臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

汞本身所具有的毒性，會藉由生物累積、生物放大效應，使位居高營養階層消費者，蓄積高含量的汞，在生態系統中造成嚴重的威脅。
由於旗魚在海洋中屬於高營養階層，初步假設魚體內可能累積某一程度之汞含量。因此本研究在於探討台灣南部海域所捕獲之旗魚，包括黑皮旗魚、立翅旗魚、紅肉旗魚和雨傘旗魚，分析肝臟與肌肉組織其總汞與有機汞含量，評估是否符合食用安全值。同時分析魚體長、體重、性別、不同魚種與體內組織汞濃度之關係。並加以評估魚體組織總汞與有機汞濃度，彼此間關係是符合Holsbeek等人所提出何種汞蓄積模式。最後將此四種旗魚與其他海洋高階消費者，包括鯊魚及鮪魚肌肉組織所蓄積之汞濃度做比較，進一步瞭解種別間的差異。
本研究使用冷蒸氣原子吸收光譜儀搭配流動注入分析系統進行汞濃度測定，所有樣本70個皆以個別樣品進行分析。分析結果顯示四種旗魚平均總汞濃度，僅紅肉旗魚低於WHO所公布的食用安全值，其餘三種皆高出許多，故消費者因食用旗魚可能產生之健康風險亦被估計。
本研究四種旗魚所有樣本其總汞與有機汞濃度在肝臟與肌肉組織均呈現顯著的正相直線關係，同時組織間之汞濃度與魚體長均具有正相關。 四種旗魚之肌肉組織，其有機汞在總汞濃度中平均所佔的比例，大致上均維持77.67%-88.78%，而肝臟推論因具有去甲基化機制，有機汞在總汞濃度中所佔比例為33.77％至53.28％。
由於四種旗魚肌肉組織的總汞與有機汞濃度，均隨著魚體長的增加而增加，因此推論符合Holsbeek等人所提出汞蓄積模式之第一種。
四種旗魚肌肉組織總汞濃度與其他海洋高階消費者相較，結果發現黑鮪魚平均總汞含量高出四種旗魚許多，而在鮭魚方面所分析出來平均總汞含量則相當低，對於國人食用並不會構成健康威脅。此外相較於其他研究地點的鯊魚和鮪魚其肌肉總汞含量，其肌肉組織中的平均總汞濃度是高於此次研究的四種旗魚，但整體而言其差距並不是十分明顯。從中亦可發現位於高階消費者的鯊魚和鮪魚，肌肉組織中所蓄積的總汞濃度，相較一般魚類要來得高，這或許是因為高階消費者生命週期較長，且以食魚性為主所致。

Numerous studies have shown that high levels of mercury are harmful to both humans and wildlife. The concentration of mercury has been determined in four species of marlins for a survey of the bioaccumulatable contaminant.
Samples were prepared using standard digestion procedures and analyzed by flameless atomic absorption. Seventy samples were collected from Southern China Sea. Among the four species analyzed, three species illustrated concentration level of total mercury higher than the recommended food safety criteria by World Health Organization.
Concentrations of total and organic mercury were correlation in liver and muscle of marlins. It was observed that concentration level of mercury was related to fish length. Among the muscle tissue, organic mercury ranged from 77.67 to 88.78% of total mercury content in marlins. It was believed that demethylation of organic mercury in liver resulting lower organic mercury - total mercury ratio (i.e., 33.77% to 53.28% ).
Comparison of muscle mercury content was made for marlins, tunas, and salmons. Species with higher trophic level will have higer tendency of mercury accumulation. Also concentration level of organic and total mercury were correlated to length of fish. Based upon the mercury concentration in marlins, daily consumption of marlins was estimated for the health concerns.

中文摘要-------------------------------------------------------------Ⅰ
英文摘要-------------------------------------------------------------Ⅲ
壹、前言-------------------------------------------------------------1
一、研究動機----------------------------------------------------------1二、研究目的----------------------------------------------------------2
貳、研究背景----------------------------------------------------------3
一、旗魚-------------------------------------------------------------3
(一) 黑皮旗魚---------------------------------------------------------5
(二) 立翅旗魚---------------------------------------------------------5
(三) 雨傘旗魚---------------------------------------------------------6
(四) 紅肉旗魚 --------------------------------------------------------6
二、旗魚年產量--------------------------------------------------------7
三、汞--------------------------------------------------------------11
(一) 汞之物理及化學性質-----------------------------------------------11
(二) 汞之用途------------------------------------------------------- 11
(三) 汞之吸收途徑----------------------------------------------------14
(四) 汞代謝途徑------------------------------------------------------16
(五) 汞之毒性影響----------------------------------------------------18
(六) 中毒案例-------------------------------------------------------19
四、全球汞循環-------------------------------------------------------21
(一) 空氣-------------------------------------------------------21
(二) 水---------------------------------------------------------23
五、汞的生物濃縮與生物放大---------------------------------------------23
六、環境中可能暴露的汞來源---------------------------------------------24
七、各國之法律規範----------------------------------------------------26
八、魚體組織汞蓄積模式------------------------------------------------26
參、材料與方法 -----------------------------------------------------29
一、樣品採集 --------------------------------------------------------29
二、樣品消化步驟-----------------------------------------------------29
(一) 總汞樣品消化步驟---------------------------------------------29
(二) 有機汞樣品消化步驟-------------------------------------------32
三、樣品分析---------------------------------------------------------32
(一) 儀器設定----------------------------------------------------32
(二) 檢量線 ----------------------------------------------------32
(三) 流動注入分析系統使用試劑-------------------------------------33
四、數據處理與統計分析------------------------------------------------33
(一) t檢定-----------------------------------------------------33
(二) 直線迴歸 ---------------------------------------------------33
(三) 單因子變方分析 ---------------------------------------------33
(四) 多變距分析--------------------------------------------------34
五、品保及品管-------------------------------------------------------34
(一) 方法偵測極限建立-----------------------------------------34
(二) 結果處理------------------------------------------------34
(三) 空白樣本------------------------------------------------34
(四) 重複樣本分析--------------------------------------------35
(五) 檢量線查核------------------------------------------------------35
(六) 標準查核樣品(Standard Reference Material, SRM)分析
--------------------------------------------------------35
(七) 添加標準品分析------------------------------------------35
肆、結果與討論-------------------------------------------------------36
一、旗魚組織汞濃度分析探討------------------------------------------36
(一) 旗魚汞濃度比較------------------------------------------36
(二) 四種旗魚不同組織其汞濃度差異比較--------------------------44
(三) 旗魚不同組織中汞濃度與性別差異比較------------------------47
(四) 總汞與有機汞之間的相關性---------------------------------48
(五) 汞濃度在肝臟與肌肉組織中的相關性--------------------------48
(六) 肝臟、肌肉中汞濃度與魚體長關係----------------------------48
(七) 肝臟、肌肉中有機汞佔總汞濃度之比例與魚體長關係
--------------------------------------------------------60
二、旗魚汞濃度與海洋高階消費者相較---------------------------------64
三、旗魚食用安全性-----------------------------------------------65
四、品保及品管---------------------------------------------------69
伍、結論與建議-------------------------------------------------------73
一、結論--------------------------------------------------------73
二、建議--------------------------------------------------------74
陸、參考文獻---------------------------------------------------------75
柒、附錄------------------------------------------------------------82







圖目次

圖2-1 汞之代謝-------------------------------------------------------17
圖2-2 汞循環圖-------------------------------------------------------22
圖3-1 旗魚捕獲魚場---------------------------------------------------30
圖3-2 魚肉樣品汞消化過程----------------------------------------------31
圖4-1 旗魚組織內總汞與有機汞含量關係圖----------------------------------50
圖4-2 旗魚肝臟與肌肉組織其總汞與有機汞濃度關係圖-------------------------52
圖4-3 旗魚樣品各組織總汞濃度與體長之關係圖------------------------------56
圖4-4 旗魚樣品各組織有機汞濃度與體長之關係圖----------------------------58
圖4-5 旗魚樣品各組織有機汞於總汞濃度百分比與體長之關係圖------------------62















表目次

表2-1 旗魚分類表------------------------------------------------------4
表2-2 漁業種類別與漁業生產量值------------------------------------------8
表2-3各縣市旗魚產量及價值分佈-------------------------------------------9
表2-4 重要魚市場魚貨供銷量及平均價-------------------------------------10
表2-5 汞之物理化學性質------------------------------------------------12
表2-6 汞在人體之吸收途徑----------------------------------------------15
表2-7 各類型汞對人類之每日暴露來源估計----------------------------------25
表2-8 各國現行水產品中總汞及甲基汞之限量標準----------------------------27
表4-1 旗魚樣品之基礎生物資料------------------------------------------37表4-2 黑皮旗魚基本資料及分析------------------------------------------38
表4-3 立翅旗魚基本資料及分析------------------------------------------40
表4-4 紅肉旗魚基本資料及分析------------------------------------------41
表4-5 雨傘旗魚基本資料及分析------------------------------------------42
表4-6 旗魚肝臟與肌肉組織汞濃度----------------------------------------43
表4-7 黑皮旗魚、立翅旗魚和雨傘旗魚以T-test分析體長與體重關係
--------------------------------------------------------------45
表4-8 黑皮旗魚肝臟與肌肉組織汞濃度之t-test分析結果----------------------46
表4-9 旗魚肝臟與肌肉組織汞濃度與雌雄關係之t-test分析結果-----------------49
表4-10 旗魚肝臟與肌肉組織總汞濃度與體長關係-----------------------------55
表4-11 旗魚肝臟與肌肉組織汞濃度----------------------------------------61
表4-12 旗魚肌肉組織總汞濃度與其他海洋高階消費者之比較--------------------66
表4-13 本研究結果與其它旗魚汞分析調查研究比較---------------------------67
表4-14 平均每日汞暴露劑量---------------------------------------------70
表4-15標準樣品汞濃度(μg/g wet wt.)分析結果----------------------------71

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