臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

二氧化硫是台灣地區主要的空氣污染氣體，對植物的形態、生理及生化活動具有影響。本試驗選用17種樹種之盆栽苗，在人為控制環境下，以二氧化硫600、1000及2000 ppb三種濃度各熏氣處理二天，比較不同樹種的葉部受害病徵，計算植株傷害率(代表植株葉片傷害嚴重程度)，並測定各樹苗淨光合作用率、氣孔導度、葉綠素濃度及葉綠素螢光Fv/Fm值等生理活動對二氧化硫處理之反應，由此可判斷各供試樹種對SO2的敏感性與耐性。
所有供試樹種經濃度600 ppb的SO2處理48小時後，其葉部均未出現病徵，但鳳凰木、大花紫薇及稜果榕的光合作用率及氣孔導度僅為處理前的45%以下，其餘14種樹苗該兩生理活動降低程度較輕微。當SO2濃度增加至1000 ppb，黃連木在葉部形態上未出現病徵，苦楝及台灣欒樹則葉部出現白色及灰白色的斑塊，其餘14種樹苗葉部均出現淺褐色或深褐色的斑點或塊狀病徵；植株傷害率以黃連木及楓香最小，台灣欒樹最嚴重；稜果榕的植株傷害率雖僅為20%，然其相對光合作用率及氣孔導度卻已降低到25%以下；鳳凰木及大花紫薇的植株傷害率達90%以上，相對光合作用率及氣孔導度更降低至10%以下，顯示此兩樹種受害最嚴重。楓香、竹柏及黃心柿經濃度1000 ppb的SO2處理後，僅有30%以下的植株傷害率，且各生理活動仍能維持在處理前的70%以上。SO2濃度提高至2000 ppb後，鳳凰木、大花紫薇及烏心石葉片明顯受損且全株落葉，其餘14種樹苗並無全株落葉現象，但在生理上其相對光合作用率及氣孔導度都在30%以下。上述結果顯示鳳凰木、大花紫薇及稜果榕對SO2最為敏感，無論在生理上或外表形態上均易受害；楓香、竹柏及黃心柿耐性較高，似可栽植在大氣含較高SO2的環境。
經比較各樹種在不同SO2濃度處理後的淨光合作用率、氣孔導度、葉綠素濃度及葉綠素螢光Fv/Fm值等四項生理反應，發現在SO2濃度600 ppb處理後，所有樹種的葉綠素濃度與葉綠素螢光Fv/Fm值二個參數，均無明顯改變，但淨光合作用率及氣孔導度卻可反應出各供試樹種生理受SO2抑制狀況。當SO2濃度增加至1000 ppb時，葉綠素螢光Fv/Fm值是一個評估植物對SO2耐性可用的生理指標，若配合淨光合作用率及氣孔導度參數，可當做判斷不同植物對SO2敏感程度及耐性的指標。SO2濃度提高至2000 ppb時，鳳凰木、大花紫薇及烏心石全株落葉，其餘14種樹苗的葉綠素濃度均仍在70%以上，顯示葉綠素濃度不是一個評估植物對SO2耐性的生理指標。

Sulfur dioxide is one of the major air pollution sources in Taiwan. It has effects on the morphology, physiology, and biochemical activities of plants. In this experiment, 17 species of tree seedlings were chosen. They were fumigated, under controlled environment, with 600, 1000, and 2000 ppb of SO2 for two days. We compared injury symptoms of leaves and calculated injury index of different species. We also measured the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll concentration and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) of each species. These results can be used to determine the sensitivity and tolerance of each tested species to SO2.
After being fumigated with 600 ppb SO2 for 48 hours, leaves of all species did not show any injury symptoms. But the net photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance of Delonix regia, Lagerstroemia speciosa and Ficus septica reduced to less than 45%, while the other species reduced only slightly, comparing to the condition before treatment. When the SO2 concentrations were increased to 1000 ppb, there were no symptoms appearing on the leaves of Pistacia chinensis, but some white or ashen spots appeared on the leaves of Melia azedarach and Koelreuteria henryi, and some brown spots appeared on the leaves of the other 14 species. The plant injury index of P. chinensis and Liquidambar formosana were the slightest, while that of K. henryi was the most serious. Although the plant injury index of F. septica was only 20%, its relative photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance drastically reduced to lower than 25%. The plant injury index of D. regia and L. speciosa were more than 90%, and their relative photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance reduced further to lower than 10%, indicating these two species were the most seriously injured. The plant injury index of L. formosana, Nageia nagi and Diospyros maritima were only less than 30%, and their physiological activities could still maintained at more than 70% of what was before treated with 1000 ppb SO2. When the SO2 concentrations were increased to 2000 ppb, all the leaves in D. regia, L. speciosa and F. septica were obviously injured and fell off, while the leaves in the other species did not fall off. However, relative photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance were all lower than 30%. The results showed that D. regia, L. speciosa and F. septica were the most sensitive species to SO2, either physiologically or morphologically. L. formosana, N. nagi and D. maritima were the most tolerant species to SO2, so that they can be planted in an environment of higher SO2.
Four physiological activities, including net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll concentration and chlorophyll fluorescence of each species in various concentrations of SO2 were compared. We found that, when treated with 600 ppb SO2, the chlorophyll concentration and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) of all species were not obviously changed, but the net photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance were suppressed by SO2. When the SO2 concentrations were increased to 1000 ppb, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) could serve as an index for assessing plant tolerance to SO2. If the net photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance were also taken into consideration, they would serve as an index of sensitivity and tolerance of plants to SO2. When the SO2 concentrations were increased to 2000 ppb, the leaves of D. maritime, L. speciosa and D. regia all fell off, while the chlorophyll concentration of other species still maintained above 70%. These result showed that chlorophyll concentration was not a physiological index to assess plant tolerance to SO2.

摘要 II
Abstract IV
誌謝 VII
目錄 VIII
圖表目錄 XI
壹、前言 2
貳、文獻回顧 4
一、二氧化硫(SO2)之來源與性質 4
二、二氧化硫對植物形態發育之影響 4
三、二氧化硫對植物生理活動之影響 5
(一)光合作用率 5
(二)氣孔反應 6
(三)葉綠素濃度 7
(四)葉綠素螢光反應 8
四、植物耐SO2之機制 10
(一)氣孔運動 10
(二)代謝作用 11
參、材料與方法 13
一、試驗材料 13
二、不同SO2濃度短期熏氣處理 14
三、不同SO2濃度短期熏氣葉片壞疽率及植株傷害率之計算 15
四、植物葉片生理活動耐性之測定 16
(一)淨光合作用率及氣孔導度之測定 16
(二)葉綠素濃度指標值之測定 16
(三)葉綠素螢光值之測定 16
五、資料處理與分析 17
肆、結果 18
一、不同濃度SO2短期熏氣對試驗樹種葉片外表病徵之影響 18
二、不同濃度SO2短期熏氣對試驗樹種生理活動的影響 21
(一)淨光合作用率 21
(二)氣孔導度 23
(三)葉綠素濃度指標值 25
(四)葉綠素螢光值 27
三、在不同SO2濃度處理供試十七種樹苗生理活動相對 百分率的比較 29
(一)相對光合作用率 29
(二)相對氣孔導度 30
(三)相對葉綠素濃度及相對葉綠素螢光值 31
四、不同濃度SO2處理後各樹種植株健康率與葉片各生理 活動相對百分率之關係 32
(一)濃度600 ppb的SO2短期熏氣處理 32
(二)濃度1000 ppb的SO2短期熏氣處理 33
(三)濃度2000 ppb的SO2短期熏氣處理 34
五、供試樹種對SO2熏氣耐性之比較 35
伍、討論 36
一、二氧化硫對植物葉片危害之徵狀 36
二、二氧化硫對植物葉片生理活動之影響 37
(一)光合作用率及氣孔導度 37
(二)葉綠素濃度 38
(三)葉綠素螢光 39
三、各樹種植株健康率與葉片各生理活動之關係 40
四、供試樹種對SO2的敏感性與耐性之評估 41
陸、結論 43
參考文獻 45
附錄 53
作者簡介 56


圖表目錄
圖1 熏氣設備示意圖 15
圖2 不同SO2濃度短期熏氣處理前後17種樹種的相對光合作用率 (與處理前比較) 29
圖3 不同濃度SO2短期熏氣處理前後17種樹種的相對氣孔導度 (與處理前比較) 30
圖4 不同濃度SO2短期熏氣處理前後17種樹種的相對葉綠素濃度 及葉綠素螢光Fv/Fm值(與處理前比較) 31

表1 曾進行SO2熏氣處理之研究所用之SO2濃度 10
表2 二氧化硫短期熏氣試驗所使用的17種樹種 13
表3 各樹種在濃度1000 ppb的SO2熏氣處理後葉片受害徵狀、 葉片壞疽率和植株傷害率 19
表4 各樹種在濃度2000 ppb的SO2熏氣處理後葉片受害徵狀、 葉片壞疽率和植株傷害率 20
表5 供試十七種樹苗在不同濃度SO2處理前後淨光合作用率的比較 22
表6 供試十七種樹苗在不同濃度SO2處理前後氣孔導度的比較 24
表7 供試十七種樹苗在不同濃度SO2處理前後葉綠素濃度指標值 的比較 26
表8 供試十七種樹苗在不同濃度SO2處理前後葉綠素螢光Fv/Fm 值的比較 28
表9 經濃度600 ppb的SO2短期熏氣後植株健康率與葉片各生理 活動相對百分率(與未熏氣前比較) 32
表10 經濃度1000 ppb的SO2短期熏氣後植株健康率與葉片各生理 活動相對百分率(與未熏氣前比較) 33
表11 經濃度2000 ppb的SO2短期熏氣後植株健康率與葉片各生理 活動相對百分率(與未熏氣前比較) 34
表12 供試各樹種在濃度分別為600及1000 ppb的SO2處理後的 耐性指標值 35

附圖1 各樹種在濃度1000 ppb的SO2熏氣處理後葉片受害徵狀 53
附圖2 各樹種在濃度2000 ppb的SO2熏氣處理後葉片受害徵狀 55

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