示意圖 15
圖3-1　價值期限示意圖 18
圖3-2　資本投入量及移轉與目標達成時間示意圖 18
圖3-3　投資區域資本移轉示意圖 19
圖3-4　研究範疇與模式建構流程圖 22
圖4-1　MA模型最佳化投資排程結果示意圖 30
圖4-2　MA模型最佳化投資資本移轉與排程結果示意圖 32
圖4-3　MVL模型最佳化投資排程結果示意圖 37
圖4-4　MVL模型最佳化投資資本移轉與排程結果示意圖 40
圖4-5　MM模型最佳化投資排程結果示意圖 45
圖4-6　MM模型最佳化投資資本移轉與排程結果示意圖 47
圖5-1　資源分配與推進策略模型選擇示意圖 49

參考文獻
[1]Vernon, R. (1971), Sovereignty at Bay: The multinational spread of U.S. enterprises, New York: Basic Books.
[2]Robinson, R. D. (1984), Internationalization of business: An introduction, Chicago: The Dryden Press.
[3]Asheghian, P. and B. Ebrahimi (1990), International Business, NY: Harper & Row.
[4]Bartlett, C.A. and S. Ghoshal (2000), Transnational Management: text, cases, and readings in cross-border Management, Mc Graw-Hill.
[5]Culem, C. G. (1992), “The Locational Determinants of Direct Investment Among Industrialised Countries,” European Economic Review, Vol. 32, No. 4, 885-904.
[6]Devereux, M. and R. Griffith (1998), “Taxes and The Location Production: Evidence from A Panel of US Multinationals,” Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 68, No. 3, 335-367.
[7]Sashi, C. M. and L. W. Sterm (1995), “Product Differentiation and Market Performance in Producer Goods Industries,” Journal of Business Research, Vol. 32, No. 2, 115-127.
[8]Wheeler, D. and A. Mody (1992), “International Investment Locations: The Case of U.S. Firm,” Journal of International Economics, Vol. 33, No. 1, 57-76.
[9]Arthur, B. (1986), “Industry Location Patterns and The Importance of History,” Stanford University, Center for Economic Policy Research, p.84.
[10]Dunning, J. H. (1980), “Toward An Eclectic Theory of International Production: Some Empirical Tests,” Journal of International Business Studies,Vol. 11, No. 1, pp.9-31.
[11]Dunning, J. H. (1988), Explaining International Production, London: Allen & Unwin.
[12]Mudambi, R. (1995), “The MNE Investment Location Decision: Some Empirical Evidence,” Managerial and Decision Economics, Vol. 16, No. 3, 249-257.
[13]Haug, P. (1985), “A Multiple-period, Mixed-integer Programming Model for Multinational Facility Location,” Journal of Management, Vol. 11, No. 3, 83-96.
[14]Hodder, J. E. and M. C. Dincer (1986), “A Multifactor Model for International Plant Location and Financing Under Uncertainty,” Computers and Operations Research, Vol. 13, No. 5, 601-609.
[15]Palepu, K. (1985), “Diversification Strategy, Profit Performance, and The Entropy Measure of Diversification,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 6, No. 3, 239-255.
[16]Hitt, M. A. and R. D. Ireland (1987), “Building Competitive Strength in International Markets,” Long Range Planning, Vol. 20, No. 1, 115-122.
[17]Sharma, A. (1998), “Mode of Entry and Ex-port Performance,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 19, No. 9, 879-900.
[18]Mudambi, R. and S. M. Mudambi (2002), “Diversification and Market Entry Choices in The Context of Foreign Direct Investment,” International Business Review, Vol. 11, No. 1, 35-55.
[19]Feng, Y., B. Xiao (2006), “Integration of Pricing and Capacity Allocation for Perishable Products, ” European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 168, pp.17-34.
[20]Kogut, B. and H. Singh (1988), “The Effect of National Culture on the Choice of Entry Mode,” Journal of International Business Studies, Fall, 411-432.
[21]Hill, C. W. L., Hwang, P., and W. C. Kim (1990), “An Eclectic Theory of the Choice of International Entry Mode,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 11, No. 2, 117-128.
[22]Anderson, E. and H. Gatignon (1986), “Mode of Foreign Entry: A Transaction Cost Analysis and Proposition,” Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 17, Fall, 1-26.
[23]Hennart, J. F. (1991), “The Transaction Cost Theory of Joint Ventures: An Empirical Study of Japanese Subsidiaries in The Unite States,” Management Science, Vol. 37, No. 4, 483-497.
[24]Chen, H. and M. Y. Hu (2002), “An Analysis of Determinant of Entry Mode and Its Impact on Performance,” International Business Review, Vol. 11, 193-210.
[25]Hill, C. W. L. and W. C. Kim (1988), “Searching for A Dynamic Theory of The Multinational Enterprise: A Transaction Cost Model,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 9, Special Issue, 93-104.
[26]Bardhan, P. K. (1982), “Important, Domestic, and Transnational Vertical Integration: A Theoretical Note,” Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 90, No. 4, 1020-1034.
[27]Grosse, R. E. (1985), “An Imperfect Competition Theory of The MNE,” Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1, 37-56.
[28]Tang, M. J. and C. J. Yu (1990), “Foreign Market Entry: Production-Related Strategies,” Management Science, Vol. 36, No. 4, 476-489.
[29]Teng, J. T., Chern, M. S. and K. H. Kim (2001), “Entry Strategies for Multinational Enterprises and Host Countries,” European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 133, pp.62-68.
[30]Chang, C. C., (2003), The Centralized Sequential Investment Problem with Regional Characteristics Effect by Using Genetic Algorithms, Journal of Operations Research Society of Japan, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 467-486.
[31]Chang, C. C. and S. C. Wu (2003), “The Optimization of a Wholly-owned-based Sequential Investment Problem Under Nonlinear Effect on Regional Characteristics,” European Journal of Operational Research (Submitted).
[32]Chang, C. C., (2003), An Estimation Method of Parameters Based on Weibull Distribution Centralized Sequential Investment Problem, Journal of Chinese Institute of Industrial Engineers, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 504-515.
[33]Chang, C. C. and Chu, Y. F., (2003), A TQM Case of Centralized Sequential Decision-making Problem, The Asian Journal of Quality, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 131-147.
[34]吳森琪（2003），「非線性區位特徵影響下序列投資策略之最佳化模式(Ⅰ)」，國科會研究計劃編號：NSC-91-2213-E-159-023之計畫成果，91年度國科會工業工程與管理專門專題研究計畫成果研討會，高雄市。
[35]吳森琪、張正昌與羅吉吾（2003），「非線性區位特徵影響下序列投資策略之最佳化模式」，九十二年工業工程年會暨研討會論文集(光碟片)，中華民國工業工程學會，彰化，CIIE-2003-162。
[36]郭昆崇（2002），「集中化序列投資最佳模式之研究—以軍民通用科技為例」，國防管理學院國防決策科學研究所碩士論文。
[37]張正昌與胡安芝（2004），「專案推移理論內涵暨其合約議價之應用研究－以品質管理委外專案為例」，品質學報，第11卷，第2期。
[38]Chang, C .C. (2005), “Theory of Project Advancement And Its Applications: A Case on Multi-Air-Routes Planning Problem,” The 3rd ANQ Congress And The 19th Asia Quality Symposium, pp.268-278.
[39]Chang, C. C. (2005), “Theory of Project Advancement And Applications: A Case on Manpower Allocation of Polarizer Process Improvement,” Submitted to Journal of Optimization Theory And Applications.
[40]Chang, C. C., Ren-shen Chen and Joseph I. Shyn (2006), “Project Advancement and Its Applications to A Case on Multi-Air-Route Quality Budget Allocation,” Journal of the Operation Research Society.(Accepted)(SSCI)
[41]詹秋貴（2002），「我國武獲政策對武器系統研發能力發展的衝擊探討系統發展的政策探討」，第八屆國防管理學術及實務研討會論文集，國防管理學院，台北。
[42]徐作聖與陳仁帥（2004），「我國武器系統自力研發策略之探討」，國家政策季刊，第3卷，第3期。
[43]陳世榮（2005），「探究國防科技研發管理平台的定位」，立法院聞月刊，第33卷，第10期。
[44]潘東豫（2000），「使用科技評估分析機制建立國防科技工業整體發展策略之研究」，結合民間力量發展國防科技工業實務研討會論文集，財團法人國防工業發展基金會，台北。
[45]陳世榮（2005），「法國國防科技前瞻評估」，國防雜誌，第20卷第3期。
[46]劉常勇（1998），「研究機發展衍生公司對產業創新之影響──以台灣半導體產業為研究對象」，第七屆產業管理研討會，政治大學，台北。
[47]國防部（2004），中華民國九十三年國防報告書，台北：中華民國國防部。
[48]葉肇華（2005），「軍備局編成主計工作回顧與展望」，主計期刊，第308期。
[49]吳怡德與林忠群（2001），「聯勤工業之產業競爭力分析研究」，遠東學報，第19期。
[50]吳怡德與林忠群（2005），「國防科技工業機構委外經營之模式與個案探討」，遠東學報，第22卷，第1期。
[51]張峰源（2004），「由我國產業發展之變化論產業科技發展之趨勢：專訪經濟部技術處處長黃重球」，技術尖兵雜誌，第105期。