臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究於2005年1月至2006年3月間，測定中國鋼鐵公司空氣污染程度較輕微的行政區及污染較嚴重的高爐區，樟樹、榕樹、茄冬及黑板樹樹冠上層葉的光合作用率日變化與季節變化，由此推估各樹種單株之碳固定量。
結果發現，此四種樹種一天中最大淨光合作用率多出現在上午。在春季、夏季及秋季，過高的太陽輻射及葉溫會使各樹種的光合作用率有光抑制現象，導致淨光合作用率降低，但在冬季則不會。在行政區，樟樹、黑板樹及茄冬12個測定日的日平均光合作用率分別為8.36、3.54及4.04 µmol CO2 m-2s-1，換算成一日碳固定量分別為13.4、5.6及6.4 g CO2 m-2d-1，樟樹日平均光合作用率顯著高於黑板樹及茄冬。在高爐區，樟樹、黑板樹及榕樹10個測定日的日平均光合作用率分別為7.26、2.49及5.67 µmol CO2 m-2s-1，分別可換算成12.0、4.3及9.4 g CO2 m-2d-1的碳固定量，樟樹日平均光合作用率顯著高於榕樹，而榕樹該數值又顯著高於黑板樹。2005-2006年的冬季，樟樹在行政區植株的日平均光合作用率顯著高於高爐區，但在其他季節則兩區無顯著差異。黑板樹在行政區的日平均光合作用率，於2005年春季、夏季、及2006年春季均顯著高於高爐區的同種植株，顯示高爐區黑板樹的生理活動可能遭受逆境。栽植於行政區的樟樹，在2005年夏季有最高的一日碳固定量(16.6 g CO2 m-2d-1)，顯著高於同年的秋季及2004年的冬季。在高爐區的樟樹，則於2005年秋季有最高的一日碳固定量(15.6 g CO2 m-2d-1)。黑板樹、茄冬及榕樹則皆於2005年秋季有最高的一日碳固定量。中鋼公司全廠區共有喬木20,717株，由本研究四種主要樹種的ㄧ日碳固定量推估中鋼公司喬木全年可吸收約1740噸的CO2。
藉兩區各樹種白天碳固定量與環境因子的資料，進行多元逐步迴歸分析，發現在行政區12個測定日中，樟樹的日平均淨光合作用率，主要是受到日平均光量的影響，黑板樹及茄冬的日平均淨光合作用，以日平均大氣CO2濃度影響較大。高爐區10個測定日中，三樹種的日平均淨光合作用率，主要是受到日平均光量的影響。
合併行政區及高爐區冠層葉白天各時段的數據，發現藉上午11時與中午14時之平均光合作用率測定值，可估算該四種主要樹種冠層的一日碳固定量。

Diurnal and seasonal patterns of photosynthesis in canopy leaves of Cinnamomum camphora, Ficus microcarpa, Bischofia javanica, and Alstonia scholaris were studied at two sites in China Steel Corporation. One was the administration site of less air-polluted and the other was the operation site of highly air-polluted. Measurements were taken from January 2005 to March 2006. The aim of this study was to predict the amount of carbon gains by these trees.
Results showed that the highest net photosynthetic rate of the four trees occured in the morning of a day. In spring, summer, and fall, there were excess solar radiation and high leaf temperature, which incurred photoinhibition in the process of photosynthesis of each species. Consequently, the net photosynthetic rates were reduced. No such photoinhibition occurred in winter. Based on measurements taken in twelve days at the administration site, the mean diurnal photosynthetic rates of C. camphora, A. scholaris, and B. javanica were 8.36, 3.54, and 4.04 µmol CO2 m-2s-1 respectively, equivalent to 13.40, 5.56, and 6.40 g CO2 m-2d-1 of diurnal carbon dioxide fixation. Mean diurnal photosynthetic rate of C. camphora was significantly higher than A. scholaris and B. javanica. According to measurements taken in ten days at the operation site, mean diurnal photosynthetic rates of C. camphora, A. scholaris, and F. microcarpa were 7.26, 2.49, and 5.67 µmol CO2 m-2s-1 respectively, equivalent to 12.04, 4.25, and 9.42 g CO2 m-2d-1 of diurnal carbon dioxide fixation. Mean diurnal photosynthetic rate of C. camphora was significantly higher than that of F. microcarpa, which was significantly higher than that of A. scholaris. In the winter between 2005 and 2006, the mean diurnal photosynthetic rate of C. camphora at the administration site were significantly higher than at the operation site. But there were no significant differences between the both sites in other seasons. As for A. scholaris, the mean diurnal photosynthetic rate at the administration site in the spring, summer, and fall of 2005, as well as the spring of 2006 were significantly higher than at the operation site. It revealed that the biological activity of A. scholaris might have been under stress in the operation site. Cinnamomum camphora at the administration site had the highest diurnal carbon dioxide fixation (16.60 g CO2 m-2d-1) in the summer of 2005, which was significantly higher than that in the fall and in the winter of 2004. On the other hand, the highest diurnal carbon dioxide fixation (15.64 g CO2 m-2d-1) at the operation site was in the fall of 2005. Alstonia scholaris, B. javanica, and F. microcarpa all had the highest diurnal carbon fixation in the fall of 2005. There were 20,717 trees in China Steel Corporation. By the amount of diurnal carbon dioxide fixation of the four main trees in this study, we estimated that all the trees in China Steel Corporation could absorb 1,740 tons of CO2 within a year.
We further analyed carbon dioxide fixation of each tree during the day and the environmental factors as well by stepwise multiple regression. It was found out that the mean diurnal photosynthetic rate of C. camphora at the administration site was mainly influenced by the average daily light intensity. The mean diurnal photosynthetic rates of A. scholaris and B. javanica were mainly affected by the average daily CO2 concentration. At the operation site, the mean diurnal photosynthetic rates of the three species were mainly affected by the average daily light intensity.
Based on the diurnal photosynthetic patterns of canopy leaves in both sites, it was found out that the diurnal carbon dioxide fixation of the four main trees could be estimated by the mean diurnal photosynthetic rates measured at 11 am and 2 pm.

摘 要 I
Abstract III
誌 謝 VI
目錄 VIII
圖表目錄 XII
壹、前言 1
貳、文獻回顧 3
一、二氧化碳固定量之估測方法 3
(一)樹冠層光合作用率日變化之測定 3
(二)以生物量推估二氧化碳固定量 5
二、影響光合作用的環境因子 6
(一)光 6
(二)溫度 7
(三)二氧化碳濃度 8
參、材料與方法 10
一、試驗環境概述 10
(一)地理位置 10
(二)試驗地植物栽植狀況 11
(三)中國鋼鐵公司氣候狀況 14
二、樹種選擇及平台之搭設 15
三、樣木生理活動的測定 16
四、試驗樹種一日二氧化碳固定量之估算 18
五、資料分析 19
(一)試驗樣木二氧化碳之固定量 19
(二)多元迴歸分析 19
肆、結果 20
一、試驗樹種日平均光合作用率 20
(一)四種試驗樹種在中鋼公司兩區之日平均光合作用率 20
(二)屏科大校園試驗樹種日平均光合作用率 24
二、樹冠層葉部淨光合作用率日變化 26
(一)四種供試樹種之淨光合作用率與光量的關係 26
(二)淨光合作用率及光量的日變化 32
三、一日二氧化碳固定量之比較 37
(一)不同樹種間一日二氧化碳固定量之比較 37
(二)相同樹種各季節在不同試區的一日固碳量比較 37
(三)相同樹種相同試區在不同季節的一日固碳量之比較 41
四、中鋼公司試驗樹種全年CO2總固定量 42
(一)試驗樹種葉面積之估算 42
(二)在不同季節間試驗樹種的CO2總固定量 43
五、影響冠層葉光合作用率環境因子 46
(一)日平均光合作用率與日平均環境因子間的關係 46
(二)各樹種單一測定日光合作用率日變化與測定時環境因子間的關係 48
1.行政區 48
2.高爐區 51
3.屏科大校園 54
六、四樹種短時間光合作用率與一日CO2固定量之關係 57
(一)綜合二試區短時間光合作用率與一日CO2固定量迴歸分析 57
(二)行政區短時間光合作用率與一日CO2固定量迴歸分析 61
(三)高爐區短時間光合作用率與一日CO2固定量迴歸分析 61
伍、討論 64
一、樹冠層光量與淨光合作用率之關係 64
二、四種主要樹種在中鋼公司及屏科大校園的生理活動比較 65
(一)中鋼公司行政區及高爐區 65
(二)屏科大校園 65
(三)兩地區之比較 66
三、不同季節間一日二氧化碳固定量之比較 67
四、本研究結果與不同地區樹種生理活動之比較 68
五、影響冠層葉光合作用率日變化環境因子之探討 70
六、以迴歸式推估一日二氧化碳固定量之比較 71
七、由二氧化碳固定效益建議中鋼公司栽植之樹種 72
陸、結論 73
參考文獻 75
附錄 84
作者簡介 95

王立志 (1996) 氣候變遷對台灣林業的衝擊與適應。氣候變遷衝擊評估與因應策略建議研討會論文集，國立台灣大學全球變遷研究中心主辦。台北：台灣大學。215-229頁。
王亞男、劉秀卿、蕭英倫 (2005a) 行道樹水黃皮二氧化碳固定效益之研究。中華林學季刊 38(2): 151-161。
王亞男、劉秀卿、蕭英倫 (2005b) 行道樹黑板樹二氧化碳固定效益之研究。中華林學季刊 38(3): 279-290。
朱德民 (1995) 植物與環境逆境。明文書局，356頁。
李國忠 (1999) 森林生態系保育經營之資源面與社會面意義。枯立木與資源保育研討會論文集，台灣大學森林學系主辦。台北：台灣大學。1-21頁。
李國忠 (2005) 大自然的空調系統--人造森林。科學發展月刊 388: 28-35。
李國忠、林俊成、陳麗琴 (2000) 台灣杉人工林碳吸存潛力其成本效益分析。台灣林業科學 15(1): 115-123。
李國忠、林俊成、賴建興、林麗貞 (2004) 臺大實驗林森林生態系不同林分經營策略之碳貯存效果。國立臺灣大學生物資源暨農學院實驗林研究報告 18(4): 261-272。
李培芬、吳姍樺、范素瑋、黃佩俐、陳宛均、陳淑華、陳欣怡、陳輝勝、李依紋、余忠翰 (2005) 台灣的自然資源與生態資料庫--II 綠色大地。行政院農業委員會林務局。183頁。
杜大治、王亞男、蕭英倫 (2003) 孟宗竹在不同冠層二氧化碳固定效益之研究。國立臺灣大學生物資源暨農學院實驗林研究報告 17(3): 187-194。
林安秋 (1984) 作物之光合作用。臺灣商務印書館，222頁。
林俊成、李國忠、林裕仁 (1999) 柳杉人工林碳貯存效果與適應成本研究。國立臺灣大學農學院實驗林研究報告 13(1): 51-60。
林俊成、鄭美如、劉淑芬、李國忠 (2002) 全民造林運動二氧化碳吸存潛力之經濟效益評估。台灣林業科學 17(3): 311-321。
林君如、許博行 (2003) 二氧化碳濃度和氮肥對樟樹苗木生長與光合作用之影響。林業研究季刊 25(1): 1-14。
林信輝、劉坤樹 (1997) 福山試驗林十種闊葉樹之光合成率、蒸散率及葉片導度與氣象因子之關係。中華林學季刊 30(3): 269-278。
林憲德、王松永、張顯通、李魁鵬 (2001) 都市綠化對二氧化碳固定之效果。中華林學季刊 34(1): 85-99。
柯世省、陳模舜 (2004) 紫荊光合日變化及其與環境因子的關係。天津師範大學學報(自然科學版) 24(3): 30-33。
洪儷文、王亞男 (2003) 樟樹不同冠層位置之光合作用淨生產力。中華林學季刊 36(1): 27-38。
徐鎮暉、廖天賜、翁仁憲 (2005) 不同海拔臺灣二葉松光合作用、同化産物累積、形成層活動之季節變化及針葉生長期之差異。中華林學季刊 38(3): 291-303。
許博行、張安瑮 (2001) 二氧化碳濃度與溫度對樟樹苗木生長及光合作用之影響。台灣林業科學 16(1): 11-23。
張治安、楊福、陳展宇、徐克章 (2006) 菰葉片淨光合速率日變化及其與環境因子的相互關係。中国農業科學 39(3): 502-509。
張連晉 (1996) 環境因子及生理因子對愛文檬果葉片光合作用之影響。國立台灣大學園藝學系研究所碩士論文，86頁。
黃文俊 (1999) 台灣東北部六種闊葉樹種冠層二氧化碳固定功能之研究。 國立台灣大學森林研究所碩士論文，56頁。
楊盛行 (1997) 台灣地區森林二氧化碳之涵容量計算。中華生質能源協會會誌 16(1-2): 1-10。
廖玉琬、徐善德 (1999) 植物生理學。啟英文化事業有限公司，581頁。
廖天賜、方榮坤、林添富 (1995) 光度對臺灣櫸及毛柿苗木形態生長之影響。中興大學實驗林研究彙刊 17(2): 131-146。
廖天賜、翁仁憲 (2000) 臺灣常見數種作物、野草及林木之光合作用特性。林業研究季刊 22(3): 15-26。
廖述惠、王亞男 (2002) 樟樹與臺灣櫸於林下栽植二氧化碳固定效益之研究。中華林學季刊 35(4): 361-373。
劉棠瑞、蘇鴻傑 (1983) 森林植物生態學。台灣商務印書館，462頁。
劉賢祥 (1996) 植物生理學。財團法人徐氏基金會。480頁。
郭耀綸 (2000) 南仁山熱帶低地雨林白榕冠層及林下植物的光合作用。台灣林業科學 15(3): 351-363。
郭耀綸、吳祥鳴 (1997) 黃心柿、毛柿及大葉山欖苗木光合作用與形態對不同光量的可塑性。中華林學季刊 30(2): 165-185。
郭耀綸、楊月玲、吳祥鳴 (1999) 墾丁熱帶森林六種樹苗生長性狀及光合作用對光量的可塑性。台灣林業科學 14(3): 255-273。
駱月雲 (2003) 土肉桂不同冠層位置二氧化碳固定效益之研究。國立台灣大學森林研究所碩士論文，60頁。
蔡宗佑 (2003) 六種台灣原生闊葉樹種對二氧化碳固定效果之研究。國立嘉義大學林業研究所碩士論文，63頁。
鄭鈞謄、郭耀綸 (2004) 南仁山森林內的二氧化碳濃度梯度及其對林下小苗光合作用的影響。台灣林業科學 19(2): 143-152。
Agren, G. I., R. E. McMurtrie, W. J. Parton, J. Pastor, and H. H. Shugart (1991) State-of-the-art models of production-decomposition linkages in conifer and grass-land ecosystems. Ecological Applications 1(2): 118-138.
Alexander, J. D., J. R. Donnelly, and J. B. Shane (1995) Photosynthetic and transpirational responses of red spruce understory trees to light and temperature. Tree Physiology 15(6): 393-398.
Allen, L. H. (1990) Plant responses to rising carbon dioxide and potential interactions with air pollutants. Journal of Environmental Quality 19(1): 15-34.
Berry, J., and O. Björkman (1980) Photosynthetic response and adaptation to temperature in higher plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 31: 491-543.
Brown, S., A. E. Lugo, and J. Chapman (1986) Biomass of tropical tree plantations and its implications for the global carbon budget. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16: 390-394.
Centritto, M., and P. G. Jarvis (1999) Long-term effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration and provenance on four clones of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis). II. Photosynthetic capacity and nitrogen use efficiency. Tree Physiology 19(12): 807-814.
Ceulemans, R., and M. Mousseau (1994) Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on woody plants. New Phytologist 127(3): 425-446.
Chazdon, R. L., and R. W. Pearcy (1986) Photosynthetic responses to light variation in rainforest species: Ⅰ. Induction under constant and fluctuating light condition. Oecologia 69(4): 517-523.
DeCastro, F. (2000) Light spectral composition in a tropical forest: measurements and model. Tree Physiology 20(1): 49-56.
Depury, D. G. G., and G. D. Farquhar (1997) Simple scaling of photosynthesis from leaves to canopies without the errors of big-leaf models. Plant Cell Environment 20(5): 537-557.
Dixon, R. K., J. K. Winjum, and P. E. Schroeder (1993) Conservation and sequestration of carbon. Global Environmental Change 3(2): 159-173.
Farquhar, G. D., and T. D. Sharkey (1982) Sto-matal conductance and photosynthesis. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 33: 317-345.
Gauslaa, Y., and K. A. Solhaug (1999) High-light damage in air-dry thalli of the old forest lichen Lobaria pulmonaria- interaction of irradiance, exposure duration and high temperature. Journal of Experimental Botany 50: 697-705.
Gómez, L. F., J. C. López, N. M. Riaño, Y. López, and E. C. Montoya (2005) Diurnal changes in leaf gas exchange and validation of a mathematical model for coffee (Coffea arabica L.) canopy photosynthesis. Photosynthetica 43(4): 575-582.
Ishida, A., T. Toma, Y. Matsumoto, S. K. Yap, and Y. Maruyama (1996) Diurnal changes in leaf gas exchange characteristics in the uppermost canopy of a rain foresttree, Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. f. Tree Physiology 16(2): 779-785.
Ishida, A., T. Toma, and Marjenah (1999) Leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence in relation to leaf angle, azimuth, and canopy position in the tropical pioneer tree, Macaranga conifera. Tree Physiology 19(2): 117-124.
Kamaluddin, M., and J. Grace (1993) Growth and photosynthesis of tropical forest tree seedlings (Bischofia javanica Blume) as influenced by a change in light availability. Tree Physiology 13(2): 189-201.
Kao, W. Y., C. N. Shih, and T. T. Tsai (2004) Sensitivity to chilling temperatures and distribution differ in the mangrove species Kandelia candel and Avicennia marina. Tree Physiology 24(7): 859-864.
Klich, M. G. (2000) Leaf variations in Elaeagnus angustifolia related to environmental heterogeneity. Environmental and Experimental Botany 44(3): 171-183.
Lazar, D., and P. Ilik (1997) High-temperature induced chlorophyll fluorescence changes in barley leaves comparison of the critical temperature determined from fluorescence induction and from fluorescence temperature curve. Plant Science 124(2): 159-164.
Long, S. P., and B. G. Drak (1991) Effect of the long-term elevation of CO2 concentration in the field on the quantum yield of photosynthesis of the C3 Sedge, Scirpus olneyi. Plant Physiology 96: 221-226.
Lu, Z., J. W. Radin, E. L. Turcotte, R. Percy, and E. Zieger (1994) High yields in advanced lines of Pima cotton are associated with higher stomatal conductance, reduced leaf area and lower leaf temperature. Physiologia Plantarum 92(2): 266-272.
Maclaren, J. P. (1996) Plantation forestry - its role as a carbon sink: conclusions from calculations based on New Zealand’s planted forest estate. p.257-270. In: Michael, J. and D. T. Price (eds.) Forest Ecosystems, Forest Management and the Global Carbon Cycle. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Matthew, H. T., and J. Y. David (1993) Seasonal variation in the red/far-red ratio and photon flux density in an australian subtropical rainforest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 64: 111-127.
Moura-Costa, P. H., S. W. Yap, and A. Ganing (1994) Large scale enrichment planting with dipterocarps as an alternative for carbon offset. p.135-145. In: Proceedings of the IUFRO International Workshop on Sustainable Forest Management. IUFRO Press, Hokkaido.
Oberbauer, S. F., D. B. Clark, D. A. Clark, and M. Quesada (1988) Crown light environments of saplings of two species of rain forest emergent trees. Oecologia 75(2): 207-212.
Pearcy, R. W. (1987) Photosynthetic gas exchange responses of Australian tropical forest trees in canopy, gap and understory micro-environments. Functional Ecology 1: 169-178.
Pearcy, R. W. (1990) Sunflecks and photosynthesis in plant canopies. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 41: 421-453.
Ridge, L. (1991) The physiology of photosynthe and rate limitation. p.69-80. In: Ridge, L. (ed.) Plant Physiology. The Open University Press, London.
Saralabai, V. C., M. Vivekanandan, and R. Suresh Babu (1997) Plant response to high CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. Photosynthetica 33(1): 7-37.
Sedjo, R. A. (1989) Forest to offset the greenhouse effect. Journal of Forestry 87(1): 12-15.
Sheu, B. H., and C. K. Lin (1999) Photosynthetic response of seedlings of the sub-tropical tree Schima superba with exposure to elevated carbon dioxide and temperature. Environmental and Experimental Botany 41(1): 57-65.
Smith, A. P., K. P. Hogan, and J. R. Idol (1992) Spatial and temporall patterns of light and canopy structure in a lowland moist forest. Biotropica 24(4): 503-511.
Taiz, L., and E. Zeige (1998) Plant Physiology. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishing, USA. 792 pp.
Turnbull, M. H. (1991) The effect of light quanity and quality during development on the photosynthetic characteristics of six Australian rainforest tree species. Oecologia 87(1): 110-117.
Waring, R. H., J. J. Landsberg, and M. Williams (1998) Net primary production of forests: a constant fraction of gross primary production? Tree Physiology 18(2): 129-134.
Whitehead, D., A. S. Walcroft, N. A. Scott, J. A. Townsend, C. M. Trotter, and G. N. D. Rogers (2004) Characteristics of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in the shrubland species manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) and kanuka (Kunzea ericoides) for the estimation of annual canopy carbon uptake. Tree Physiology 24(7): 795-804.
Wiebel, J., D. Eamus, E. K. Chacko, W. J. S. Downton, and P. Ludders (1993) Gas exchange characteristics of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) leaves. Tree Physiology 13(1): 55-69.
Yamada, M., T. Hidaka, and H. Fukamachi (1996) Heat tolerance in leaves of tropical fruit crops as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence. Scientia Horticulturae 67(1): 39-48.
Zotz, G., and K. Winter (1993) Short-term photosynthesis measurement predict leaf carbon balance in tropical rain-forest canopy plants. Planta 191(3): 409-412.
Zotz, G., and K. Winter (1994) Photosynthesis of a tropical canopy tree, Ceiba pentandra, in a lowland forest in Panama. Tree Physiology 14(11): 1291-1301.
Zotz, G., G. Harris, M. Königer, and K. Winter (1995) High rates of photosynthesis in the tropical pioneer tree, Ficus insipida Willd. Flora 190: 265-272.
Zotz, G., and K. Winter (1996) Diel pattern of CO2 exchange in rainforest canopy plants. p.89-113. In: Mulkey, S. S., R. L. Chazdon, and A. P. Smith (eds.) Tropical Forest Plant Ecophysiology. Chapman and Hall, New York.
屏東縣政府文化局 (2006) 內埔鄉地方文化。2006年5月20日， 取自：http://www.cultural.pthg.gov.tw/museum/localgroup/neipu-1.htm
高雄市政府全球資訊網 (2006) 高雄簡介-地理環境。2006年5月20日，取自：http://www.kcg.gov.tw/detail.php?content=intro-1