臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

凝血系統對無脊椎動物和脊椎動物重要的防禦系統，其可防止傷口處血液流失過多和微生物入侵。轉醯胺酵素 (Transglutaminase, TG) (EC 2.3.2.13) 是脊椎與無脊椎動物凝血系統中唯一相同的保守分子。利用寡核苷酸引子進行反轉錄聚合酶連鎖反應，選殖白蝦Litopenaeus vannamei TG cDNA序列，TG基因全長為2624 bp，包含2073 bp轉譯讀窗，可轉譯691個胺基酸，推測其分子量為77.50 kDa，等電點約5.73。在白蝦TG序列上發現有integrin 結合區域RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp)、四個鈣離子結合位置及一個催化三元體 (Catalytic triad )。白蝦TG胺基酸序列與其他節肢動物TG跟人類factorXIIIa相同性介於32.3～89.7 %。在酵素活性分析方面，除血漿外在所有組織均有測到TG活性。使用反轉錄聚合酶連鎖反應與即時聚合酶鏈鎖反應分析各組織中TG mRNA均有表現。以即時聚合酶鏈鎖反應分析，探討水溫、鹽度和注射Vibrio alginolyticus 後對白蝦TG mRNA表現之影響，結果顯示：白蝦血球TG轉錄量於注射V. alginolyticusc後12及24小時明顯降低，肝胰臟於3小時後顯著提高。白蝦血球TG轉錄量於第168小時28 ℃組高於22及34 ℃組。肝胰臟TG轉錄量於28 ℃下明顯高於22及34 ℃下。白蝦蓄養於不同鹽度5、15、25、35及45 ‰環境中血球與肝胰臟TG轉錄量均無明顯變化。

A coagulation system is essential in both invertebrate and vertebrate animals to prevent excess blood loss from wounds and obstruction of invading microorganisms via the wounds. Transglutaminase (TG) (EC 2.3.2.13) is the only molecule conserved in the coagulation systems of all known invertebrate species. TG cDNA is cloned from the haemocytes of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using degenerate primers. The full-length cDNAs of TG consisted of 2624 bp with 2073 bp open reading frame, and encoded 691 amino acids with predicting molecular mass of 77.495 kDa with an estimated pI of 5.73. One putative integrin binding motif (cell adhesion site), RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) and four calcium binding sites, and one catalytic triad were observed in the TG. The percentage of sequence similarity in L. vannamei TG amino acid sequence identity, other arthropod TG, and human factorXIIIa were about 32.3 to 89.7%. TG activity was detected in all tissues, but no activity was detected in the plasma. This study uses RT-PCR and real-time PCR to analyze the TG mRNA expression in each tissue. The quantitative real-time PCR used to evaluate the effects of the expressions of TG genes in temperature and Vibrio alginolyticus-injections treatments. The results were as follows: TG transcripts in haemocytes were significantly lower at 12 and 24 h in V. alginolyticus-injection treatment, and in hepatopancreas, they increased significantly at 3 h and then recovered to basic value. The TG transcripts expressions in haemocytes at 28 ℃ were higher than 22 and 34 ℃ treatment at 168 h, and the TG transcripts expressions in hepatopancreas at 28 ℃ treatment were significantly higher than 22 and 34 ℃. Rearing at a salinity of 5, 15, 25, 35 and 45 ‰, TG transcripts in haemocytes and hepatopancreas of white shrimp showed no significant difference.

摘要........................................................I
Abstract..................................................III
誌謝.......................................................V
目錄......................................................VI
圖表目錄...................................................XI
第1章 前言..................................................1
第2章 文獻回顧...............................................5
2.1白蝦簡介.................................................5
2.1.1 白蝦分類地位、分布及生態習性.............................5
2.1.2 台灣白蝦養殖沿革與現況..................................6
2.2甲殼類防禦機制............................................6
2.2.1 體液性免疫反應.........................................6
2.2.2 細胞性免疫反應.........................................7
2.3 凝血系統................................................8
2.3.1 無脊椎動物凝血系統......................................8
2.3.2 甲殼類凝血模式..........................................9
2.3.3 TG構造與功能...........................................10
2.3.4 脊椎動物TG酵素研究......................................11
2.3.5 無脊椎動物TG酵素功能研究.................................12
2.3.6 無脊椎動物TG基因層面的研究................................13
2.3.7 凝血系統與原酚氧化酵素系統相互關係.........................13
2.4外在因子對甲殼類免疫的影響...................................14
2.4.1病原感染對甲殼類免疫的影響.................................14
2.4.2水溫對甲殼類免疫的影響.....................................15
2.4.3 鹽度對甲殼類免疫的影響....................................15
第3章 材料與方法...............................................17
3.1 白蝦 (transglutaminase, TG) 基因選殖.......................17
3.1.1實驗動物取得 .............................................17
3.1.2全量核醣核酸 (Total RNA) 之萃取............................17
3.1.3 TG基因引子 ..............................................18
3.1.3.1引子 (primer) 的設計原則.................................18
3.1.3.2退化性引子 (degenerated primer) 的設計...................18
3.1.3.3專一性引子 ..............................................18
3.1.4反轉錄-聚合酶連鎖反應 (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR).............................................20
3.1.4.1 互補去氧核醣核酸之反轉錄之合成(cDNA synthesis by reverse transcription, RT)............................................20
3.1.4.2聚合酵素鏈鎖反應 (polymerase chain reaction, PCR).....20
3.1.5 DNA凝膠電泳分析...........................................22
3.1.6 勝任細胞之製備 (competent cell preparation) ......................................................22
3.1.7 DNA重組接合 (ligation)...................................22
3.1.8 質體轉型 (transformation)................................23
3.1.9 選殖株篩選 (screening)...................................23
3.1.10互補去氧核醣核酸之快速增幅 (rapid amplificationof cDNA ends, RACE )........................................................23
3.1.10.1互補去氧核醣核酸之5’端區域快速增幅 (5’-rapid amplification of cDNA ends, 5’-RACE) ......................................23
3.1.10.2互補去氧核醣核酸之3’端區域快速增幅 (3’- rapid amplification of cDNA ends, 3’-RACE) ......................................25
3.1.11核酸序列之分析整理和比對...................................26
3.1.12 TG基因親緣關係分析 (phylogeny)...........................27
3.2 白蝦TG基因之組織分佈 ......................................27
3.2.1 RT-PCR分析組織分佈 ......................................27
3.2.2 Real-time PCR分析組織基因表...............................27
3.3 白蝦各組織器官之TG活性分析...................................27
3.3.1 Biotin label casein的配製方法............................28
3.3.2 Biotin label casein的飽和比率............................28
3.3.3 組織溶液製備.............................................28
3.3.4 TG活性測定...............................................29
3.3.5 TG之蛋白質測定...........................................29
3.4 相對定量PCR (Relative real-time quantitation PCR)..........29
3.4.1 real-time 專一性引子之設計................................29
3.4.2即時聚合酶鏈鎖反應 (real-time quantitation PCR)............30
3.4.3 資料分析彙整.............................................31
3.5白蝦TG基因表現 ..............................................32
3.5.1 注射病原菌Vibrio alginolyticus及生理食鹽水對白蝦TG 表現量之影響............................................................32
3.5.2 水溫對白蝦TG表現量之影響..................................32
3.5.3 鹽度對白蝦TG表現量之影響..................................33
3.5.4 統計分析................................................33
第4章 結果....................................................34
4.1 白蝦轉醯胺酵素 (transglutaminase, TG) 基因選殖及序列分析.....34
4.2 TG基因親緣關係分析.........................................41
4.3 白蝦TG基因之組織分佈.......................................44
4.4 各組織TG活性表現...........................................45
4.5 白蝦TG基因表現量之因子......................................48
4.5.1注射病原菌Vibrio alginolyticus及生理食鹽水對白蝦TG表現量之影響.48
4.5.2水溫對白蝦TG表現量之影響...................................48
4.5.3鹽度對白蝦TG表現量之影響...................................48
第5章 討論 .............................................55
5.1 白蝦轉醯胺酵素 (transglutaminase, TG) 基因選殖..............55
5.2 白蝦TG之組織表現...........................................56
5.3 不同因子影響白蝦TG基因之表現................................57
5.3.1病原感染對白蝦免疫的影響...................................57
5.3.2 環境因子對白蝦免疫的影響...................................58
第6章 結論.....................................................60
參考文獻.......................................................61
附錄..........................................................77
作者簡介 ......................................................91

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