臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

由於英語已成為國際共通的語言，許多非英語系國家的人們極力的尋找有效率的學習模式或輔助工具來加強自我的英語能力，進而提昇自我的競爭力。幸運地，隨著無線網路技術越來越成熟，利用PDA、平板電腦或手機來當作學習輔具的行動學習已被視為是一種新穎且有效率的學習模式，因為行動學習繼承了所有e-learning的優點，更且打破了傳統e-learning系統的時間和空間的限制。目前已有許多行動裝置應用在戶外教學情境已被提出。為了提供一個有效率且彈性的英語學習環境，本研究發揮行動學習的優勢發展出一套個人化智慧型行動學習系統（Personalized Intelligent M-learning System，PIMS）來支援有效的英語閱讀學習，PIMS依據模糊試題反應理論（Fuzzy Item Response Theory, FIRT）所評估出學習者的英語閱讀能力值，進而推薦適合學習者閱讀難易度的英語新聞。除此之外，PIMS還可以由學習者已閱讀的英語新聞中自動地發覺學習者不熟悉或未學習過的單字，藉此加強個人的英語單字能力。本研究PIMS系統已利用.NET技術在PDA上開發完成，主要功能包含遠端教材庫伺服器端的英語新聞教材庫之典藏系統、英語新聞教材難易度評估及PDA端的個人化新聞教材推薦及個人化英語字彙推薦機制。最後，本研究透過實驗分析與探討，研究者得到以下結論：1.英語新聞教材典藏確實可以輔助教師建製英語閱讀教材。2.學習者確實可以透過PIMS系統在任何時間、任何地點進行英語新聞閱讀活動，並有效地提升學習者的英語閱讀能力。3.學習者透過PIMS系統可以提升個人英語學習意願與次數。

Since English has been an international language, many non-English speaking countries have paid attention to enhancing the English abilities of people in order to promote the overall competition ability by modern assisted learning forms or tools. Fortunately, with the rapid growth of wireless and mobile technologies, the mobile learning by mobile devices such as PDA, tablet PC, and cell phone has been gradually considered as a novel and effective learning form because it inherits all the advantages of e-learning as well as breaks the limitations of learning time and space occurring in the e-learning systems. Currently, many mobile learning scenarios have been proposed and applied in outside classroom learning to aid or replace the traditional classroom learning. To provide an effective and flexible learning environment for English learning, this study adopts the advantages of the mobile learning to present a personalized intelligent m-learning system (PIMS) which can appropriately recommend English news articles to learners based on the learners’ reading abilities evaluated by the proposed fuzzy item response theory (FIRT) for non-native English speakers. In addition, to promote the reading abilities of English news, the new or unfamiliar vocabularies of individual learner can also be automatically discovered and retrieved from the reading English news articles by the PIMS system according to the English vocabulary ability of individual learner for enhancing vocabulary learning. Finally, the PIMS has been successfully implemented on the personal digital assister (PDA) using Microsoft .Net techniques to provide personalized mobile learning for promoting the reading ability of English news.

目 次
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 研究目的 2
1.3 研究範圍與限制 2
第二章 文獻探討 4
2.1 行動學習 ( M-learning ) 4
2.1.1 行動學習的意義 4
2.1.2 行動學習的特色 4
2.1.3 行動學習的相關研究 8
2.2 英語學習 9
2.2.1 英語閱讀的重要性及意義 9
2.2.2 閱讀理解 10
2.2.3 英語文章可讀性 11
第三章 系統設計與實作 14
3.1 系統開發環境及開發工具 14
3.1.1 硬體環境 14
3.1.2 軟體環境 15
3.2 系統架構 15
3.2.1 遠端伺服器 16
3.2.2 行動個人化教材推薦學習系統 17
3.2.3 行動學習流程 18
3.2.4 資料同步 21
3.3 英語新聞教材庫之典藏 22
3.4 教材難易度之評估 24
3.4.1 Flesch Reading Ease Formula 25
3.4.2 字彙模糊參數 25
3.4.3 教材難易度評估流程 29
3.5 個人化教材推薦 33
3.6 個人化英語字彙推薦 34
第四章 實驗結果 35
4.1 實驗環境 35
4.1.1 系統需求 35
4.1.2 英語新聞典藏及課程相關資訊 36
4.2 實驗設計與進行 40
4.2.1 實驗對象 40
4.2.2 實驗設計與進行 40
4.3 實驗分析 43
4.3.1 前後測成績之學習成效分析 43
4.3.2 學習歷程檔案之學習成效分析 45
4.3.3 問卷調查及分析 48
第五章 結論與未來展望 53
5.1 結論 53
5.2 討論 54
5.3 建議與未來展望 55
參考文獻 57
個人簡歷 64

參考文獻
[1]B. Lin and C. Hsieh, “Web-based teaching and learner control: a research review,” Computers & Education, vol. 37, pp. 377-386, 2001.
[2]C. Y. Chang, J. P. Sheu, and T. K. Chen, “Concept and design of ad hoc and mobile classrooms,” Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 336-346, 2003.
[3]S. C. Jorge, M. F. Henar, G. S. Adrian, A. Nikolaos, D. Yannis, F. Georgios, and D. L. Katerina, “Mystery in the museum: collaborative learning activities using handheld devices,” The 7th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices & Services MobileHCI '05, pp. 315-318, 2005.
[4]Y. L. Ting, “Mobile learning: current trend and future challenges,” The Fifth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT’05), pp. 603-607, 5-8 July, 2005.
[5]A. Holzinger, A. Nischelwitzer, M. Meisenberger, “Mobile phones as a challenge for m-learning: examples for mobile interactive learning objects (MILOs),” The 3rd Int’l Conf. on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops, pp. 307-311, 2005.
[6]C. Y. Chang, Y. S. Chen, T. C. Kao, W. Y. Hwang, L. D. Chou, Y. W. Chen, J. P. Sheu, T. W. Chan, “Some studies and lessons learned from mobile outside classroom learning,” Journal of Computer Assisted Learning (special issue on Wireless and Mobile Technologies in Education).
[7]Y. K. Wang, “Context awareness and adaptation in mobile learning,” The 2nd IEEE International Workshop on Wireless and Mobile Technologies in Education, pp. 154-158, 2004.
[8]T. H. Tan and T. Y. Liu, “The Mobile-Based Interactive Learning Environment (MOBILE) and A Case Study for Assisting Elementary School English Learning,” The IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT’04), pp. 530-534, 2004.
[9]H. Tummala and J. Jones, “Developing spatially-aware content management systems for dynamic, location-specific information in mobile environments,” The 3rd ACM International Workshop on Wireless Mobile Applications and Services on WLAN Hotspots, pp. 14-22, 2005.
[10]M. Wilkerson, W. G. Griswold, and B. Simon, “Ubiquitous presenter: increasing student access and control in a digital lecturing environment,” The 36th SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, pp. 116-120, 2005.
[11]Y. S. Chen, T. C. Kao, and J. P. Sheu, “A Mobile Learning System for Scaffolding Bird Watching Learning,” Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 347-359, 2003.
[12]Central Personnel Administration, web available from http://www.cpa.gov.tw/cpa2004/cpanews/PSNW6865P.html
[13]T. G. Collins, “English class on the air: mobile language learning with cell phones,” The Fifth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT’05), pp. 402-403, 5-8 July, 2005.
[14]Y. E. Shih, “Language in action: applying mobile classroom in foreign language learning,” The Fifth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT’05), pp. 548-549, 5-8 July, 2005.
[15]Improving Your Reading Ability, web available from http://www.f.waseda.jp/buda/texts/reading.html
[16]FTV English News Edition, web available from http://englishnews.ftv.com.tw/index.asp
[17]CTV English News Edition, web available from http://www.cts.com.tw/news/insidetaiwan/
[18]Mebook, web available from http://www.mebook.com.tw/
[19]T. Chabra and J. Figueiredo, “How To Design and Deploy Handheld Learning,” web available from http://www.empoweringtechnologies.net/eLearning/eLearning_expov5_files/frame.htm
[20]C. Quinn, “mLearning：Mobile, Wireless, In-Your-Pocket Learning,” web available from http://www.linezine.com/2.1/features/cqmmwiyp.htm, 2000.
[21]P. Harris, “Goin’ Mobile,” web available from http://www.learningcircuits.org/2001/jul2001/harris.html, 2001.
[22]Bekkestua, “Mobile Education - A Glance at the Future,” web available from http://www.dye.no/articles/a_glance_at_the_future/introduction.html, 2003.
[23]F. Lehner and H. Nosekabel, “The Role Of Mobile Devices In E-Learning-First Experiences With A Wireless E-Learning Environment,” In Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Mobile and Wireless Technologies in Education, Sweden, 29-30 Aug. 2002, pp. 103-106.
[24]D. Curtis, “Handhelds Go to School,” Edutopia: Success Stories for Learning in the Digital Age, web available from http://www.edutopia.org/php/article.php?id=Art_955, 2002.
[25]National Science and Technology Program for e-Learning, web available from http://elnpweb.ncu.edu.tw/index.htm
[26]Y. S. Chen, T. C. Kao, G. J. Yu, and J. P. Sheu, “A Mobile Butterfly-Watching Learning System for Supporting the Independent Learning,” The 2nd IEEE International Workshop on Workshop on Wireless and Mobile Technologies in Education, Taiwan, pp. 11-18, March 2004.
[27]E. Soloway, W. Grant, R. Tinker, J. Roschelle, M. Mills, M. Resnick, R. Berg, and M. Eisenberg, “Science in the Palms of Their Hand,” Communication of the ACM, vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 21-26, 1999.
[28]Webster’s Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.; G. & C. Merriam Co., 1971.
[29]D. C. Mitchell, The Process of Reading: A cognitive analysis of fluent reading and learning to read, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982.
[30]D. Rumelhart, Toward an interactive model of reading, In S. Dornic (Ed.), Attention and performance. VI. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1977.
[31]Z. Lin, “Discovering EFL learners’ perception of prior knowledge and its role in reading comprehension,” Journal of Research in Reading, vol. 25(2), pp. 172-190, 2002.
[32]T. M. Segler, H. Pain and A. Sorace, “Second language vocabulary acquisition and learning strategies in ICALL environment,” Computer Assisted Language Learning, vol. 15(4), pp. 409-422, 2002.
[33]C. R. Cooper and A. R. Petrosky, “A psycholinguistic view of the fluent reading process,” Journal of Reading, vol. 20, pp. 184-207, 1976.
[34]F. Smith, Psycholinguistics and reading, NY: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1976.
[35]A. J. Harris and E. R. Sipay, How to increase reading ability: A guide to developmental and remedial methods New York: Longman, 1985.
[36]I. L. Beck, C. A. Perfetti, and M. G. McKeown, “Effects of long-term vocabulary instruction on lexical access and reading comprehension,” Journal of Educational Psychology, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 506-521, 1982.
[37]P. G. Mathes, J. K. Torgesen, M. J. Clancy, K. Santi, K. Nicholas, C. Robinson, and M. Grek, “A comparison of teacher-directed versus peer-assisted instruction to struggling first-grade readers,” The Elementary School Journal, vol. 103, no. 5, pp. 459-479, 2003.
[38]J. C. Alderson, Assessing reading, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
[39]I. Beck, “Reading problems and instructional practice,” Reading Research Quarterly, vol. 2, pp. 53-95, 1981.
[40]K. E. Stanovich, Cognitive processes and the reading problems of learning disabled children: Evaluating the assumptions of specificity, In J. Torgerson & B. Wong (Eds.), Psychological and educational perspectives on learning disability, New York: Academic Press, 1986.
[41]B. R. Foorman,. “Research on ‘The Great Debate’: Code-oriented versus whole language approaches to reading instruction,” School Psychology Review, vol. 24, pp. 376-392, 1995.
[42]C. A. Perfetti, Reading ability, New York: Oxford University, 1985.
[43]R. Garner, Metacognition and reading comprehension, Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1987.
[44]S. G. Paris, M. Y. Lipson, and K. K. Wixson, Becoming a strategic reader. In R. B. Ruddell, M. R. Ruddell, and H. Singer (Eds.), Theoretical models and processes of reading, pp. 788-811, Newark, Delaware: International Reading Association, 1994.
[45]L. Baker and A. L. Brown, Metacognitive skills in reading, In P. D. Pearson (Ed.), A handbook of reading research, pp. 353-394, New York: Longman, 1984.
[46]A. A. Just and P. A. Carpenter, “A capacity theory of comprehension: Individual differences in working memory,” Psychological Review, vol. 99, pp. 122-149, 1992.
[47]M. H. Singer and J. Crouse, “The relationship of context-use skills to reading: A case for an alternative experimental logic,” Child Development, vol. 52, pp. 573-582, 1981.
[48]D. A. Saarnio, E. R. Oka, and S. G. Paris, “Developmental predictors of children’s reading comprehension,” In I. H. Carr, & B. A. Levy (Eds.), Reading and its development: component skills approaches, pp. 57-79, California: Academic Press, 1998.
[49]E. Kozminsky and L. Kozminsky, “How do general knowledge and reading strategies ability relate to reading comprehension of high school students at different educational levels?,” Journal of Research in Reading, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 187-204, 2001.
[50]P. L. Carrell, “Content and formal schemata in ESL reading,” TESOL Quarterly, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 461-481, 1987.
[51]C. P. Hicks and S. K. Villaume, “Finding our own way: Critical reflections on the literacy development of two reading recovery children,” The Reading Teacher, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 398-412, 2001.
[52]R. C. Anderson, P. T. Wislon, and L. G. Fieding, “Growth in reading and how children spend their time outside of school,” Reading Research Quarterly, vol. 23, pp. 285-303, 1988.
[53]B. C. Camiciottoli, “Extensive reading in English: habits and attitudes of a group of Italian university EFL students,” Journal of Research in Reading, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 135-153, 2001.
[54]R. Flesch, “A New Readability Yardstick,” Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 221-233, 1948.
[55]J. P. Kincaid, R. P. Fishburne, R. L. Rogers, and B. S. Chissom, “Derivation of New Readability Formulas (Automated Readability Index, Fog Count and Flesch Reading Ease Formula) for Navy Enlisted Personnel,” Research Branch Report 8-75. Millington, TN: Naval Technical Training, U. S. Naval Air Station Memphis, 1975.
[56]M. Coleman and T. L. Liau, “A computer readability formula designed for machine scoring,” Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 60, pp. 283-284, 1975.
[57]R. Gunning, The Technique of Clear Writing, McGraw-Hill, 1952.
[58]C. M. Chen, C. Y. Liu, and Y. Y. Chen, “Personalized web-based tutoring system based on fuzzy item response theory,” Proceedings of the 11th World Congress of International Fuzzy Systems Association, vol. 2, pp. 1107-1112, 2005.
[59]Personalized Vocabulary Learning System, web available from http://192.192.6.86/English/login.php
[60]General English Proficiency Test (GEPT), web available from http://www.gept.org.tw/indexie.asp
[61]Microsoft SQL Server Windows CE Edition 2.0 Books Online, web available from http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/sqlce/htm/_lce_technical_support.asp
[62]G. R. Klare, “The Measurement of Readability: Useful Information for Communicators,” ACM Journal of Computer Documentation, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 107-121, 2000.
[63]R. Xu and D. Wunsch II, “Survey of Clustering Algorithms,” IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 645-678, 2005.
[64]C. T. Lin and C. S. Lee, Neural Fuzzy Systems: A Neuro-Fuzzy Synergism to Intelligent Systems, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1996.
[65]朱耀明，自我學習在行動學習設計上的啟示。WISCS 2003 網路教學系統與內容標準化學術研討會論文集，頁136-141，民92年。
[66]陳年興，完整行動化學習環境之探討–行動學校、行動教室、行動講台與行動書桌。台灣網際網路研討會，2003。
[67]高台茜，未來教室學習 - 以無線網路應用為基礎的認知學徒制學習環境。台大教與學網站，九十一年十二月十日。
[68]謝盈聆，關聯式規則在學習診斷分析上的應用研究。國立花蓮教育大學學習科技研究所碩士論文，2005。