臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
棲蘭山檜木林物種多樣性之研究，分別於四個集水區設置七條樣帶，各樣帶沿海拔每隔100 m，有系統的設置50 m × 20 m 樣區，合計54 個樣區。調查上共紀錄463 個物種，其中以台灣扁柏最為優勢，經典型對應分析發現，樣帶之植群分布主要受海拔與地形的影響，經降趨對應分析及雙向指標種分析並依據鑑別種群將植物社會區分為8 型。至於物種多樣性的趨勢大致隨海拔增加各生活型物種多樣性呈現逐漸下降的趨勢。在植群結構上，木本植物隨海拔增加胸高斷面積也逐漸增大，物種豐富度隨海拔增加則呈現逐漸下降的趨勢；草本植物之物種豐富度則與木本植物呈現相反現象。在樣帶內因海拔與地形的不同，各生活型物種多樣性呈現不同趨勢。除120-130 集水區之西向坡樣帶外，其它集水區坡向樣帶均有隨海拔增加物種多樣性呈現下降的趨勢。樣帶內β 多樣性的變化受海拔與地形的影響，
當海拔與地形變化愈大β 多樣性變化愈急劇，其中以邊吉岩集水區之北向坡樣帶變化最明顯，鴛鴦湖集水區之東向坡樣帶變化則最不明顯。樣帶間β多樣性顯示，物種組成主要受環境異質性之變化影響。在γ 多樣性方面顯示，鴛鴦湖集水區物種數明顯低於其他集水區。
經由清查多樣性與分化多樣性之比較，鴛鴦湖集水區在清查多樣性大小與分化多樣性的變化都低於其他集水區，同時在台灣扁柏族群結構與林分結構亦與其他集水區略有不同，此種差異也反應在第二層林分結構欠缺台灣櫟林帶常見的優勢樟科與殼斗科物種。
關鍵字：棲蘭山檜木林、鴛鴦湖集水區、清查多樣性、分化多樣性、族群結構、林分結構

Abstract
This study focused on investigating the inventory diversity and
differentiation diversity of Cypress forest in Chilanshan. The 54 research stands(50 m × 20 m, 0.1 ha) were systematically set up with 100 m intervals along the altitudinal gradient in four watersheds. Several research stands in the same landscape slope were gathered as one transect, and therefore totally 7 transects were examined in this study. The results of this study indicated that 436 species recorded, and the Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana was the major and dominance species. According to the Canonical correspondence analysis, we found that the main factors controlled the vegetation distributions of 7 transects were the elevation and topographic positions. The Detrended correspondence analysis, and Two-way indicator species analysis. Based on the diagnostic species group were separated into eight vegetation types. Vegetation richness and diversity of all life forms decreased with the elevation increased. In the vegetation structure, the basal area of woody plant was increased with the elevation increased, and the species richness was decreased. However, the richness of herb was in contrast with the woody plant. The different types of α-diversity of all life forms in the same transect were showed, and which were affected by the elevation and the topographic positions. Except for the west-facing transect in 120-130 watershed, the transect trend of the α-diversity was reduced with elevation increased. The variation of the β-diversity was affected by the elevation and topographic in the same transect, that is, significant multiple turnovers of the β-diversity were found with the elevation increased. The most significant change was found in north-facing transect of Pienjiyan watershed, but the east-facing transect of Yuan-yang Lake watershed was least. The results of the β-diversity within transects indicated that the influence on the species composition was mainly due to the environmental heterogeneity. The result of the γ-diversity showed that the species richness in the Yuanyang Lake watershed were lower than other watersheds.
In the Yuanyang lake watershed value of inventory diversity and variate of differentiation diversity were lower than that of other watersheds and the population structure of Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana and the forest stand structure in Yuanyang lake watershed were also slightly different form other watersheds. In addition, the differences between Yuanyang lake watershed and other watersheds indicated that, the dominance species, Fagaceae and Lauraceae species, in Quercus zone in Taiwan were lack of the second layer forest stand structure.
Keyword: Chi-Lan Shan Cypress forest, Yuanyang Lake watershed, Inventory diversity, Differentiation diversity, Population structure, Forest Structure.

目次
摘要........................................................................................................................I
Abstract.................................................................................................................II
謝誌.....................................................................................................................IV
圖目次................................................................................................................VII
表目次.................................................................................................................IX
壹、前言............................................................................................................... 1
貳、前人研究....................................................................................................... 3
ㄧ、棲蘭山地區之植群研究概況................................................................... 3
二、生物多樣性的基本概念......................................................................... 11
三、物種多樣性指標之含意......................................................................... 14
四、國內外多樣性研究的發展..................................................................... 16
參、研究地區環境概述..................................................................................... 20
一、研究地區................................................................................................. 20
二、氣候.......................................................................................................... 20
三、地質與土壤............................................................................................. 20
肆、研究項目與研究方法................................................................................. 23
一、資料收集................................................................................................. 23
二、植群多樣性之取樣................................................................................. 23
三、環境因子觀測與評估............................................................................. 23
四、原始資料計算......................................................................................... 26
五、植群分析方法......................................................................................... 28
六、多樣性分析方法..................................................................................... 29
VI
伍、結果............................................................................................................. 35
一、物種組成................................................................................................. 35
二、優勢度...................................................................................................... 35
三、植群多樣性............................................................................................. 39
四、清查與分化多樣性................................................................................. 61
五、各集水區台灣扁柏之族群結構........................................................... 104
六、各集水區之林分結構........................................................................... 107
陸、討論........................................................................................................... 113
一、棲蘭山地區植群型分類群之比對....................................................... 113
二、各集水區之植群型分類群之差異....................................................... 114
三、棲蘭山地區之植群與環境的關係....................................................... 117
四、不同尺度下各物種多樣性差異........................................................... 118
五、鴦湖集水區與台灣扁柏族群結構變化與森林永續經營................... 125
六、鴛鴦湖集水區林分結構之探討........................................................... 126
七、鴛鴦湖集水區之獨特性....................................................................... 126
柒、結論........................................................................................................... 129
捌、參考文獻................................................................................................... 131
附錄一、棲蘭山地區各樣區之植物名錄....................................................... 137
附錄二、棲蘭山地區植群動態樣區之優勢度指數(D 值)計算一覽表........ 159

捌、參考文獻
于德永、郝占慶、姬蘭柱、李揚、熊在平、葉吉 (2003) 長白山北坡植物群落相異性及其海拔梯度變化。生態學雜誌22(5)：1-5。
中國科學院多樣性委員會 (1994) 生物多樣性研究的原理與方法。中國科技技術出版社。北京。237 頁。
王國宏 (2002) 祈連山北坡中段植物群落多樣性的垂直分部格局。生物多樣性10(1)：7-14。
王震哲 (2000) 棲蘭山檜木林區植物資源調查研究。國立台灣師範大學生物系。內政部營建署太魯閣國家公園管理處。129 頁。
王鑫 (2000) 棲蘭山檜木林區地質資源調查研究。國立台灣師範大學生物系。內政部營建署太魯閣國家公園管理處。73 頁。
朱恩良 (2004) 棲蘭野生動物重要棲息環境植群生態之研究。國立中興大學森林學系碩士論文。99 頁。
呂金誠 (2002) 棲蘭野生動物重要棲息環境植群生態調查之研究。國立中興大學森林學系。農委會林務局保育研究系列91-11 號。101 頁。
周盈杉 (2004) 南橫中之關闊葉林植群分析。國立台南大學自然科教學碩士班碩士論文。68 頁。
邵彬 (1999) 長白山北坡亞高山雲冷杉林的物種多樣性。植物生態學報23(增刊)：47-57。
邱祈榮、張至善、邱顯立 (1999) 生物多樣性製圖之探討。1999 生物多樣性研討會論文集。行政院農委會。73-85 頁。
徐月美 (1991) 台灣北部樂培山區暖溫帶雨林之植群結構與組成。台灣大學植物研究所碩士論文。82 頁。
馬克平 (1994) 生物多樣性研究的原理與方法。第十章 生物群落多樣性的測
度方法。中國科學技術出版社。北京。141-165 頁。
馬克平、錢迎倩、王晨 (1994) 生物性多樣性研究的原理與方法。第一章生物多樣性研究的現狀與發展趨勢。中國科學技術出版社。北京。1-11 頁。
馬克明 (1998) 景觀多樣性測度：格局多樣性的親和度分析。生態學報18(1)：93-98。
張金屯 (1995) 植被數量生態學方法。中國科學技術出版社：北京。380 頁。
張金屯 (2004) 數量生態學。科學出版社。北京。357 頁。
陳子英 (2004) 蘭陽溪的植群分類系統之研究。臺大實驗林研究報告。蘇鴻傑教授榮譽退休紀念專刊 18(3)：171-206
陳子英 (2002) 棲蘭野生動物重要棲息環境植群棲地調查。國立宜蘭技術學院森林系。行政院農業委員會林務局羅東林區管理處。138 頁。
陳子英、許秀英、吳欣玲 (2002) 棲蘭山170 林道檜木之植群調查。宜蘭技術學報生物資源專輯 9：259-275。
陳子英 (1994) 台灣北部楠櫧林帶櫧木林型主要樹種天然更新方式之研究。國立台灣大學森林學研究所博士論文。135 頁。
陳靈芝 (1994) 生物性多樣性研究的原理與方法。第二章 生物多樣性保護現狀及其對策。中國科學技術出版社。北京。141-165 頁。
章樂民 (1963) 紅檜台灣扁柏混交林生態之研究。台灣省林業試驗所試驗報告第91 號。23 頁。
黃建輝、高賢明、馬克平、陳靈芝 (1997) 地帶性森林群落物種多樣性的比較研究。生態學報 17(6)：611-618。
楊勝任、李政賢 (2005) 台東海岸山脈新港山東側植群生態研究。台灣林業科學 20(4)：341-353。
葉清旺 (2004) 里龍山植群多樣性之研究。國立屏東科技大學森林系碩士論文。95 頁。
133
廖啟政 (1995) 南仁山區亞熱帶雨林海拔梯度與植被組成、結構、歧異度集分布類型的關係。國立台灣大學植物學研究所碩士論文。82 頁。
廖啟政 (2003) 台灣鴛鴦湖保留區內台灣扁柏更新與殘材的關係。國立台灣大學生態學與演化生物學研究所博士論文。83 頁。
廖啟政 (2005) 臺灣北部溫帶針葉林之植物組成及檜木的更新。第三屆台灣植群多樣性研討會論文集。行政院農業委員會林務局。23-46。
趙榮台 (1996) 保育生物學。國立編譯館。台北。115-143 頁。
劉棠瑞、蘇鴻傑 (1983) 森林植物生態學。台灣商務印書館股份有限公司。台北。462 頁。
劉燦然、馬克平 (1998) 生物群落多樣性的測度方法VI:與多樣性測度有關的統計問題。生物多樣性 6(3)：229-239
蘇鴻傑 (1987a) 森林生育地因子及其定量評估。中華林學季刊 20(1)：1-14。
蘇鴻傑 (1987b) 植群生態多變數分析法之研究III.降趨對應分析及相關分布序列法。中華林學季刊 20(3)：45-68。
蘇鴻傑 (1988) 台灣之生態系及其保育-初評保護區系統。「生態原則下的林業經營」研討會論文集。165-176。
蘇鴻傑 (1990) 植物保護區之規劃與經營管理。森林資源保育研習會論文。11-129。
蘇鴻傑 (1992) 台灣之植群：山地植群帶與地理氣候區。彭鏡毅編。「台灣生物資源調查及資訊管理研習會」論文集。中央研究院植物研究所專刊
第十一號。39-53。
蘇鴻傑 (1996) 植群生態多變數分析法之研究IV.植群分類法及相關環境因子之分析。台灣省立博物館年刊 39：249-265。
蘇鴻傑 (2002) 物種多樣性之組成與測計：台灣森林植物概觀。行政院農委會特有生物研究保育中心。生物多樣性保育研討會論文集。1-14。134
蘇鴻傑 (2004) 植群之多樣性及多樣化之分類。臺大實驗林研究報告。蘇鴻傑教授榮譽退休紀念專刊。18(3)：207-220。
Austin, M. P. (1985) Continunmconcept, ordination methods, and niche theory. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 16: 39-61.
Bhattarai, K. R., and O. Vetaas. (2003) Variation in plant species richness of different life forms along a subtropical elevation gradient in the Himalayas, east Nepal. Global Ecology & Biogeography 12: 327-340.
Belbin, L. (1993) Environmental representativeness: regional partitioning and reserve selection. Biological conservation 66: 223-230.
Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan. (2003) Flora of Taiwan Vols. 6. Department of Botany, National Taiwan University Press, Taipei, Taiwan. 343 pp.
Gauch, H. G. (1982) Multivariate Analysis in Community Ecology. Cambridge university Press, Cambridge, London, UK. 298 pp.
Golden, M. S. (1979) Forest vegetation of the lower Alabama. Piedmont. Ecology 60: 770-782.
Hsieh, C. F., Z. S. Chen, Y. M. Hsu, K. C. Yang, and T. H. Hsieh. (1998)Altitudinal zonation of evergreen broad-leaved forest on Mount Lopei,Taiwan. Journal of Vegetation Science 9: 201-212.
Itow, S. (1991) Species turnover and diversity patterns along an evergreen broad-leaved forest coenocline. Journal vegetation of Science 2: 477-484.
Kessler, M. (2000) Elevational gradients in species richness and endemism of selected plant groups in the central Bolivian Andes. Plant Ecology 149: 181-193.
Kerbs, C. J. (1999) Ecological Methodology. New York, USA. 620 pp.
Kent, M., and P. Coker (1992) Vegetation Description and Analysis: A Practical Approach. John Wiley and Sons Press, London, UK. 363 pp.
Magurran, A. E. (1988) Ecological diversity and its measurement. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA. 167 pp.
135
Magurran, A. E. (2004) Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell Science Ltd.,USA. 256 pp.
Kent, M. and P. Coker. (1992) Vegetation description and analysis - a practical approach. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK. 363pp.
McCune, B. (2002) Analysis of ecologial communities. MjM Software Design, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, USA. 300 pp.
Neumann M., and F. Starlinger. (2001) The significance of different indices for stand structure and diversity in forests. Forest Ecology and Management 145:91-106.
Patricia, B., L. Emily, S. Gerardo, S. Christina, and I. Angeles (2002) Patterns of β-diversity in a Mexican tropical dry forest. Journal of Vegetation Science 13: 145–158.
Pitkanen, S. (1998) The use of diversity indices to assess the diversity of vegetation in managed boreal forests. Forest Ecology and Management 112:121-137.
Pitkanen, S. (2000) Classification of vegetation diversity in managed boreal forests in eastern Finland. Plant Ecology 146: 11-28.
Rey Benayas, J. M. (1995) Patterns of diversity in the strata of boreal montane forest in British Columbia. Journal of Vegetation Science 6: 95-98.
Scheiner, S. M. (1990) Affinity analysis: effects of sampling.Vegetatio 86:175-181.
Scheiner, S M. (1992) Measuring pattern diversity. Ecology 73(5): 1860-1867.
Seaby, R. M. H., and P. A. Henderson (2006) Species diversity and richess(Version 2.65). UK. 123 pp.
Simpson, E. H. (1949) Measurement of diversity. Nature 163: 688.
Su, H. J. (1984a) Studies on the climate and vegetation types of the natural forests in Taiwan (I) Analysis of the variation in clmatic factors. Quarterly Journal of Chinese Forestry 17(3): 1-14.
Su, H. J. (1984b) Studies on the climate and vegetation types of the natural forests 136 in Taiwan (II) Altitudinal vegetation zones in relation to temperature gradient. Quarterly Journal of Chinese Forestry 17(4): 57-73.
Su, H. J. (1985) Studies on the climate and vegetation types of the natural forests in Taiwan (III) A scheme of geographical climatic regions. Quarterly Journal of Chinese Forestry 18(3): 33-44.
Su, H. J. (1994) Species diversity of forest plants in Taiwan. Institute of Botany Academia Sinica Monograph Series 14:87-98.
Tanaka, N. (1985) Patchy structure of a temperate mixed forest and topography in the Chichibu mountain. Japanese Journal of Ecology 35: 153-167.
Vázquez, G. J. A. and T. J. Givnish (1998) Altitudinal gradients in tropical forest composition structure and diversity in the Sierra de Manantlan.
Journal of Ecology 86(6): 999-102.
Wang, G., G. Zhou, L. Yang, and Z. Li, (2002) Distribution,species diversity and life-form spectra of plant communities along an altitudinal gradient in the northern slope of Qilianshan Mountains Gansu China. Plant Ecology 165:
169-181.
Whittaker, R. H. (1972) Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon 21: 213-251.
Willis, K. J., and R. J. Whittaker (2002) Species diversity: scale matters. Science 295: 1245–1248.
Willner, W., D. Moser, and G. Grabherr. (2004) Alpha and beta diversity in Central European Beech Forests. Fitosociologia 41(1)suppl 1: 15-20.